A distinct clade of Bifidobacterium longum in the gut of Bangladeshi children thrives during weaning.

The gut microbiome has an important role in infant health and development. We characterized the fecal microbiome and metabolome of 222 young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh during the first two years of life. A distinct Bifidobacterium longum clade expanded with introduction of solid foods and harbored enzymes for utilizing both breast milk and solid food substrates. The clade was highly prevalent in Bangladesh, present globally (at lower prevalence), and correlated with many other gut taxa and metabolites, indicating an important role in gut ecology. We also found that the B. longum clades and associated metabolites were implicated in childhood diarrhea and early growth, including positive associations between growth measures and B. longum subsp. infantis, indolelactate and N-acetylglutamate. Our data demonstrate geographic, cultural, seasonal, and ecological heterogeneity that should be accounted for when identifying microbiome factors implicated in and potentially benefiting infant development.

Antibiotic exposure among young infants suffering from diarrhoea in Bangladesh.

AIMS: Appropriate rehydration has always been significant in treating diarrhoeal diseases in children. Irrational antibiotic use among diarrhoeal children has remained a major public health concern. Information regarding antibiotic use in young infants suffering from diarrhoea is very limited and a unique aspect of research. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic use in the community among 2-6 months infants with diarrhoeal illnesses and having different nutritional status. METHODS: We investigated a total of 5279 infants aged 2-6 months at Dhaka hospital, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, between September 2018 and June 2019. Among them, 257 infants were suffering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM). History of taking antibiotics was ascertained by direct observation of a prescription by a physician, the bottle of antibiotic or asking the caregiver about the name of antibiotic or its price that is very close to the usual market price of an antibiotic. RESULTS: Overall, 52% of infants received antibiotics before hospital admission. Non-SAM infants had higher odds of receiving antibiotics (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.52, 95% confidence interval: 1.18, 1.97, P value = 0.003) compared to infants with SAM and use of antibiotics increased with age (aOR = 1.11, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.17, P value<0.001). Commonly used antibiotics were azithromycin (13.3%), ciprofloxacin (7.7%), erythromycin (7.7%) and metronidazole (2.6%). The proportion of receiving ciprofloxacin was significantly lower in infants with SAM compared to their non-SAM counterparts (2.7% vs. 7.97%, P value = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The study underscores the excessive use of antibiotics among diarrhoeal infants, which is already a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries.

Asymptomatic Duodenitis and Helicobacter pylori associated Dyspepsia in 2-Year-Old Chronic Malnourished Bangladeshi Slum-Dwelling Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.

AIM: There is insufficient knowledge on the * duodenal histology and Helicobacter pylori infection in malnourished Bangladeshi children. Therefore, we attempted to explore the prevalence of H. pylori infection and duodenal histopathology in 2-year-old chronic malnourished Bangladeshi slum-dwelling children and investigate their association with dyspeptic symptoms. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted using the data of the Bangladesh Environmental Enteric Dysfunction study in an urban slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh. With a view to address the association of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) with stunting, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed on 54 chronic malnourished children {31 stunted [length-for-age Z-scores (LAZ) <-2] and 23 at risk of stunting (LAZ <-1 to -2)} aged between 12-24 months and the mucosal biopsies were subjected to histopathological examination after obtaining proper clinical history. Stool antigen for H. pylori (HpSA) was assessed to determine H. pylori status. RESULTS: In all, 83.3% (45/54) of the children had histopathological evidence of duodenitis. Chronic mild duodenitis was found to be the most prevalent form of duodenitis (53.7%) in the children. Only 8.9% (4/45) of the children with duodenitis had dyspepsia (p < 0.05). The 14.8% (8/54) of the children were found positive for H. pylori infection. Logistic regression analysis revealed children positive for HpSA had significant association with dyspepsia (OR 9.34; 95% CI 1.54-56.80). CONCLUSIONS: The number of chronic malnourished children suffering from duodenitis was found to be very high. Majority of these children was asymptomatic. Children positive for HpSA had significant association with dyspeptic symptoms.

