ABSTRACT
Endometriosis is a highly prevalent disease that affects 10%-15% of women of reproductive age worldwide and is mainly associated with chronic pelvic pain and infertility. With the widespread use of imaging for the diagnosis and monitoring of endometriosis, combined with the ability of surgery to eradicate the disease and address infertility, there has been a significant increase in recent years in imaging examinations for postoperative evaluation of endometriosis. US and MRI are used not only to help diagnose and map endometriosis but also to evaluate refractory symptoms, residual lesions, and complications at posttreatment assessment. Knowledge of surgical techniques and recognition of expected postoperative imaging findings are crucial to differentiate postoperative changes from residual disease and/or recurrence. The authors discuss imaging aspects of postoperative endometriosis, with an emphasis on the imaging approach, comprehension of surgical techniques, recognition of the expected findings, possible complications, and analysis of residual disease or recurrence. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material. See the invited commentary by VanBuren in this issue. The slide presentation from the RSNA Annual Meeting is available for this article.
Subject(s)
Endometriosis , Infertility , Female , Humans , Endometriosis/diagnostic imaging , Endometriosis/surgery , Pelvic Pain/etiology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Infertility/complications , Postoperative PeriodABSTRACT
Synthetic flavonoids with new substitution patterns have attracted attention as potential anticancer drugs. Here, twelve chalcones were synthesized and their antiproliferative activities against five human tumour cells were evaluated. This series of chalcone derivatives was characterized by the presence of an additional aromatic or heterocyclic ring linked by an ether, in the case of a benzyl radical, or an ester or amide functional group in the case of a furoyl radical. In addition, the influence on cytotoxicity by the presence of one or three methoxy groups or a 2,4-dimethoxy-3-methyl system on the B ring of the chalcone scaffold was also explored. The results revealed that the most cytotoxic chalcones contain a furoyl substituent linked by an ester or an amide through the 2'-hydroxy or the 2'-amino group of the A ring of the chalcone skeleton, with IC50 values between 0.2⯱â¯0.1⯵M and 1.3⯱â¯0.1⯵M against human leukaemia cells. The synthetic chalcone 2'-furoyloxy-4-methoxychalcone (FMC) was, at least, ten-fold more potent than the antineoplastic agent etoposide against U-937 cells and displayed less cytotoxicity against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Treatment of U-937 and HL-60 cells with FMC induced cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase, an increase in the percentage of sub-G1 and annexin-V positive cells, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, activation of caspase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. In addition, it inhibited tubulin polymerization in vitro in a concentration dependent manner. Cell death triggered by this chalcone was decreased by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk and was dependent of the generation of reactive oxygen species. We conclude that this furoyloxychalcone may be useful in the development of a potential anti-leukaemia strategy.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents , Chalcone , Chalcones , Leukemia , Amides/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Apoptosis , Caspases/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Chalcone/pharmacology , Chalcones/pharmacology , Chalcones/therapeutic use , Esters/pharmacology , HL-60 Cells , Humans , Leukemia/metabolism , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is a common organism implicated in prosthetic joint infection after THA and TKA, prompting preoperative culturing and decolonization to reduce infection rates. It is unknown whether colonization is associated with other noninfectious outcomes of THA or TKA. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) What is the association between preoperative S. aureus colonization (methicillin-sensitive S. aureus [MSSA] and methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]) and the noninfectious outcomes (discharge destination, length of stay, Hip/Knee Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score [HOOS/KOOS] pain score, HOOS/KOOS physical function score, 90-day readmission, and 1-year reoperation) of THA and TKA? (2) What factors are associated with colonization with S. aureus ? METHODS: Between July 2015 and March 2019, 8078 patients underwent primary THA in a single healthcare system, and 17% (1382) were excluded because they were not tested preoperatively for S. aureus nasal colonization, leaving 6696 patients in the THA cohort. Between June 2015 and March 2019, 9434 patients underwent primary TKA, and 12% (1123) were excluded because they were not tested for S. aureus colonization preoperatively, leaving 8311 patients in the TKA cohort. The goal of the institution's standardized care pathways is to test all THA and TKA patients preoperatively for S. aureus nasal colonization; the reason the excluded patients were not tested could not be determined. Per institutional protocols, all patients were given chlorhexidine gluconate skin wipes to use on the day before and the day of surgery, and patients with positive S. aureus cultures were instructed to use mupirocin nasal ointment twice daily for 3 to 5 days preoperatively. Adherence to these interventions was not tracked, and patients were not rescreened to test for S. aureus control. The minimum follow-up time for each outcome and the percentage of the cohort lost for each was: for discharge destination, until discharge (0 patients lost); for length of stay, until discharge (0.06% [4 of 6696] lost in the THA group and 0.01% [1 of 8311] lost in the TKA group); for HOOS/KOOS pain score, 1 year (26% [1734 of 6696] lost in the THA group and 24% [2000 of 8311] lost in the TKA group); for HOOS/KOOS physical function, 1 year (33% [2193 of 6696] lost in the THA group and 28% [2334 of 8311] lost in the TKA group); for 90-day readmission, 90 days (0.06% [4 of 6696] lost in the THA group and 0.01% [1 of 8311] lost in the TKA group); and for 1-year reoperation, 1 year (30% [1984 of 6696] lost in the THA group and 30% [2475 of 8311] lost in the TKA group). Logistic regression models were constructed to test for associations between MSSA or MRSA and nonhome discharge, length of stay greater than 1 day, improvement in the HOOS/KOOS pain subscale (≥ the minimum clinically important difference), HOOS/KOOS physical function short form (≥ minimum clinically important difference), 90-day readmission, and 1-year reoperation. We adjusted for patient-related and hospital-related factors, such as patient age and hospital site. Variable significance was assessed using the likelihood ratio test with a significance level of p < 0.05. To assess factors associated with S. aureus colonization, we constructed a logistic regression model with the same risk factors. RESULTS: Among the THA cohort, after controlling for potentially confounding variables such as patient age, smoking status, and BMI, S. aureus colonization was associated with length of stay greater than 1 day (MSSA: odds ratio 1.32 [95% CI 1.08 to 1.60]; MRSA: OR 1.88 [95% CI 1.24 to 2.85]; variable p < 0.001 by likelihood ratio test) but not the other outcomes of THA. Male sex (OR 1.26 [95% CI 1.09 to 1.45]; p = 0.001) and BMI (OR 1.02 for a one-unit increase over median BMI [95% CI 1.01 to 1.03]; p = 0.003) were patient-related factors associated with S. aureus colonization, whereas factors associated with a lower odds were older age (OR 0.99 [95% CI 0.98 to 0.99]; p < 0.001) and Black race compared with White race (OR 0.64 [95% CI 0.50 to 0.82]; p < 0.001). Among the TKA cohort, S. aureus colonization was associated with 90-day readmission (MSSA: OR 1.00 [95% CI 0.99 to 1.01]; MRSA: OR 1.01 [95% CI 1.00 to 1.01]; variable p = 0.007 by likelihood ratio test). Male sex (OR 1.19 [95% CI 1.05 to 1.34]; p = 0.006) was associated with S. aureus colonization, whereas factors associated with a lower odds of colonization were older age (OR 0.99 [95% CI 0.98 to 0.99]; p < 0.001), Veterans RAND-12 mental component score (OR 0.99 [95% CI 0.99 to 1.00]; p = 0.027), Black race compared with White race (OR 0.70 [95% CI 0.57 to 0.85]; p < 0.001), and being a former smoker (OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.75 to 0.97]; p = 0.016) or current smoker (OR 0.70 [95% CI 0.55 to 0.90]; p = 0.005) compared with those who never smoked. CONCLUSION: After controlling for the variables we explored, S. aureus colonization was associated with increased length of stay after THA and 90-day readmission after TKA, despite preoperative decolonization. Given that there is little causal biological link between colonization and these outcomes, the association is likely confounded but may be a proxy for undetermined social or biological factors, which may alert the surgeon to pay increased attention to outcomes in patients who test positive. Further study of the association of S. aureus colonization and increased length of stay after THA and readmission after TKA may be warranted to determine what the confounding variables are, which may be best accomplished using large cohorts or registry data. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.
