Occupational exposure to pesticides and endometrial cancer in the Screenwide case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological tumour in developed countries and disease burden is expected to increase over the years. Identifying modifiable risk factors may help developing strategies to reduce the expected increasing incidence of these neoplasms. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the association between occupational exposure to pesticides and endometrial cancer using data from a recent case-control study in Spain. METHODS: The analyses included data from 174 consecutive incident endometrial cancer cases and 216 hospital controls frequency-matched by age. Data were collected through structured epidemiological questionnaires and exposure to pesticides was assessed using a Spanish job-exposure matrix (MatEmESp). RESULTS: Overall, 12% of controls and 18% of cases were occupationally exposed to pesticides. We observed a positive association between occupational exposure to pesticides and endometrial cancer (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.13-3.88 compared to non-exposed). In general, exposures that occurred farther in the past were significantly associated with endometrial cancer. Exposure to insecticides, fungicides and herbicides were positively associated with endometrial cancer (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.13-3.88, OR = 4.40; 95% CI = 1.65-13.33, and OR = 5.25; 95% CI = 1.84-17.67, respectively). The agricultural, poultry and livestock activities scenario was associated with endometrial cancer (OR = 4.16; 95% CI = 1.59-12.32), while the cleaning exposure scenario was not (OR = 1.22; 95% CI = 0.55-2.67). CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of occupational exposure to pesticides assessed using a Spanish job-exposure matrix revealed a positive association with endometrial cancer. The elucidation of the role of pesticide compounds on endometrial cancer should shed a light on the aetiology of this tumour.

Age patterns of human papillomavirus infection as primary screening test for cervical cancer and subsequent triage with visual inspection in Honduras.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate age patterns in human papillomavi-rus (HPV) prevalence and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) positivity among women participating in cervical cancerscreening in Honduras. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on the HPV status (careHPV) and subsequent VIA in HPV-positivewomen were retrieved from three provinces within the PublicHealth Sector. RESULTS: Between 2015 and 2018, 60 883 women aged 15-85 years were screened. HPV was detected in 15%, with variation by age, peaking at 20-24 years (27.8%) decreasing to 16% at 30-49 years. Differences in point age-specific HPV prevalence were observed between provinces,but with similar age pattern. VIA was positive in 24.5% of the women aged 30-44 year. CONCLUSIONS: The age pattern of the HPV prevalence supports starting HPV testing at age 30+. The low positivity of VIA in ages close to menopause suggest underdetection of cervical lesions in this age group.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la prevalencia del virus del papilomahumano (VPH) y la positividad a la inspección visual con ácido acético (IVA) de cáncer cervicouterico, según edad en mujeres tamizadas en Honduras. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se extrajo información sobre la prueba de VPH (careHPV) y de IVA en tres provincias en el ámbito de la Atención Pública en Salud. RESULTADOS: Durante 2015-2018, 60 883 mujeresde 15-85 años fueron tamizadas, 15% fueron VPH positivas con valores máximos en mujeres de 20-24 años (27.8%),con una disminución a 16% entre 30-49 años. Se observaron diferencias mínimas entre provincias, con un patrón de edad similar. La IVA fue positiva en 24.5% en mujeres de 30-44 años, con una posterior disminución. CONCLUSIONES: La curva de prevalencia del VPH respalda el tamizar con VPH a los 30+ años. La baja positividad de la IVA en edades cercanas a la menopausia sugiere una subdetección de lesiones cervicales en este grupo.

Lymphoma risk in livestock farmers: results of the Epilymph study.

We explored the risk of lymphoma and its most prevalent subtypes associated with occupational contact with livestock, and whether risk was modified by age at first contact, in 2,348 incident lymphoma cases and 2,462 controls who participated in the EPILYMPH case-control study. A detailed occupational history was collected in cases and controls, including working in a livestock farm, species of livestock, its approximate number and circumstances of contact. For each disease outcome, and each type of livestock, odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, education and center. Lymphoma risk (all subtypes combined) was not increased amongst those exposed to contact with any livestock (OR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.8-1.2). Overall, we did not observe an association between occupational contact with livestock and risk of lymphoma (all types) and B-cell lymphoma. The risk of diffuse large B cell lyphoma (DLBCL) was significantly lower amongst subjects who started occupational contact with any species of livestock before or at age 12 (OR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.2-0.9), but not at older ages. A significant heterogeneity in risk of B cell lymphoma by age at first contact was detected for contact with cattle, poultry and swine. Early occupational contact with livestock might be associated with a decrease in risk of B cell lymphoma.