Study protocol to assess the impact of an integrated nutrition intervention on the growth and development of children under two in rural Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: The period from birth to two years is the "critical window" for achieving optimal growth and development. An inadequate quality and quantities of complementary foods, poor child-feeding practices and infection negatively impact the growth of under-twos. Approximately one-third of under-fives in developing countries are stunted; many are also micronutrient deficient. An estimated 6% of mortalities among under-fives can be prevented by ensuring optimal complementary feeding. The objective of the study was to assess the ability of a 12-month integrated nutrition intervention to improve the nutritional status (length-for-age Z-score) of 6 to 12-month-old children in rural Bangladesh. METHODS: In this community-based randomized controlled trial, the intervention group received a package of interventions that includes, food vouchers; to prepare egg-based nutritious snacks (suji firni for < 1-year-olds, suji halwa for > 1-year-olds), micronutrient powder to fortify children's food at home, child feeding counselling and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), behaviour change communication. The control group received routine health messages provided by the government. Baseline and endline surveys were conducted; Data collection was performed monthly on children's growth, food voucher utilization, child feeding and morbidity. In addition, we assessed the cognitive development of the children after 12 months of intervention. CONCLUSION: This trial aims to explore whether an integrated nutrition intervention can mitigate childhood stunting during the critical window of opportunity in rural Bangladesh. The results may provide robust evidence to improve the linear growth of children in developing countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was retrospectively registered on August 17, 2018 and is available online at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT02768181).

Long-Term Gastrointestinal Consequences are Frequent Following Sporadic Acute Infectious Diarrhea in a Tropical Country: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Postinfection irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) and functional dyspepsia (PI-FD), though reported from the temperate countries, have not been studied in the tropics; PI-malabsorption syndrome (MAS), which mimics PI-IBS, is reported from the tropics. No report till date on PI-IBS excluded PI-MAS. We studied: (i) the frequency of continuing bowel dysfunction after acute gastroenteritis (AG), (ii) its predictors, and (iii) PI-MAS among patients with PI-IBS. METHODS: 345 consecutive subjects each, with AG and age- and gender-matched healthy controls were followed up 3-monthly for 12 months using a translated-validated questionnaire and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) were diagnosed by Rome III criteria. Symptom duration >3 months but <6 months was diagnosed as chronic bowel dysfunction (CBD) and dyspeptic symptoms, respectively. MAS was diagnosed if 2/3 tests (D-xylose H2 breath test, Sudan III-stained stool microscopy, and duodenal histology) were abnormal. Fecal microbiological studies were performed in 245/345 (71%) patients. RESULTS: AG patients more often developed PI-IBS and PI-FD than controls (16.5 vs. 2.6% and 7.4 vs. 0.6%, respectively; p<0.001). Presence of FD was a risk factor for PI-IBS and IBS for PI-FD. On multivariate analysis, dyspeptic symptoms, CBD, and weight loss were the risk factors for PI-FGIDs. The frequency of PI-IBS following Vibrio cholera and other bacterial infection was comparable. Malabsorption was present among 2/23 (9%) patients with PI-IBS. CONCLUSION: FGIDs are common after AG; dyspeptic symptoms, CBD, and weight loss were risk factors for PI-FGIDs. Vibrio cholerae infection caused PI-FGID, which was never reported. About 9 % patients fulfilling the criteria for PI-IBS had PI-MAS.

Oral application of Escherichia coli bacteriophage: safety tests in healthy and diarrheal children from Bangladesh.

A T4-like coliphage cocktail was given with different oral doses to healthy Bangladeshi children in a placebo-controlled randomized phase I safety trial. Fecal phage detection was oral dose dependent suggesting passive gut transit of coliphages through the gut. No adverse effects of phage application were seen clinically and by clinical chemistry. Similar results were obtained for a commercial phage preparation (Coliproteus from Microgen/Russia). By 16S rRNA gene sequencing, only a low degree of fecal microbiota conservation was seen in healthy children from Bangladesh who were sampled over a time interval of 7 days suggesting a substantial temporal fluctuation of the fecal microbiota composition. Microbiota variability was not associated with the age of the children or the presence of phage in the stool. Stool microbiota composition of Bangladeshi children resembled that found in children of other regions of the world. Marked variability in fecal microbiota composition was also seen in 71 pediatric diarrhea patients receiving only oral rehydration therapy and in 38 patients receiving coliphage preparations or placebo when sampled 1.2 or 4 days apart respectively. Temporal stability of the gut microbiota should be assessed in case-control studies involving children before associating fecal microbiota composition with health or disease phenotypes.