Subject(s)
Length of Stay , Staphylococcal Infections , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/adverse effects , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/adverse effects , Humans , Male , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Pain/etiology , Risk Factors , Staphylococcal Infections/diagnosis , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Staphylococcal Infections/etiology , Staphylococcus aureusABSTRACT
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Fabaceae family), known as guar or clusterbean, is a drought-tolerant annual legume cultivated on a commercial scale focused on industrial gum production. In September 2021, symptoms of leaf spot were observed on guar plants in several commercial fields located at Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico. Symptoms included round to oval, light brown lesions with dark margins. The disease incidence was estimated to be up to 30% in five fields. Curvularia-like colonies were consistently isolated, and 12 monoconidial isolates were obtained. Two representative isolates were selected to use downstream and were deposited in the Culture Collection of Phytopathogenic Fungi of the Faculty of Agriculture of Fuerte Valley at the Sinaloa Autonomous University under Accession FAVF643 and FAVF645. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), colonies of both isolates FAVF643 (pale brown margin) and FAVF645 (lobate edge) were dark brown. Conidiophores of both isolates FAVF643 (paler towards apex and 76 to 191 × 3.5 to 5.2 µm) and FAVF645 (80 to 260 × 3.9 to 5.1 µm) were mostly straight, pale brown to dark brown, septate, and simple to branched. Conidia of both isolates FAVF643 (19.9 to 33.3 × 8.8 to 13.5 µm) and FAVF645 (18.5 to 27.1 × 9.1 to 13.1 µm) were curved, rarely straight, brown, with apical and basal cells paler than middle cells being pale brown, and 3-distoseptate. Morphology of both isolates FAVF643 and FAVF645 was consistent with that described for Curvularia (Marin-Felix et al. 2017; 2020). For phylogenetic identification, total DNA was extracted and PCR products sequenced from ITS5/ITS4 primers -the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (White et al. 1990) and GPD1/GPD2 - partial sequences of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpdh) gene amplification. A phylogenetic tree based on Maximum likelihood including published ITS and gpdh for Curvularia spp. was constructed. Phylogenetic analyses showed that isolate FAVF643 grouped with the type strain C. pisi (CBS190.48) sequence, and the isolate FAVF645 grouped with the type strain C.muehlenbeckiae (CBS144.63) sequence. The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank as: C. pisi OM802153 (ITS); OM835758 (gpdh), and C. muehlenbeckiae OM802154 (ITS); OM835759 (gpdh). The pathogenicity was verified on healthy guar plants. For each isolate, five plants were inoculated by spraying a conidial suspension (1 × 106 spores/ml) onto leaves until runoff. Five plants sprayed with sterile distilled water served as controls. All plants were kept in a moist chamber for two days, and subsequently transferred to a greenhouse for 12 days at temperatures ranging from 26 to 32°C. All inoculated leaves exhibited necrotic lesions with a dark margin 10 days after inoculation, whereas control plants remained symptomless. The fungi were consistently re-isolated from the diseased leaves and found to be morphologically identical to the isolates used for inoculation, fulfilling Koch´s postulates. Curvularia lunata had been reported as the causal agent of leaf spot on guar in India (Chand and Verma 1968); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of C. pisi and C. muehlenbeckiae causing leaf spot on guar in Mexico and worldwide.