High HIV/STI prevalence among cisgender men and transgender women sex workers attending community-based centres in Barcelona, Spain: The Sweetie Project.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the socio-demographics, and the sexual and health-seeking behaviours of cisgender men and transgender women sex workers (M & TWSW) attending community-based organisations (CBOs) in Barcelona, Spain, as well as to estimate the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Chlamydia Trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) among them at different anatomical sites. METHODS: The Sweetie Project was a community-based cross-sectional study of 147 M & TWSW recruited in two CBOs in Barcelona between 2017 and 2018. A nurse collected biological samples from rectum, pharynx and urethra from the subjects at each CBO and the participants self-completed an epidemiological questionnaire. RESULTS: The highest prevalence observed was for HIV infection (25.3%) followed by bacterial STIs (NG 19.2% and CT 10.3%). The most prevalent anatomical site was pharyngeal (17.7%) followed by rectal (13.8%). More than half of participants who had a pharyngeal infection presented an isolated pharyngeal infection (57.7%) and half of those who had a rectal or urethral infection presented an isolated infection respectively. The seroprevalence of HCV and HBV was 2.4% and 34.2% respectively. There was a poor but statistically significant correlation between HIV and rectal CT infection (r = 0.31), previous exposure to HCV (r = 0.27) or self-reported STI (r = 0.23), as well as between previous exposure to HCV and rectal CT (r = 0.21) or self-reported STI (r = 0.20). DISCUSSION: The Sweetie Project confirms the high burden of HIV and bacterial STIs among a sample of M&TWSW recruited in CBOs and reinforces the need to routinely screen them at all exposed anatomical sites.

Personal use of hair dye and the risk of certain subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Personal use of hair dye has been inconsistently linked to risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), perhaps because of small samples or a lack of detailed information on personal hair-dye use in previous studies. This study included 4,461 NHL cases and 5,799 controls from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium 1988-2003. Increased risk of NHL (odds ratio (OR) = 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 1.4) associated with hair-dye use was observed among women who began using hair dye before 1980. Analyses by NHL subtype showed increased risk for follicular lymphoma (FL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) but not for other NHL subtypes. The increased risks of FL (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.9) and CLL/SLL (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.0) were mainly observed among women who started using hair dyes before 1980. For women who began using hair dye in 1980 or afterward, increased FL risk was limited to users of dark-colored dyes (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.0). These results indicate that personal hair-dye use may play a role in risks of FL and CLL/SLL in women who started use before 1980 and that increased risk of FL among women who started use during or after 1980 cannot be excluded.

[Population-based incidence of lymphoid neoplasms by histological subtypes in Girona (Spain), 1994-2001]. / Incidencia poblacional de las neoplasias linfoides según el subtipo histológico (Clasificación de la OMS) en Girona, 1994-2001.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the distribution of the lymphoid neoplasms and their histological subtypes in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) classification by calculating their incidences rates in our area. PATIENTS AND METHOD: From January 1994 to December 2001, 1,288 patients diagnosed with lymphoid neoplasms were recruited in the population-based Cancer Registry of Girona. Former pathological and hematological diagnoses were reviewed and some were prospectively reclassified following the latest WHO classification. RESULTS: Following criteria established by WHO classification the distribution of lymphoid neoplasms was as follows: 77.3% B-cell neoplasm, 5.9% T-cell neoplasm, 8.7% Hodgkin lymphoma and 8,2% was unclassifiable. From 1994 TO 2001 the lymphoid neoplasm crude incidence rates was 35.8 per 100,000 men-year, while it was 25.7 new cases per 100,000 women-year. In children (< 15 years old), precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia (65%) and Hodgkin lymphoma (20%) were the most frequent lymphoid neoplasm, whereas myeloma (17.8%), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (13.5%) showed the highest incidence rate in adults. CONCLUSIONS: A higher incidence rate of lymphoid neoplasms was found in men in our area compared with other geographical areas in Spain, which could suggested a faster approximation to the pattern observed in industrialized societies. The cause of this geographical distribution is unknown.