Treatment outcome of children with persistent Diarrhoea admitted to an Urban Hospital, Dhaka during 2012-2013.

BACKGROUND: Despite availability of treatment guidelines, persistent diarrhoea (PD) has been a major contributor of diarrhoeal deaths in low and middle income countries. We evaluated the outcome of children under the age of 5 years who were treated for PD using management algorithm with locally available foods in a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Dhaka. METHODS: We extracted retrospective data from electronic database for all the under-five children admitted for PD in the Longer Stay Ward and Intensive Care Unit of the Dhaka hospital at icddr,b between 2012 and 2013. Descriptive analysis was done to explore available baseline socio-demographic, nutritional, and co-morbid statuses, pathogens from stool isolates, duration of treatment, use of antibiotics, duration of hospital stay and treatment success rates. We sought to investigate above mentioned descriptive features in addition to associated factors with time to recover from PD using survival analysis with Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: A total number of 426 children with a median age of 7.46 (inter-quartile range IQR; 5.39, 9.43) months were admitted for PD during the study period. Of these, 95% of children were recovered from PD and discharged from the hospital. The median duration of treatment response was 6 (IQR 4, 9) days. The case fatality rate was 1.17%. Multivariate analysis among the children of 6 months or less showed that the rate of recovery from PD was 57% lower in children with severe stunting compared to those without severe stunting (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22, 0.88, p < 0.05), 42% lower in children with severe wasting (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36, 0.95, p < 0.05), and 81% reduced in children who developed hospital acquired infection (HAI) compared to those without HAI (HR 0.19, 95% CI 0.06, 0.62, p < 0.05). Among the children who were more than 6 months old, age in months (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02, 1.09) and female gender (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.09, 1.84) had better rates of recovery from PD (p < 0.05). Moreover, among children more than 6 months of age, HAI (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.26, 0.75), and antibiotic use (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.28, 0.56) were associated with impeded recovery rates from PD (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The treatment guideline for persistent diarrhoea patients followed at icddr,b Dhaka hospital was found to be successful and can be used in other treatment facilities of Bangladesh and other developing countries where any treatment algorithm for PD is unavailable. More emphasis is required to be given for the prevention of hospital acquired infection that may help to limit the use of antibiotic in order to enhance the recovery rate from PD.

Detection and absolute quantification of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 202195 by quantitative real-time PCR.

IMPORTANCE: When administered for seven consecutive days shortly after birth, the probiotic bacterium Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 202195 plus fructooligosaccharide (FOS) was reported to reduce sepsis and lower respiratory tract infection events during early infancy in a randomized trial in India. Since probiotic effects are often strain specific, strain-level detection and quantification by routine molecular methods enables the monitoring of safety outcomes, such as probiotic-associated bacteremia, and allows for the quality of probiotic interventions to be assessed and monitored (i.e., verify strain identity and enumerate). Despite the potential clinical applications of L. plantarum ATCC 202195, an assay to detect and quantify this strain has not previously been described. Herein, we report the design of primer and probe sequences to detect L. plantarum ATCC 202195 and the development and optimization of a real-time PCR assay to detect and quantify the strain with high specificity and high sensitivity.

Trajectories of resting energy expenditure and performance of predictive equations in children hospitalized with an acute illness and malnutrition: a longitudinal study.

There is scarce data on energy expenditure in ill children with different degrees of malnutrition. This study aimed to determine resting energy expenditure (REE) trajectories in hospitalized malnourished children during and after hospitalization. We followed a cohort of children in Bangladesh and Malawi (2-23 months) with: no wasting (NW); moderate wasting (MW), severe wasting (SW), or edematous malnutrition (EM). REE was measured by indirect calorimetry at admission, discharge, 14-and-45-days post-discharge. 125 children (NW, n = 23; MW, n = 29; SW, n = 51; EM, n = 22), median age 9 (IQR 6, 14) months, provided 401 REE measurements. At admission, the REE of children with NW and MW was 67 (95% CI [58, 75]) and 70 (95% CI [63, 76]) kcal/kg/day, respectively, while REE in children with SW was higher, 79 kcal/kg/day (95% CI [74, 84], p = 0.018), than NW. REE in these groups was stable over time. In children with EM, REE increased from admission to discharge (65 kcal/kg/day, 95% CI [56, 73]) to 79 (95% CI [72, 86], p = 0.0014) and was stable hereafter. Predictive equations underestimated REE in 92% of participants at all time points. Recommended feeding targets during the acute phase of illness in severely malnourished children exceeded REE. Acutely ill malnourished children are at risk of being overfed when implementing current international guidelines.