ABSTRACT
Total hip and knee arthroplasty are common major orthopedic operations being performed on an increasing number of patients. Many patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (TJA) are on chronic antithrombotic agents due to other medical conditions, such as atrial fibrillation or acute coronary syndrome. Given the risk of bleeding associated with TJAs, as well as the risk of thromboembolic events in the post-operative period, the management of chronic antithrombotic agents perioperatively is critical to achieving successful outcomes in arthroplasty. In this review, we provide a concise overview of society guidelines regarding the perioperative management of chronic antithrombotic agents in the setting of elective TJAs and summarize the recent literature that may inform future guidelines. Ultimately, antithrombotic regimen management should be patient-specific, in consultation with cardiology, internal medicine, hematology, and other physicians who play an essential role in perioperative care.
Subject(s)
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee , Atrial Fibrillation , Atrial Fibrillation/complications , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Elective Surgical Procedures , Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Hemorrhage/drug therapy , HumansABSTRACT
PURPOSE: It is important to assess global trends in the practice of adult reconstruction orthopaedic surgery to understand how new evidence is being implemented. The International Society of Orthopaedic Centers (ISOC) is a consortium of academic orthopaedic centers whose members' practices likely reflect contemporary evidence and indicate how orthopaedic surgery residents and fellows are trained. METHODS: We administered a 65 question, electronic survey of adult reconstruction surgeons across the ISOC centers in September 2020 to assess practice patterns. Results were assessed using descriptive statistics or by modeling the underlying response distribution, and the analysis was stratified by hospital region. RESULTS: 79 surgeons across 19 ISOC centers in 5 continents (Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America) completed the survey. Selected findings include: in total hip arthroplasty (THA), the posterolateral approach was used for 71 ± 42% of THA (mean ± standard deviation) and the direct anterior approach in 18% ± 34%. In total knee arthroplasty, posterior-stabilized (66% ± 39%) and cruciate-retaining (19 ± 33%) implants were most common. Robots were available in 56% (44 of 79) of surgeons' centers more commonly in Asia, Australia, and North America. Tranexamic acid was routinely used in arthroplasty by 99% (78 of 79) of surgeons. Eighty-six percent (68 of 79) submit data to joint or other registries. Virtual visits were used for 13% ± 16% of outpatient visits and by 82% (64 of 79) of surgeons overall. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may be of use now for surgeons to consider the practices of their peers at high-volume academic institutions, and in the future as we track temporal trends.
Subject(s)
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee , Orthopedics , Surgeons , Adult , Humans , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is common and debilitating, in part because it often affects more than one large weightbearing joint. The likelihood of undergoing more than one total joint arthroplasty has not been studied in a heterogeneous, multicenter population in the United States. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We used prospectively collected data of patients with osteoarthritis from the multicenter Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) project to ask (1) What is the likelihood of a subsequent THA or TKA after primary TKA or THA? (2) What risk factors are associated with undergoing contralateral TKA after primary TKA? METHODS: Longitudinally maintained data from the OAI were used to identify 332 patients who underwent primary TKA and 132 patients who underwent primary THA for osteoarthritis who did not have a previous TKA or THA in this retrospective study. OAI was a longitudinal cohort study of knee osteoarthritis conducted at five centers in the United States (Columbus, OH, USA; Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Baltimore, MD, USA; Pawtucket, RI, USA; and San Francisco, CA, USA). In this study, the mean follow-up time was 4.0 ± 2.3 years, with 24% (112 of 464) followed for less than 2 years. The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of subsequent arthroplasty calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Age, BMI, gender, and contralateral Kellgren-Lawrence grade, medial joint space width, and hip-knee-ankle angles were modeled as risk factors of contralateral TKA using Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS: Using the Kaplan-Meier method, at 8 years the cumulative incidence of contralateral TKA after the index TKA was 40% (95% CI 31 to 49) and the cumulative incidence of any THA after index TKA was 13% (95% CI 5 to 21). The cumulative incidence of contralateral THA after the index THA was 8% (95% CI 2 to 14), and the cumulative incidence of any TKA after index THA was 32% (95% CI 15 to 48). Risk factors for undergoing contralateral TKA were younger age (HR 0.95 for each year of increasing age [95% CI 0.92 to 0.98]; p = 0.001) and loss of medial joint space width with a varus deformity (HR 1.26 for each 1 mm loss of joint space width at 1.6 varus [1.06 to 1.51]; p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent TKA or THA for osteoarthritis had a high rate of subsequent joint arthroplasties in this study conducted at multiple centers in the United States. The rate of subsequent joint arthroplasty determined in this study can be used to counsel patients in similar settings and institutions, and may serve as a benchmark to assess future osteoarthritis disease-modifying interventions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.