Age patterns of human papillomavirus infection as primary screening test for cervical cancer and subsequent triage with visual inspection in Honduras / Patrones de edad de infección por el virus del papiloma humano como prueba primaria en el tamizaje de cáncer de cuello uterino y triaje posterior con inspección visual en Honduras

Abstract Objective: To evaluate age patterns in human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) positivity among women participating in cervical cancer screening in Honduras. Materials and methods: Data on the HPV status (careHPV) and subsequent VIA in HPV-positive women were retrieved from three provinces within the Public Health Sector. Results: Between 2015 and 2018, 60 883 women aged 15-85 years were screened. HPV was detected in 15%, with variation by age, peaking at 20-24 years (27.8%) decreasing to 16% at 30-49 years. Differences in point age-specific HPV prevalence were observed between provinces, but with similar age pattern. VIA was positive in 24.5% of the women aged 30-44 years. Conclusions: The age pattern of the HPV prevalence supports starting HPV testing at age 30+. The low positivity of VIA in ages close to menopause suggest underdetection of cervical lesions in this age group.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) y la positividad a la inspección visual con ácido acético (IVA) de cáncer cervicouterico, según edad en mujeres tamizadas en Honduras. Material y métodos: Se extrajo información sobre la prueba de VPH (careHPV) y de IVA en tres provincias en el ámbito de la Atención Pública en Salud. Resultados: Durante 2015-2018, 60 883 mujeres de 15-85 años fueron tamizadas, 15% fueron VPH positivas con valores máximos en mujeres de 20-24 años (27.8%), con una disminución a 16% entre 30-49 años. Se observaron diferencias mínimas entre provincias, con un patrón de edad similar. La IVA fue positiva en 24.5% en mujeres de 30-44 años, con una posterior disminución. Conclusiones: La curva de prevalencia del VPH respalda el tamizar con VPH a los 30+ años. La baja positividad de la IVA en edades cercanas a la menopausia sugiere una subdetección de lesiones cervicales en este grupo.

[Scoping review on cancer prevention in immigrants living in Spain]. / Revisión bibliográfica sobre la prevención del cáncer en personas inmigrantes residentes en España.

BACKGROUND: Secondary prevention of breast cancer, cervix and colon is performed by screening. Spain in the last decade has presented a major wave of migration; it is known that immigrants have more inequalities in access to health services compared to the native population. The objective is to review the published studies and identify gaps in research on cancer prevention among immigrants living in Spain. METHODS: We have conducted a scoping review. The sources of information were the databases Medline (Pubmed) and MEDES - medicine in Spanish (1998-2012). We used three thematic filters: concerning to Cancer, immigration and geographic. Inclusion criteria were studies of cancer prevention and health of immigrants from Latin America, Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe and developed in Spain. We developed an ad hoc data collection protocol. RESULTS: We included five studies of 237 reviewed. The included studies are written in English and published in journals with impact factor. Most studies have used country of origin as the immigration variable 80 % of the studies conducted cross-sectional surveys. Immigrant population had a lower participation of early detection of breast and cervical cancer. Women reported to be sex workers were more likely to be human papillomavirus positive for high risk types. CONCLUSION: There is little information on cancer prevention through screening programs in the immigrant population. It is important to evaluate and improve the screening circuits and registries to implement programs to better identify the most vulnerable population groups.

Evaluación de fallos tras el análisis de la historia de cribado en mujeres diagnosticadas de cáncer infiltrante de cuello uterino / Evaluation of mortality after the analysis of the screening history in women diagnosed with infiltrating cervical cancer

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la ausencia de cribado en la incidencia de cáncer de cuello uterino durante el periodo 2000-2010 en el Principado de Asturias. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo. Emplazamiento: Todos los hospitales públicos de Asturias. Mediciones principales: Fueron revisadas 374 historias clínicas de mujeres diagnosticadas de cáncer de cuello uterino. La información clínica, el estadio FIGO y los datos de las citologías previas fueron obtenidos de las historias clínicas e informes de anatomía patológica. Se realizó análisis bivariante utilizando el test de chi-cuadrado de Pearson y regresión logística para el cálculo de odds ratio e intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados: El 65,6% de las mujeres diagnosticadas de cáncer de cérvix entre los 25 y los 70 años no habían realizado una citología en al menos los 5años y medio anteriores al diagnóstico. Este porcentaje se relacionó con la mayor edad al diagnóstico, la presencia de síntomas asociados y con un estadio tumoral avanzado en el momento del diagnóstico. En las mujeres diagnosticadas con una edad mayor de 70 años se objetivó que el 83,3% no habían realizado ninguna citología con anterioridad al momento del diagnóstico. Conclusión: La implantación de un buen programa de cribado de cáncer cervicouterino y una calidad óptima del sistema en cada uno de los procedimientos que lo integran contribuiría a disminuir la incidencia y la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en Asturias (AU)