Comparisons of the Rome III and Rome IV criteria for diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in Indian and Bangladeshi communities and internal shifts in the diagnostic categories of bowel disorders of gut-brain interactions.

BACKGROUND: Although the Rome IV criteria are the most recent criteria to diagnose irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), their sensitivity has been shown to be low in Chinese and Western populations. There are scanty data comparing the Rome III and Rome IV criteria in diagnosis of IBS in the Indian and Bangladeshi populations where abdominal pain, an essential component of diagnosis of IBS by the Rome IV criteria, is less in frequency and of lower severity. METHODS: We analyzed the Indian and Bangladeshi data from the Rome Global Epidemiology Study to compare diagnostic sensitivity of the Rome III and Rome IV criteria for IBS, internal shifts in diagnostic categories of disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), the severity of IBS diagnosed by the Rome III and Rome IV criteria, and consultation patterns in these populations. KEY RESULTS: The Rome IV criteria were less sensitive than the Rome III criteria to diagnose IBS in these populations, and the subjects with Rome III IBS shifted internally to other DGBI when the Rome IV criteria were applied. Moreover, Rome IV IBS subjects had greater symptom severity than the Rome III IBS. A third of people fulfilling diagnostic criteria for IBS consulted doctors, and those diagnosed using Rome IV criteria, those with higher anxiety and depression symptom score, lower global physical health score, and greater IBS symptom severity score had greater correlation coefficients with doctors' consultation. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: The Rome IV diagnostic criteria for IBS are less sensitive than the Rome III criteria in Indian and Bangladesh communities. Application of the Rome IV criteria to people who meet the Rome III IBS criteria selects a subgroup of people with greater severity of symptoms, and hence, Rome IV IBS is more strongly associated with physician consultation. These findings may have important bearing in future iterations of the Rome criteria for a broader global applicability.

Environmental enteric dysfunction and small intestinal histomorphology of stunted children in Bangladesh.

There is lack of information on the histological characteristics of the intestinal mucosa in Bangladeshi children. Collection of intestinal biopsy samples and assessment of the histomorphological features is considered to be the traditional gold standard for diagnosis of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the intestinal histological characteristics of stunted children aged between 12-18 months with possible EED. 110 children with chronic malnutrition (52 stunted with length-for-age Z score, LAZ<-2 and 58 at risk of stunting with LAZ <-1 to -2) from the Bangladesh Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (BEED) study protocol who underwent upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy were selected for this study. To explore the association of EED with childhood stunting, upper GI endoscopy was done and the biopsy specimens were studied for histopathology. Villous height and crypt depth were measured and the presence and intensity of inflammatory infiltrates in the lamina propria was investigated. Bivariate analysis was performed to examine the relationship between stunting and histologic morphology. More than 90% children irrespective of nutritional status were diagnosed to have chronic non-specific duodenitis on histopathology. Half of the children from both groups had villous atrophy as well as crypt hyperplasia and lymphocytic infiltration was present in more than 90% children, irrespective of groups. However, no statistically significant difference was observed when compared between the groups. The prevalence of chronic non-specific duodenitis in Bangladeshi children, irrespective of nutritional status, was high. A significant number of these children had abnormal findings in intestinal histomorphology. Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02812615 Date of first registration: 24/06/2016. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=NCT02812615&term=&cntry=&state=&city=&dist.

Evaluation of SIMESON, a training program to improve access to quality health care for pregnant women and newborn in different healthcare facilities of northern Bangladesh.

