The management of bilateral cryptorchidism in the adult man: report of two cases.

OBJECTIVE: Undescended testis or cryptorchidism is a pathology usually presenting in the newborn or during childhood, rarely diagnosed in the adult man. This article pretends to perform a review of its management in the adulthood. METHODS: We present two cases of man with bilateral congenital cryptorchidism diagnosed in the adult. We made a review of the management of this condition in the adult male, based in a research performed in PubMed database. CONCLUSIONS: With the use of laparoscopy in the management of men with cryptorchidism, the diagnostic and therapeutic approach in this pathology doesn't differ from that used in childhood. Surgical management is based in the localization of the testis in physical exploration, the risk of testicular cancer and the viability of the gonad in its exploration. Hormonal replacement therapy and fertility preservation techniques should be offered in selected cases to optimize patient health and desires.

[Effect of tadalafil 5mg daily treatment on penile haemodynamics in patients with erectile dysfunction]. / Efecto del tadalafilo 5mg/día en la hemodinámica peniana en pacientes con disfunción eréctil.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5) are the first-line treatment. ED diagnostic and evaluation methods are clinical: erection self-perception and evaluation questionnaires. It is necessary to identify predictive markers to choose the best drug and the best dose for each individual patient. This study seeks to evaluate the effect of tadalafil 5mg daily treatment on penile haemodynamics (penis in flaccidity, using doppler ultrasound, without using alprostadil) and to study if these changes are clinically associated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 40 patients who started treatment with tadalafil 5mg daily were consecutively selected in a prospective study. Each patient underwent a penile doppler ultrasound and completed questionnaires (IIEF-6, EHS, SEP-2, SEP-3) at three different times: before starting the treatment, at 3 months and at 6 months (within the last 30 days without treatment). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Tadalafil 5mg daily treatment for 3 months did not result in significant modifications to VPS and AS. There was clinical improvement according to the questionnaires after three months of treatment, which was not maintained at 6 months. Neither a clinical-radiological correlation nor a haemodynamic value predicting response to treatment could be established.

[Andrology and penile cancer. Recommendations during COVID-19 pandemia.] / Andrología y cáncer de pene. Recomendaciones durante la pandemia COVID-19.

PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic which has affected Spain since the beginning of 2020 compels us to determine recomendations for the practice of Andrology in present times. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A web search is carried out in English and Spanish and a joint proposal is defined by experts in Andrology from different regions of Spain. RESULTS: Most diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in Andrology can be safey postponed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Online consultations and outpatient surgeries must be encouraged. Andrologic emergencies and penile cancer management should be considered high priority, and should be diagnosed and treated promptly even in the most severe phases of the pandemic.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La pandemia COVID-19 que ha afectado a España desde comienzos de 2020 obliga a definir unas recomendaciones para la práctica de la Andrología en la actualidad.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza una búsqueda web en inglés y español y se define una propuesta conjunta por parte de expertos en Andrología de distintas regiones de España.RESULTADOS: La mayor parte de los procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos en Andrología pueden ser demorados con seguridad durante la pandemia COVID-19. Se debe fomentar la consulta telemática y la cirugía ambulatoria. Las urgencias andrológicas y el manejo del cáncer de pene deben considerarse una prioridad alta, diagnosticándose y tratándose con brevedadi ncluso en las fases más severas de la pandemia.

Factors predicting success after microsurgical vasovasostomy.

PURPOSE: To identify factors predicting success and analyze critically the status of microsurgical double-layer vasovasostomy using predictive models. METHODS: A cohort of 263 patients treated at our institution for vasectomy reversal between 1986 and 2010 was included in our study, and the literature was reviewed. Inclusion criteria were previous bilateral vasectomy and presence of at least two postoperative semen analyses; patients reporting pregnancy without a postoperative semen analysis were excluded. A double-layer, microscope-assisted, tension-free anastomosis vasovasostomy was performed approximating mucosa to mucosa and muscle to muscle with a 10-0 non-absorbable suture. A multivariate logistic regression backward stepwise model was used to predict combined success, and a predictive model was calculated with remaining variables. RESULTS: Mean age was of 41.6 years (SD 7.1); mean duration of obstruction 7.2 years (SD 6.7). On multivariate analysis, uni- or bilateral granuloma and Silber grade of I-III were variable identified predicting higher probability to success (OR 3.105; 95% CI 1.108-8.702; p = 0.031 and OR 4.795; 95% CI 2.117-10.860; p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, some factors predicting success after vasovasostomy surgery are known but others remain unknown; our predictive model may easily predict patency and success after this surgery and offers a concrete assistance in counseling patients.