Objective: To assess the impact of screening history on the incidence of cervical cancer from 2000 to 2010 in Asturias. Design: Retrospective study. Location: All public hospitals in Asturias. Mean measurements: From 374 women diagnosed with cervical cancer were retrieved. Clinical information, FIGO stage and all previous cytological data were extracted from clinical and histopathological records. Proportional differences were assessed using chi-square tests. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Women between 25 and 70years had no records of a previous cytology within 5.5years of cancer diagnosis in 65.6%. This proportion was related with older age, presence of symptoms and an advance tumor stage at diagnosis. Women over 70years old had no records of a previous cytology in 83.3%. Conclusion: An organized cervical cancer screening program and optimal quality of the system, monitored through audits, could help to reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Asturias (AU)

The role of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer in Senegal.

BACKGROUND: Exploring the presence and role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in head and neck cancer (HNC) is a necessary step to evaluate the potential impact of HPV prophylactic vaccines. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and oncogenic role of HPV in HNC in Senegal. METHODS: This is a multicenter cross-sectional study. Paraffin-embedded blocks of cases diagnosed with invasive HNC between 2002 and 2010 were collected from 4 pathology laboratories in Senegal. Presence of HPV DNA was determined by PCR and DEIA, and genotyping performed with LiPA25. Tubulin analysis was performed to assess DNA quality. HPV DNA-positive cases were tested for p16INK4a expression. FINDINGS: A total of 117 cases were included in the analysis: 71% were men, mean age was 52 years old (SD ±18.3), and 96% of cases were squamous cell carcinoma. Analysis was performed on 41 oral cavity tumors, 64 laryngeal tumors, 5 oropharyngeal tumors and 7 pharyngeal tumors. Only four cases (3.4%; 95% CI = 0.9%-8.5%) harbored HPV DNA. HPV types detected were HPV16, HPV35 and HPV45. However, among HPV-positive cases, none showed p16INK4a overexpression. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that HPV DNA prevalence in HNC in Senegal is very low, suggesting that HPV is not a strong risk factor for these cancers. Additional larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore other potential risk factors specific to the region.

Cambios en el cribado del cáncer de cuello uterino / Changes in screening of cervical cancer

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El cribado del cáncer de cuello de útero en el Sistema Público de Salud de Cataluña. Evaluación y seguimiento durante el período 2006-2012 / Cervical cancer screening in the public health system of Catalonia (Spain). Evaluation and follow-up between 2006 and 2012

La evaluación del cribado de cáncer de cuello uterino en el sistema público de salud de Cataluña ha identificado, en mujeres de 25-65 años, una cobertura citológica a 3 años del 40,8%; un intervalo entre citologías de 2,4 años y una pérdida de seguimiento del 50% a 3 años. La introducción de la prueba de detección del virus del papiloma humano en el seguimiento de mujeres con resultados citológicos de atipias intraepiteliales de significado indeterminado y como adyuvante a la citología en mujeres con una historia de cribado inadecuada facilita el manejo y detección de las mujeres en riesgo de desarrollar una neoplasia intraepitelial cervical de grado 2 o peor (CIN2 + ). La prueba de detección del virus del papiloma humano ha demostrado tener una buena sensibilidad y especificidad a tres años para la detección de CIN2+ resultando ser sensiblemente superior a la citología. Por otro lado, ha demostrado tener unos niveles de reproducibilidad altos entre laboratorios y un fácil manejo en situaciones de rutina. El uso de protocolos homogéneos y la existencia de herramientas informáticas de amplio uso han permitido una evaluación equitativa y fiable entre centros. El protocolo ha sido complementado con actividades de formación a profesionales y una monitorización periódica de todas las actividades. En conclusión, la implantación de un programa de cribado poblacional y la introducción de la prueba de detección del virus del papiloma humano en mujeres mayores de 30 años puede mejorar considerablemente los esfuerzos para la prevención secundaria del cáncer de cuello uterino en Cataluña (AU)