AIM: The study aims to explore the current knowledge and skills of healthcare providers already trained by SIMESON (simulation for essential skills for obstetrical and neonatal care), in reviewing perinatal health situations including current status of healthcare facilities and cost estimation. DESIGN: It was an observational study. METHODS: Cost estimation following both quantitative and qualitative approaches was also attempted. RESULT: Knowledge and skills of 88 healthcare providers about the provision of normal delivery and immediate postpartum care, management of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), retained placenta and use of bag and mask ventilation to help a baby breathe were found to be considerably strengthened following SIMESON training. During the 6 months after training, there were 477 PPH cases managed successfully with only one death; neonatal deaths observed were 6.6/1,000 live births; twice the number of facility deliveries; and 80% use rate of Ambu bag for helping baby breathe. The estimated cost per trainee was 395.68 USD, and 5.85 USD per beneficiary.

Bifidobacterium infantis treatment promotes weight gain in Bangladeshi infants with severe acute malnutrition.

Disrupted development of the gut microbiota is a contributing cause of childhood malnutrition. Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis is a prominent early colonizer of the infant gut that consumes human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). We found that the absolute abundance of Bifidobacterium infantis is lower in 3- to 24-month-old Bangladeshi infants with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) compared to their healthy age-matched counterparts. A single-blind, placebo-controlled trial (SYNERGIE) was conducted in 2- to 6-month-old Bangladeshi infants with SAM. A commercial U.S. donor-derived B. infantis strain (EVC001) was administered daily with or without the HMO lacto-N-neotetraose for 28 days. This intervention increased fecal B. infantis abundance in infants with SAM, although to levels still 10- to 100-fold lower than in untreated healthy controls. EVC001 treatment promoted weight gain that was associated with reduced intestinal inflammation markers in infants with SAM. We cultured fecal B. infantis strains from Bangladeshi infants and colonized gnotobiotic mice with these cultured strains. The gnotobiotic mice were fed a diet representative of that consumed by 6-month-old Bangladeshi infants, with or without HMO supplementation. One B. infantis strain, Bg_2D9, expressing two gene clusters involved in uptake and utilization of N-glycans and plant-derived polysaccharides, exhibited superior fitness over EVC001. The fitness advantage of Bg_2D9 was confirmed in a gnotobiotic mouse model of mother-to-infant gut microbiota transmission where dams received a pretreatment fecal community from a SAM infant in the SYNERGIE trial. Whether Bg_2D9 is superior to EVC001 for treating malnourished infants who consume a diet with limited breastmilk requires further clinical testing.

Alterations in the histological features of the intestinal mucosa in malnourished adults of Bangladesh.

There is paucity of knowledge on the histological features of the intestinal mucosa in malnourished adults of Bangladesh. The purpose of the study was to explore the histological features of the intestinal mucosa in malnourished adults of Bangladesh and to compare the findings with their well-nourished counterparts. 64 adults (37 malnourished with body mass index, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 and 27 controls with BMI > 18.5 kg/m2) from the Bangladesh Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (BEED) study, who underwent upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy, were selected for this study. With a view to address the association of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) with malnutrition, upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed and mucosal biopsies from the distal duodenum were studied for histopathology. Villous height, crypt depth, and presence of inflammatory infiltrates in lamina propria were investigated. Bivariate analysis was performed to quantify the relation between malnutrition and the histological features. About 95% adults, irrespective of nutritional status, were diagnosed to have chronic non-specific duodenitis on histopathology. Malnourished adults suffered significantly more from chronic active duodenitis compared to their well-nourished counterparts (p = 0.003). Malnourished adults also had significantly higher frequency of subtotal villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and marked cellular infiltration in the lamina propria than the healthy controls (p < 0.05).