Efecto del tadalafilo 5mg/día en la hemodinámica peniana en pacientes con disfunción eréctil / Effect of tadalafil 5mg daily treatment on penile haemodynamics in patients with erectile dysfunction

Antecedentes y objetivo: Los inhibidores de la fosfodiesterasa 5 son los fármacos más utilizados para tratar a los pacientes con disfunción eréctil (DE). Los métodos para diagnosticar y evaluar la DE así como la respuesta al tratamiento son básicamente clínicos, es decir, la percepción del paciente sobre la calidad de su erección y la realización de cuestionarios validados. Actualmente aun es necesario identificar marcadores que puedan predecir la respuesta al tratamiento farmacológico. Este estudio pretende evaluar si la toma diaria de tadalafilo 5mg es capaz de inducir cambios en la hemodinámica peniana (midiendo la velocidad del pico sistólico (VPS) y la aceleración sistólica (AS) mediante ecografía doppler, sin utilizar alprostadilo) y estudiar si estos cambios tienen una correlación clínica. El objetivo es identificar un factor predictivo hemodinámico de respuesta al tratamiento farmacológico.Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo a 40 pacientes con DE a los que se inició tratamiento con tadalafilo 5mg/día. Estos respondieron a los cuestionarios IIEF-6, EHS, SEP-2 y SEP-3, y se les realizó una ecografía doppler peniana en 3 momentos distintos: antes de comenzar el tratamiento, a los 3 y a los 6 meses (estando previamente 30 días sin medicación).Resultados y conclusiones: El tratamiento durante 3 meses no modificó de forma significativa la VPS y la AS. Sí hubo una mejoría clínica tras 3 meses de tratamiento de acuerdo a los cuestionarios, que no se mantuvo a los 6 meses. No se pudo establecer una correlación clínico-radiológica ni encontramos un valor hemodinámico predictor de respuesta al tratamiento. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5) are the first-line treatment. ED diagnostic and evaluation methods are clinical: erection self-perception and evaluation questionnaires. It is necessary to identify predictive markers to choose the best drug and the best dose for each individual patient. This study seeks to evaluate the effect of tadalafil 5mg daily treatment on penile haemodynamics (penis in flaccidity, using doppler ultrasound, without using alprostadil) and to study if these changes are clinically associated.Material and methods: 40 patients who started treatment with tadalafil 5mg daily were consecutively selected in a prospective study. Each patient underwent a penile doppler ultrasound and completed questionnaires (IIEF-6, EHS, SEP-2, SEP-3) at three different times: before starting the treatment, at 3 months and at 6 months (within the last 30 days without treatment).Results and conclusions: Tadalafil 5mg daily treatment for 3 months did not result in significant modifications to VPS and AS. There was clinical improvement according to the questionnaires after three months of treatment, which was not maintained at 6 months. Neither a clinical-radiological correlation nor a haemodynamic value predicting response to treatment could be established. (AU)