Analysis of the cervical cancer screening activity in the National Health System of Catalonia has identified a cytological coverage at 3 years of 40.8%, an interval of 2.4 years between Pap smears and a loss to follow-up of 50% at 3 years in women aged 25-65 years old. The introduction of human papillomavirus testing in the management of women with cytological results of atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance and as an adjunct to cytology in women with a history of inadequate screening has facilitated the management and detection of women at risk of developing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2 + ). Human papillomavirus testing has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity at 3 years in the detection of CIN2 + and was substantially superior to cytology. Furthermore, it had good inter-laboratory reproducibility and was easy to perform in routine situations. The use of uniform protocols and the extensive availability of software tools have allowed comprehensive and reliable assessment across Catalonia. The protocol has been complemented with educational interventions for healthcare professionals and regular monitoring of all activities. We conclude that the introduction of organized screening programs and human papillomavirus testing among women older than 30 years can greatly enhance efforts for the secondary prevention of CC in Catalonia (AU)

Revisión bibliográfica sobre la prevención del cáncer en personas inmigrantes residentes en España / Scoping review on cancer prevention in immigrants living in Spain

Fundamentos: La prevención secundaria del cáncer de mama, cuello uterino y colon se realiza mediante cribado. España en la última década ha presentado una importante oleada de migración, es conocido que los inmigrantes presentan más desigualdades de acceso a los servicios de salud respecto a la población autóctona. El objetivo es identificar lagunas en la investigación sobre la prevención del cáncer en los inmigrantes residentes en España. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica. La fuente de información fueron las bases de datos Medline/ Pubmed y MEDES-MEDicina en español y el período de búsqueda entre 1998 y 2012. Se utilizaron tres filtros temáticos: relacionados con cáncer, inmigración y geografía. Los criterios de inclusión fueron estudios de prevención del cáncer y la salud de la población inmigrante procedente de Latinoamérica, África, Asia y originario de Europa del Este y desarrollados en España. Se elaboró un protocolo ad hoc de recogida de información. Resultados: Se incluyeron 5 estudios de los 237 revisados. Los estudios incluidos fueron escritos en inglés. Cuatro de los cinco estudios utilizaron como variable de inmigración el país de origen. Un 80% de los estudios realizaron encuestas transversales. Los principales resultados fueron que la población inmigrante realizaba menos detección precoz de cáncer de mama y de cuello uterino. Por otro lado las trabajadoras sexuales presentaron porcentajes de positividad para tipos de alto riesgo oncogénicos del virus del papiloma humano. Conclusiones: Existe escasa bibliografía referente a la prevención del cáncer mediante programas de cribado en la población inmigrante. Es importante evaluar los circuitos de cribado y sus registros para mejorarlos y así poder ejecutar programas para identificar mejor los grupos poblacionales más vulnerables (AU)

Background: Secondary prevention of breast cancer, cervix and colon is performed by screening. Spain in the last decade has presented a major wave of migration; it is known that immigrants have more inequalities in access to health services compared to the native population. The objective is to review the published studies and identify gaps in research on cancer prevention among immigrants living in Spain. Methods:We have conducted a scoping review. The sources of information were the databases Medline (Pubmed) and MEDES - medicine in Spanish (1998-2012). We used three thematic filters: concerning to Cancer, immigration and geographic. Inclusion criteria were studies of cancer prevention and health of immigrants from LatinAmerica,Africa,Asia and Eastern Europe and developed in Spain. We developed an ad hoc data collection protocol. Results:We included five studies of 237 reviewed. The included studies are written in English and published in journals with impact factor. Most studies have used country of origin as the immigration variable 80% of the studies conducted cross-sectional surveys. Immigrant population had a lower participation of early detection of breast and cervical cancer. Women reported to be sex workers were more likely to be human papillomavirus positive for high risk types. Conclusion: There is little information on cancer prevention through screening programs in the immigrant population. It is important to evaluate and improve the screening circuits and registries to implement programs to better identify the most vulnerable population groups (AU)