Subject(s)
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee , Osteoarthritis, Hip/surgery , Osteoarthritis, Knee/surgery , Aged , Female , Hip Joint/surgery , Humans , Knee Joint/surgery , Male , Middle Aged , Reoperation , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , United StatesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study compared (1) perioperative outcomes, (2) postoperative complications, and (3) reoperation rates after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) between short stature patients and matched control patients. METHODS: A review of primary THA patients from 2012 to 2017 using an institutional database was conducted. This yielded 12,850 patients of which 108 were shorter than 148 cm. These patients were matched 1:1 by age (P = .527), gender (P = .664), and body mass index (P = .240) to controls. The final study population with minimum 1-year follow-up that was included for analysis comprised 47 patients in the short stature cohort and 57 patients in the control cohort. The following outcomes/complications were compared: operative times, lengths of stay (LOSs), intraoperative fractures, minor complications, 90-day readmissions, and revisions. RESULTS: Operative times were significantly longer in the short stature cohort than in the matched control cohort (133 ± 65 minutes vs 104 ± 30 minutes, P = .005). In addition, hospital LOS was slightly longer in the short stature group than in the matched control groups (3.2 ± 1.5 days vs 2.6 ± 1.0, P = .017). Rates of intraoperative fractures (P = 1.000), minor complications P = .406), 90-day readmissions (P = .5000), and revision (P = .202) were similar between the short stature and control cohorts. CONCLUSION: Patients with disproportionately short stature had longer operative times and slight longer LOS. However, complication and readmission rates were similar. Future studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm these findings and further evaluate implant survivorship in this unique THA patient population.
Subject(s)
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip , Body Height , Cohort Studies , Humans , Length of Stay , Postoperative Complications , Reoperation , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Hemichorea and other hyperkinetic movement disorders are a rare presentation of stroke, usually secondary to deep infarctions affecting the basal ganglia and the thalamus. Chorea can also result from lesions limited to the cortex, as shown in recent reports. Still, the pathophysiology of this form of cortical stroke-related chorea remains unknown. We report 4 cases of acute ischemic cortical strokes presenting as hemichorea, with the infarction being limited to the parietal and insular cortex in perfusion computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging. These cases suggest potential dysfunction of pathways connecting these cortical regions with the basal ganglia.
Subject(s)
Brain Ischemia/complications , Cerebral Cortex/blood supply , Chorea/etiology , Parietal Lobe/blood supply , Stroke/complications , Aged , Brain Ischemia/diagnostic imaging , Brain Ischemia/physiopathology , Brain Ischemia/therapy , Chorea/diagnosis , Chorea/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Male , Recovery of Function , Stroke/diagnostic imaging , Stroke/physiopathology , Stroke/therapy , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty are at high risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) with an incidence of approximately 0.6-1.5%. Given the high volume of these operations, with approximately one million performed annually in the U.S., the rate of VTE represents a large absolute number of patients. The rate of VTE after total hip arthroplasty has been stable over the past decade, although there has been a slight reduction in the rate of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), but not pulmonary embolism (PE), after total knee arthroplasty. Over this time, there has been significant research into the optimal choice of pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis for individual patients, with the objective to reduce the rate of VTE while minimizing adverse side effects such as bleeding. Recently, aspirin has emerged as a promising prophylactic agent for patients undergoing arthroplasty due to its similar efficacy and good safety profile compared to other pharmacologic agents. However, there is no evidence to date that clearly demonstrates the superiority of any given prophylactic agent. Therefore, this review discusses (1) the current prevalence and trends in VTE after total hip and knee arthroplasty and (2) provides an update on pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis in regard to aspirin usage.