Changing Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Infections in Under-Two Children in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Objectives: Risk factors for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in community settings are not fully understood, especially in low-income countries. We examined the incidence and risk factors associated with ARIs in under-two children from the Microbiota and Health study. Methods: Children from a peri-urban area of Dhaka (Bangladesh) were followed from birth to 2 years of age by both active surveillance of ARIs and regular scheduled visits. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected during scheduled visits for detection of bacterial facultative respiratory pathogens. Information on socioeconomic, environmental, and household conditions, and mother and child characteristics were collected. A hierarchical modeling approach was used to identify proximate determinants of ARIs. Results: Of 267 infants, 87.3% experienced at least one ARI episode during the first 2 years of life. The peak incidence of ARIs was 330 infections per 100 infant-years and occurred between 2 and 4 months of age. Season was the main risk factor (rainy monsoon season, incidence rate ratio [IRR] 2.43 [1.92-3.07]; cool dry winter, IRR 2.10 [1.65-2.67] compared with hot dry summer) in the first 2 years of life. In addition, during the first 6 months of life, young maternal age (<22 years; IRR 1.34 [1.01-1.77]) and low birth weight (<2,500 g; IRR 1.39 [1.03-1.89]) were associated with higher ARI incidence. Conclusions: Reminiscent of industrialized settings, cool rainy season rather than socioeconomic and hygiene conditions was a major risk factor for ARIs in peri-urban Bangladesh. Understanding the causal links between seasonally variable factors such as temperature, humidity, crowding, diet, and ARIs will inform prevention measures.

Infection with Blastocystis spp. and its association with enteric infections and environmental enteric dysfunction among slum-dwelling malnourished adults in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Blastocystis spp. (Blastocystis) is a widely distributed gastrointestinal protist frequently reported in countries with tropical and sub-tropical climate. We sought to determine the factors associated with Blastocystis infection and investigate its role on biomarkers of intestinal health among slum-dwelling malnourished adults in Bangladesh. METHODOLOGY: Total 524 malnourished adults with a body mass index ≤18.5 kg/m2 were included in this analysis. Presence of Blastocystis in feces was evaluated by TaqMan Array Card assays. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Blastocystis was tested positive in 78.6% of the participants. Prevalence of infection with atypical strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) (56% vs. 38%, p<0.001), and Trichuris trichiura (28% vs. 15%, p-value = 0.02) was significantly greater in adults with Blastocystis, while Giardia intestinalis was significantly lower (8% vs. 14%, p-value = 0.04) in Blastocystis positive adults. Malnourished adults who were living in households with high crowding index (aOR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.11, 4.65; p-value = 0.03), and infected with aEPEC (aOR = 2.14; 95% CI = 1.35, 3.44; p-value = 0.001) and Trichuris trichiura (aOR = 1.97; 95% CI = 1.08, 3.77; p = 0.03) were more likely to be infected with Blastocystis. A significant negative relationship was observed between Blastocystis and fecal concentrations of alpha-1 antitrypsin (ß = -0.1; 95% CI = -1.7, -0.1; p-value<0.001) and Reg1B (ß = -3.6; 95% CI = -6.9, -3.0; p-value = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The study findings suggest that the presence of Blastocystis in human intestine influences gut health and may have potential pathogenic role in presence of other pathogens.

Seizure in Children Under Five Presenting With Pneumonia in a Critical Care Ward in Bangladesh: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Outcome.

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of deaths in children under 5 for the last few decades. Development of seizure in those children is common and associated with increased risk of deaths. We therefore investigated the prevalence, associated factors and outcome of seizure in children hospitalized with pneumonia. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart analysis in the intensive care unit of the Dhaka Hospital of icddr,b. Children under 5 with World Health Organization (WHO) classified clinical (excluding seizure as 1 of the clinical diagnostics) and radiologic pneumonia, admitted to the intensive care unit at Dhaka Hospital of icddr,b between August 2013 and December 2017 were analyzed. We initially identified the children with pneumonia who had seizure. For comparison, we have taken 2 folds randomly selected controls from rest of the children with pneumonia having no seizure. Prevalence and outcome of children with pneumonia and seizure were measured. Factors associated with seizure in children with pneumonia compared with those without seizure were also identified. Seizure was characterized by sudden, violent, involuntary, and abnormal repetitive movements with or without loss or impairment of consciousness confirmed by attending physician. RESULTS: Among a total of 4101 children with pneumonia, 514 (12.5%) had seizure. Compared with children with pneumonia alone children having pneumonia and seizure more often developed respiratory failure (18% vs. 3%, P < 0.001) and died (13% vs. 3%, P < 0.001) during hospitalization. In logistic regression analysis hypoxemia (95% CI: 1.59-3.17, P < 0.001), severe pneumonia (95% CI: 2.13-6.52, P < 0.001), severe sepsis (95% CI: 1.30-2.88, P = 0.001), and hypernatremia (95% CI: 5.31-10.93, P < 0.001) were found to be independent risk factors for seizure. On the contrary, children with pneumonia having seizure were less likely to have severe acute malnutrition (95% CI: 0.26-0.50, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Early identification of risk factors for seizure in children with pneumonia may be helpful for clinicians to promptly treat them and therefore may have potential to reduce deaths in those children especially in resource limited settings.

Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori and its association with metabolic syndrome in a rural community of Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: As the interrelationship between Helicobacter pylori, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is controversial, we undertook a community-based study with the aim to find the seroprevalence of H. pylori and its relationship with MetS and NAFLD. METHODS: This door-to-door survey was conducted among the adult subjects (≥18 years) of two villages (Charcharia of Dhaka district and Kharrah of Munshiganj district) of Bangladesh. Interviews using a structured questionnaire, clinical examination, anthropometric measurements, ultrasonogram of the liver, and biochemical tests were performed. RESULTS: Of 1021 subjects, 781 responded (76.49%), and 767 were included in the final analysis (mean age 40.35 ± 15.56 years; female 63.5%). Anti-H. pylori antibodies were found in 418 of 767 (54.5%). There were no H. pylori serostatus association with MetS and diabetes mellitus (DM) in univariate or multivariate analysis (all P > 0.05). However, H. pylori seropositive subjects had lower systolic blood pressure (odds ratio [OR] = -2.95 [-5.58, -0.32]) and low density lipoprotein -cholesterol (OR -7.79 [-15, -0.57]) compared to seronegative subjects in the linear regression model. Seronegativity of H. pylori was associated with NALFD in univariate (P = 0.007) but not multivariate analysis (P = 0.086). There were no differences in the frequency of H. pylori seropositivity among the participants with nonobese compared to obese NAFLD (19/42 [45%] vs 43/99 [43.4%], P = 0.844). CONCLUSION: In a rural community of Bangladesh, about 55% of the population were H. pylori seropositive, which was more common among the underweight than normal or obese subjects. However, there was no relationship observed between H. pylori seroprevalence and MetS, DM, or NAFLD.

The Influence of FUT2 and FUT3 Polymorphisms and Nasopharyngeal Microbiome on Respiratory Infections in Breastfed Bangladeshi Infants from the Microbiota and Health Study.

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in young children. The aim of our study was to examine whether variation in maternal FUT2 (α1,2-fucosyltransferase 2) and FUT3 (α1,3/4-fucosyltransferase 3) genes, which shape fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in breast milk, are associated with the occurrence of ARIs in breastfed infants as well as the influence of the nasopharyngeal microbiome on ARI risk. Occurrences of ARIs were prospectively recorded in a cohort of 240 breastfed Bangladeshi infants from birth to 2 years. Secretor and Lewis status was established by sequencing of FUT2/3 genes. The nasopharyngeal microbiome was characterized by shotgun metagenomics, complemented by specific detection of respiratory pathogens; 88.6% of mothers and 91% of infants were identified as secretors. Maternal secretor status was associated with reduced ARI incidence among these infants in the period from birth to 6 months (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47 to 0.94; P = 0.020), but not at later time periods. The nasopharyngeal microbiome, despite precise characterization to the species level, was not predictive of subsequent ARIs. The observed risk reduction of ARIs among infants of secretor mothers during the predominant breastfeeding period is consistent with the hypothesis that fucosylated oligosaccharides in human milk contribute to protection against respiratory infections. However, we found no evidence that modulation of the nasopharyngeal microbiome influenced ARI risk. IMPORTANCE The observed risk reduction of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) among infants of secretor mothers during the predominant breastfeeding period is consistent with the hypothesis that fucosylated oligosaccharides in human milk contribute to protection against respiratory infections. Respiratory pathogens were only weak modulators of risk, and the nasopharyngeal microbiome did not influence ARI risk, suggesting that the associated protective effects of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are not conveyed via changes in the nasopharyngeal microbiome. Our observations add to the evidence for a role of fucosylated HMOs in protection against respiratory infections in exclusively or predominantly breastfed infants in low-resource settings. There is no indication that the nasopharyngeal microbiome substantially modulates the risk of subsequent mild ARIs. Larger studies are needed to provide mechanistic insights on links between secretor status, HMOs, and risk of respiratory infections.