Cobertura del cribado de cáncer de cuello uterino en Cataluña (2008-2011) / Coverage of cervical cancer screening in Catalonia, Spain (2008-2011)

Objetivo Estimar la cobertura del cribado de cáncer de cuello uterino en la población catalana atendida en el Sistema Nacional de Salud durante el periodo 2008-2011, por grupos de edad y región sanitaria. Métodos Mediante la información registrada en el Sistema de Información de los Servicios de Atención Primaria se estimó la cobertura citológica de las mujeres atendidas por los equipos de atención primaria cuyos centros de atención a la salud sexual y reproductiva pertenecían al Institut Català de la Salut (ICS). Se incluyen 2.292.564 mujeres ≥15 años de edad asignadas a centros del ICS. La información fue anónima e incluyó edad, centro, fecha y resultado de la citología. Resultados Se registraron 758.690 citologías correspondientes a 595.868 mujeres. La cobertura en las mujeres de 25-65 años de edad fue del 32,4% en la población asignada y del 40,8% en la atendida. Se observó variabilidad geográfica, con una mayor cobertura en las regiones sanitarias próximas a Barcelona y un ligero aumento de los resultados patológicos durante el periodo 2008-2011 (del 3% al 3,5%, p <0,001). El intervalo promedio entre dos citologías, siendo la primera negativa, fue de 2,4 años, aunque sólo se registró una segunda citología en el 50% de las mujeres. Conclusiones La cobertura del cribado cervical del sistema público de Cataluña incluye a una de cada tres mujeres. La participación en la segunda ronda fue baja. Los sistemas informáticos existentes en los centros de atención primaria son herramientas que pueden garantizar un seguimiento de la población, y además podrían ser útiles para planificar un cribado poblacional que asegure una buena cobertura y un buen seguimiento(AU)

Objective To estimate cervical cytology coverage for the period 2008-2011 by age groups and health regions from data recorded in the medical records of women attending centers within the Catalan national health system. Methods The data used to estimate coverage were obtained from the primary care information system. This information was anonymous and included age, center, date, and the results of cytological smears for a total of 2,292,564 women aged 15 years or more. Results A total of 758,690 smears were performed in 595,868 women. Among women aged 25-65 years, the estimated coverage was 32.4% of the assigned population and was 40.8% in the population attended. Geographical variation was observed, with higher coverage among health regions closer to Barcelona. Abnormal Pap smears increased slightly from 2008 to 2011 (from 3% to 3.5%, respectively, p <0.001). In women with a negative first smear, the mean interval until the second smear was 2.4 years, but only 50% of women with a negative first smear in 2008 attended a second round during the study period. Conclusions Cervical screening coverage in the National Health Service of Catalonia includes one in three women. Second round participation was poor. Existing computer systems in primary care centers can ensure monitoring of population-based screening programs for cervical cancer. These systems could be used to plan an organized screening program to ensure wider coverage and better follow-up (AU)

Worldwide human papillomavirus genotype attribution in over 2000 cases of intraepithelial and invasive lesions of the vulva

Human papillomavirus (HPV) contribution in vulvar intraepithelial lesions (VIN) and invasive vulvar cancer (IVC) is not clearly established. This study provides novel data on HPV markers in a large series of VIN and IVC lesions.METHODS:Histologically confirmed VIN and IVC from 39 countries were assembled at the Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO). HPV-DNA detection was done by polymerase chain reaction using SPF-10 broad-spectrum primers and genotyping by reverse hybridisation line probe assay (LiPA25) (version 1). IVC cases were tested for p16INK4a by immunohistochemistry (CINtec histology kit, ROCHE). An IVC was considered HPV driven if both HPV-DNA and p16INK4a overexpression were observed simultaneously. Data analyses included algorithms allocating multiple infections to calculate type-specific contribution and logistic regression models to estimate adjusted prevalence (AP) and its 95% confidence intervals (CI).RESULTS:Of 2296 cases, 587 were VIN and 1709 IVC. HPV-DNA was detected in 86.7% and 28.6% of the cases respectively. Amongst IVC cases, 25.1% were both HPV-DNA and p16INK4a positive. IVC cases were largely keratinising squamous cell carcinoma (KSCC) (N=1234). Overall prevalence of HPV related IVC cases was highest in younger women for any histological subtype. SCC with warty or basaloid features (SCC_WB) (N=326) were more likely to be HPV and p16INK4a positive (AP=69.5%, CI=63.6-74.8) versus KSCC (AP=11.5%, CI=9.7-13.5). HPV 16 was the commonest type (72.5%) followed by HPV 33 (6.5%) and HPV 18 (4.6%). Enrichment from VIN to IVC was significantly high for HPV 45 (8.5-fold).CONCLUSION:Combined data from HPV-DNA and p16INK4a testing are likely to represent a closer estimate of the real fraction of IVC induced by HPV. Our results indicate that HPV contribution in invasive vulvar cancer has probably been overestimated. HPV 16 remains the major player worldwide(AU)