Subject(s)
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/adverse effects , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/adverse effects , Venous Thromboembolism/epidemiology , Venous Thromboembolism/prevention & control , Aspirin/adverse effects , Aspirin/therapeutic use , Fibrinolytic Agents/adverse effects , Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Hemorrhage/chemically induced , Humans , Incidence , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Prevalence , Pulmonary Embolism/epidemiology , Pulmonary Embolism/physiopathology , Pulmonary Embolism/prevention & control , Reoperation , Venous Thromboembolism/physiopathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased use of critical care resources, particularly mechanical ventilators. Amidst growing concerns that the health care system could face a shortage of ventilators in the future, there is a need for an affordable, simple, easy to use, emergency stockpile ventilator. METHODS: Our team of engineers and clinicians designed and tested an emergency ventilator that uses a single limb portable ventilator circuit. The circuit is controlled by a pneumatic signal with electronic microcontroller input, using air and oxygen sources found in standard patient rooms. Ventilator performance was assessed using an IngMar ASL 5000 breathing simulator, and it was compared with a commercially available mechanical ventilator. RESULTS: The emergency ventilator provides volume control mode, intermittent mandatory ventilation and continuous positive airway pressure. It can generate tidal volumes between 300 and 800 mL with <10% error, with pressure, volume, and waveforms substantially equivalent to existing commercial ventilators. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a cost effective, safe, and easy to use ventilator that can be rapidly manufactured to address ventilator shortages in a pandemic setting. It meets basic clinical needs and can be provided for emergency use in cases requiring mechanical ventilation because of complications due to respiratory failure from infectious diseases.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: An obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) subtype has been associated with streptococcal infections and is called pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococci (PANDAS). The neuroanatomical characterization of subjects with this disorder is crucial for the better understanding of its pathophysiology; also, evaluation of these features as classifiers between patients and controls is relevant to determine potential biomarkers and useful in clinical diagnosis. This was the first multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) study on an early-onset OCD subtype. METHODS: Fourteen pediatric patients with PANDAS were paired with 14 healthy subjects and were scanned to obtain structural magnetic resonance images (MRI). We identified neuroanatomical differences between subjects with PANDAS and healthy controls using voxel-based morphometry, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and surface analysis. We investigated the usefulness of these neuroanatomical differences to classify patients with PANDAS using MVPA. RESULTS: The pattern for the gray and white matter was significantly different between subjects with PANDAS and controls. Alterations emerged in the cortex, subcortex, and cerebellum. There were no significant group differences in DTI measures (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity) or cortical features (thickness, sulci, volume, curvature, and gyrification). The overall accuracy of 75% was achieved using the gray matter features to classify patients with PANDAS and healthy controls. CONCLUSION: The results of this integrative study allow a better understanding of the neural substrates in this OCD subtype, suggesting that the anatomical gray matter characteristics could have an immune origin that might be helpful in patient classification.