Evaluación de las técnicas de detección del VPH en los programas de cribado para cáncer de cuello uterino / Assessment of hpv detection assays for use in cervical cancer screening programs

OBJETIVO: La identificación de la infección por tipos de alto riesgo del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) es una herramienta útil para el cribado de cáncer del cuello uterino. Las distintas técnicas aplicadas para su detección deben contrastarse y validarse para su empleo en la tamización poblacional. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se evalúan tres técnicas para la detección del VPH en 166 muestras cervicales procedentes de mujeres atendidas en una clínica de dermatología en Oviedo (España): a) PCR-EIA mediante consensos MY09/MY011; b) PCR con line blot hybridization (PCR-LBH) con consensos PGMY; y c) hybrid capture 2. RESULTADOS: El ADN-VPH se reconoció en 29.5 por ciento, 25.3 por ciento y 24.7 por ciento, de acuerdo con el ensayo. La concordancia global entre PCR-EIA, PCR-LBH y HC2 fue de 73.5 por ciento con los valores de kappa superiores a 0.56 entre los ensayos (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de tipos de alto riesgo oncogénico así como de las lesiones fue similar en los tres ensayos. En virtud de que las técnicas son comparables, su elección debe basarse en las condiciones individuales de cada laboratorio y el volumen de muestras por procesar.

OBJECTIVE: Detection of high-risk human papillomavirus types (HPV) infection is an important tool in the screening of cervical cancer and triage of cytological abnormalities. The different techniques for detection of this cancer need to be contrasted and validated for use in population screening. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cervical cell samples were collected from 166 women attending a dermatology clinic in Oviedo (Spain). We evaluated the performance of three different assays for VPH detection. The methods utilized were 1) In-house PCR-EIA using L1 consensus primers MY09/MY11, 2) A PCR-reverse line blot hybridization (PCR-LBH) that uses L1 consensus PGMY primers. 3) Hybrid Capture 2. All assays were performed blinded. The kappa statistic was used to test for global agreement between assay pairs. RESULTS: HPV DNA was detected in 24,7 percent, 25,3 percent and 29,5 percent of the women, respective to the assay. The overall agreement between the in-house PCR, PCR-LBH and HC2 was (73.5 percent) with all kappa values between assay pairs exceeding 0.56 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The three HPV assays were equally accurate in estimating high-risk HPV prevalence and HPV-related lesions. The method for HPV detection must be decided depending on the goals of the search (screening, follow-up or molecular studies).

Historia de cribado en mujeres con cáncer infiltrante de cuello uterino / Screening history in women with infiltrating uterine cancer

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Incidencia poblacional de las neoplasias linfoides según el subtipo histológico (Clasificación de la OMS) en Girona, 1994-2001 / Population-based incidence of lymphoid neoplasms by histological subtypes in Girona (Spain), 1994-2001