Subject(s)
Autoimmune Diseases/classification , Diffusion Tensor Imaging/standards , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/classification , Streptococcal Infections/classification , Adolescent , Autoimmune Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Autoimmune Diseases/pathology , Child , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Diffusion Tensor Imaging/methods , Female , Humans , Male , Multivariate Analysis , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnostic imaging , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/pathology , Streptococcal Infections/diagnostic imaging , Streptococcal Infections/pathologyABSTRACT
Ectoparasites such as hematophagous leeches and monogeneans are common in chelonians, occupying different parts of the body. Thus, the present study aimed to identify and describe the fauna of ectoparasites that infest Phrynops geoffroanus and Mesoclemmys tuberculata to evaluate the effect of host conditions and seasonality (dry and rainy season) on the abundance and composition of ectoparasites. We verified the presence of ectoparasites in 73.2% of the examined turtles, with four species of leeches belonging to Glossiphoniidae, Haementeria brasiliensis sensu Cordero, 1937, Helobdella cf. adiastola, Haementeria sp1., and Haementeria sp2., and one monogenean Polystomatidae, Polystomoides brasiliensis. For both chelonians, we observed a significant difference in the abundance of ectoparasites in relation to sex, biome, and season, which was unrelated to length and mass. Leeches were more frequent in the cavities of the hind limbs in P. geoffroanus, and the anterior limbs of M. tuberculata. The general spatial niche overlap of ectoparasites was high, except for that of the monogenean P. brasiliensis, which did not overlap with those of other leech species. The present study is the first report of the presence of H. brasiliensis and P. brasiliensis parasitizing M. tuberculata, and Helobdella cf. adiastola in a phoretic relationship with P. geoffroanus and M. tuberculata. Finally, the differences in infestation levels may reflect ecological factors, differences in behavioral patterns of the hosts, and different anthropic alterations suffered in the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes.
Subject(s)
Ectoparasitic Infestations/epidemiology , Leeches/classification , Trematoda/isolation & purification , Turtles/parasitology , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Ecosystem , Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology , Female , Forests , Male , Trematoda/classificationABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Infection with group A Streptococcus (StrepA) can cause post-infectious sequelae, including a spectrum of childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive (OCD) and tic disorders with autoimmune origin (PANDAS, Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections). Until now, no single immunological test has been designed that unequivocally diagnoses these disorders. In this study, we assessed the detection of serum antibodies against human brain enolase (AE), neural tissue (AN) and Streptococcus (AS) as a laboratory tool for the diagnosis of early-onset psychiatric disorders. METHODOLOGY: Serum antibodies against human brain enolase, total brain proteins, and total proteins from StrepA were detected by ELISA in 37 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of PANDAS and in 12 healthy subjects from Mexico and Cuba. RESULTS: The antibody titers against human brain enolase (AE) and Streptococcal proteins (AS) were higher in patients than in control subjects (t-student, tAE=-2.17, P=0.035; tAS=-2.68, P=0.01, n=12 and 37/group, df=47, significance level 0.05), while the neural antibody titers did not differ between the two groups (P(t)=0.05). The number of subjects (titers> meancontrol + CI95) with simultaneous seropositivity to all three antibodies was higher in the patient group (51.4%) than in the control group (8.3%) group (X2=5.27, P=0.022, df=1, n=49). CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous detection of all three of these antibodies could provide valuable information for the etiologic diagnosis of individuals with early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorders associated with streptococcal infection and, consequently, for prescribing suitable therapy.
Subject(s)
Antibodies/blood , Mental Disorders/blood , Mental Disorders/microbiology , Nervous System/immunology , Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/immunology , Streptococcal Infections/complications , Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/blood , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/microbiology , Tic Disorders/blood , Tic Disorders/microbiologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Stroke Units (SU) have been suggested as an alternative to Intensive Care units (ICU) for initial admission of low-grade non-aneurysmal spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (naSAH). We hypothesised that the incidence of in-hospital complications and long-term clinical outcomes in low-grade naSAH patients would be comparable in both settings, and that a cost-minimisation analysis would favour the use of SU. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective, single-centre study at a third-level stroke-referral hospital, including low-grade spontaneous naSAH patients with WFNS 1-2. Primary outcomes were death and functional status at 3 months. Secondary outcomes were incidence of in-hospital major neurological and systemic complications. Additionally, a cost-minimisation analysis was conducted to estimate the average cost savings that could be achieved with the most efficient approach. RESULTS: Out of 96 naSAH patients, 30 (31%) were initially admitted to ICU and 66 (69%) to SU. Both groups had similar demographic and radiological features except for a higher proportion of WFNS 2 in ICU subgroup. There were no statistically significant differences between ICU and SU-managed subgroups in death rate (2 (7%) and 1 (2%), respectively), functional outcome at 90 days (28 (93%) and 61 (92%) modified Rankin Scale 0-2) or neurological and systemic in-hospital complications. Cost-minimisation analysis demonstrated significant monetary savings favouring the SU strategy. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Initial admission to the SU appears to be a safe and cost-effective alternative to the ICU for low-grade naSAH patients, with comparable clinical outcomes and a reduction of hospitalisation-related costs. Prospective multicenter randomised studies are encouraged to further evaluate this approach.