Fundamento y objetivo: Conocer la incidencia de las neoplasias linfoides y sus variantes histológicas de acuerdo con la clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Pacientes y método: Desde enero de 1994 a diciembre de 2001, se registraron 1.288 pacientes con el diagnóstico de neoplasia linfoide en la población cubierta por el Registro de Cáncer Poblacional de Girona. Se revisaron los diagnósticos anatomopatológicos y hematológicos para la reclasificación retrospectiva de los diagnósticos. Resultados: La distribución de las neoplasias linfoides fue: neoplasias de células B (77,3%), neoplasias de células T/citolíticas (5,9%), linfomas de Hodgkin (8,7%) y no clasificables (8,2%). La tasa bruta de incidencia de las neoplasias linfoides fue de 35,8 nuevos casos por 100.000 varones y año y de 25,7 nuevos casos por 100.000 mujeres y año. En los niños (< 15 años) fueron la leucemia/linfoma linfoblástico de células B precursoras (65%) y los linfomas de Hodgkin (20%) las entidades más frecuentes, mientras que en los adultos lo fueron los mielomas (17,8%), los linfomas B difusos de células grandes (13,5%), la leucemia linfática crónica/linfoma linfocítico de células pequeñas (13,3%) y los linfomas foliculares (9,7%). Conclusiones: La incidencia de las neoplasias linfoides en la provincia de Girona es superior al resto del Estado español, lo que indica una aproximación mas acelerada al patrón observado en sociedades industrializadas. Se desconocen las causas de esta variación geográfica

Background and objective: We aimed to assess the distribution of the lymphoid neoplasms and their histological subtypes in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) classification by calculating their incidences rates in our area. Patients and method: From January 1994 to December 2001, 1,288 patientes diagnosed with lymphoid neoplasms were recruited in the population- based Cancer Registry of Girona. Former pathological and hematological diagnoses were reviewed and some were prospectively reclassified following the latest WHO classification. Results: Following criteria established by WHO classification the distribution of lymphoid neoplasms was as follows: 77.3% B-cell neoplasm, 5.9% T-cell neoplasm, 8.7% Hodgkin lymphoma and 8,2% was unclassifiable. From 1994 TO 2001 the lymphoid neoplasm crude incidence rates was 35.8 per 100,000 men-year, while it was 25.7 new cases per 100,000 women-year. In children (< 15 years old), precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia (65%) and Hodgkin lymphoma (20%) were the most frequent lymphoid neoplasm, whereas myeloma (17.8%), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (13.5%) showed the highest incidence rate in adults. Conclusions: A higher incidence rate of lymphoid neoplasms was found in men in our area compared with other geographical areas in Spain, which could suggested a faster aproximation to the pattern observed in industrialized societies. The cause of this geographical distribution is unknow

Una investigación 'empobrecida': cáncer en los soldados de la OTAN / Cancer in NATO soldiers

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Infección por los virus del papiloma humano y de la inmunodeficiencia humana como factores de riesgo para el cáncer de cuello uterino en mujeres reclusas / Human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus as risk factors for cervical cancer among imprisoned women

Fundamento: La identificación de grupos de alto riesgo para infección genital por el virus del papiloma humano puede contribuir a la prevención precoz del carcinoma de cuello uterino. El estudio fue diseñado para estimar la prevalencia y factores determinantes de infección por el virus del papiloma humano cervical y el riesgo de cáncer de cuello uterino en reclusas en régimen preventivo. Pacientes y métodos: Se estudiaron 157 mujeres a su ingreso en el Centro Penitenciario de Mujeres de Barcelona. Se les realizaron visita ginecológica, entrevista estructurada, exfoliado cervical y muestra de sangre para la detección del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y virus de la hepatitis B y C. La infección por el virus del papiloma humano se determinó mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Resultados: La prevalencia de ADN del virus del papiloma humano fue del 46 por ciento. El 38,2 por ciento de las mujeres afirmaron haber practicado la prostitución y el 64,3 por ciento ser usuarias de drogas por vía parenteral (UDVP). El 56,1 por ciento fueron seropositivas para el VIH. La citología cervical reveló que 19 mujeres (12,1 por ciento) presentaban alteraciones escamosas de significado desconocido y 28 (17,7 por ciento), lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales (todos los grados). La infección del virus del papiloma humano se asoció a UDVP durante más de 10 años (odds ratio de la prevalencia [POR] = 2,9) y a seropositividad por VIH (POR = 4,7). El aumento de riesgo para lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales asociado a VIH se explica por la presencia de virus del papiloma humano. Las mujeres positivas para el VIH con recuento bajo de CD4 podrían tener mayor riesgo de presentar lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales. Conclusión: Las mujeres con VIH constituyen un grupo de alto riesgo para el virus del papiloma humano y, consecuentemente, para el desarrollo de lesiones preneoplásicas del cérvix. Se recomienda un control ginecológico frecuente en las mujeres positivas para el VIH y el virus del papiloma humano (AU)