Subject(s)
Stroke , Subarachnoid Hemorrhage , Humans , Hospitalization , Hospitals , Intensive Care Units , Retrospective Studies , Stroke/epidemiology , Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Prolonged operative time is a risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of hip fractures. However, the quantitative nature of such association, including graduated risk levels, has yet to be described. This study outlines the graduated associations between operative time and (1) healthcare utilisation, and (2) 30-day complications after ORIF of hip fractures. METHODS: The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was queried (January 2016-December 2019) for all patients who underwent ORIF of hip fractures (n = 35,710). Demographics, operative time, fracture type, and comorbidities were recorded. Outcomes included healthcare utilisation (e.g., prolonged length of stay [LOS>2 days], discharge disposition, 30-day readmission, and reoperation), inability to weight-bear (ITWB) on postoperative day-1 (POD-1), and any 30-day complication. Adjusted multivariate regression models evaluated associations between operative time and measured outcomes. RESULTS: Operative time <40 minutes was associated with lower odds of prolonged LOS (odds ratio [OR] 0.77), non-home discharge (OR 0.85), 30-day readmission (OR 0.85), and reoperation (OR 0.72). Operative time ⩾80 minutes was associated with higher odds of ITWB on POD-1 (OR 1.17). Operative time ⩾200 minutes was associated with higher odds of deep infection (OR 7.5) and wound complications (OR 3.2). The odds of blood transfusions were higher in cases ⩾60 minutes (OR1.3) and 5-fold in cases ⩾200 minutes (OR 5.4). The odds of venous thromboembolic complications were highest in the ⩾200-minute operative time category (OR 2.5). Operative time was not associated with mechanical ventilation, pneumonia, delirium, sepsis, urinary tract infection, or 30-day mortality. DISCUSSION: Increasing operative time is associated with a progressive increase in the odds of adverse outcomes following hip fracture ORIF. While a direct cause-effect relationship cannot be established, an operative time of <60 minutes could be protective. Perioperative interventions that shorten operative time without compromising fracture reduction or fixation should be considered.
Subject(s)
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip , Hip Fractures , Humans , Operative Time , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/adverse effects , Hip Fractures/etiology , Regression Analysis , Retrospective Studies , Fracture Fixation, Internal/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Hyperglycemia during early brain injury (EBI) period after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with poor outcome, but the underlying physiopathology is unknown. This study assessed if hyperglycemia during EBI is associated with markers of neuroaxonal injury and whether these biomarkers partially account for the association between hyperglycemia and poor clinical outcome. Ninety-two SAH patients admitted within 24 h of bleeding onset were prospectively included. Glucose levels were measured at arrival and every 6 h for 72 h. Serum neurofilament light chain (NFL) levels were measured at 72 h. Functional outcome was assessed with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days (poor outcome, mRS > 2). The association between glucose metrics, NFL levels, and clinical outcome was assessed with univariate and multivariate analyses. Mediation analysis was performed to examine the potential chain in which NFL may mediate the relationship between glucose and functional outcome. Higher glucose and NFL levels during EBI were associated with poor clinical outcome in adjusted analysis. NFL levels were associated with older age, higher initial severity, and higher glucose levels during EBI period. In adjusted mediation analyses, the association between glucose and clinical outcome was significantly mediated by NFL levels. The mediator NFL explained 25% of the association between glucose during EBI period and poor functional outcome at 90 days. In SAH, the association between glucose levels during EBI and poor clinical outcome might be significantly mediated by NFL levels. The link between hyperglycemia and poor clinical outcome might be explained in part through secondary neuroaxonal injury.