Clinical follow-up after subinguinal varicocele ligation to treat pain.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of surgical treatment in patients with chronic orchialgia associated with varicocele and those for whom conservative treatment (jockstrap, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and restricted physical activity) was not effective. The response to spermatic vein ligation performed subinguinally with local anaesthesia was assessed in 25 patients with chronic testicular pain and varicocele as the only associated causal factor. Patient age, grade (according to Doppler study) and location of the varicocele, duration and degree of pain, response to treatment using an analogous pain scale pre- and post-surgery and complications pre- and post-surgery were recorded. Mean patient age was 28 years (range: 17-57) and time of pain evolution 14 months (range: 3-72). The varicocele was left-sided in 19 patients, bilateral in 4 and right-sided in 2, and grade III in 14 cases, grade II in 6 and grade I in 5. Subinguinal ligation of the spermatic vein was performed under local anaesthesia on an ambulatory basis in all cases. RESULTS: Twenty-two of the 25 patients (88%) reported resolution or evident improvement in their pain. The mean value on the pre-surgical pain scale was 64 (30-80). After a mean postoperative follow-up period of three months, the pain was reduced to a mean of 12. No perioperative complications were recorded; a post-operative hydrocele appeared in one case and the varicocele persisted in another. CONCLUSIONS: Ligation of the spermatic vein performed on an outpatient basis using a subinguinal approach and local anaesthesia is an effective treatment for chronic varicocele-associated testicular pain for patients in whom other therapeutic measures have failed.

Clinical relevance of Y-linked CNV screening in male infertility: new insights based on the 8-year experience of a diagnostic genetic laboratory.

AZF microdeletion screening is routinely performed in the diagnostic work-up for male infertility; however, some issues remain debated. In this study, we provide insights into the sperm concentration cutoff value for routine testing, the predictive value of AZFc deletion for testicular sperm retrieval and the Y-background contribution to the interpopulation variability of deletion frequencies. In the Spanish population, partial AZFc rearrangements have been poorly explored and no data exist on partial duplications. In our study, 27/806 (3.3%) patients carried complete AZF deletions. All were azoo/cryptozoospermic, except for one whose sperm concentration was 2 × 10(6)/ml. In AZFc-deleted men, we observed a lower sperm recovery rate upon conventional TESE (9.1%) compared with the literature (60-80% with microTESE). Haplogroup E was the most represented among non-Spanish and hgr P among Spanish AZF deletion carriers. The analysis of AZFc partial rearrangements included 330 idiopathic infertile patients and 385 controls of Spanish origin. Gr/gr deletion, but not AZFc partial duplications, was significantly associated with spermatogenic impairment. Our data integrated with the literature suggest that: (1) routine AZF microdeletion testing could eventually include only men with ≤2 × 10(6)/ml; (2) classical TESE is associated with low sperm recovery rate in azoospermic AZFc-deleted men, and therefore microTESE should be preferred; (3) Y background could partially explain the differences in deletion frequencies among populations. Finally, our data on gr/gr deletion further support the inclusion of this genetic test in the work-up of infertile men, whereas partial AZFc duplications do not represent a risk for spermatogenic failure in the Spanish population.

Andrología y cáncer de pene. Recomendaciones durante la pandemia COVID-19 / Andrology and penile cancer. Recommendations during COVID-19 pandemia

INTRODUCCIÓN: La pandemia COVID-19 que ha afectado a España desde comienzos de 2020 obliga a definir unas recomendaciones para la práctica de la Andrología en la actualidad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza una búsqueda web en inglés y español y se define una propuesta conjunta por parte de expertos en Andrología de distintas regiones de España. RESULTADOS: La mayor parte de los procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos en Andrología pueden ser demorados con seguridad durante la pandemia COVID-19. Se debe fomentar la consulta telemática y la cirugía ambulatoria. Las urgencias andrológicas y el manejo del cáncer de pene deben considerarse una prioridad alta, diagnosticándose y tratándose con brevedadi ncluso en las fases más severas de la pandemia

PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic which has affected Spain since the beginning of 2020 compels us to determine recomendations for the practice of Andrology in present times. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A web search is carried out in English and Spanish and a joint proposal is defined by experts in Andrology from different regions of Spain. RESULTS: Most diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in Andrology can be safey postponed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Online consultations and outpatient surgeries must be encouraged. Andrologic emergencies and penile cancer management should be considered high priority, and should be diagnosed and treated promptly even in the most severe phases of the pandemic

Prevalence of cysts in seminal tract and abnormal semen parameters in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is a systemic disorder with a wide range of extrarenal involvement. The scope of this study was to analyze the prevalence of seminal cysts and to correlate these findings with the sperm parameters in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: A prospective study enrolled 30 adult men with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Of these 30 patients, 22 agreed to provide a semen sample for analysis, and 28 of 30 agreed to undergo an ultrasound rectal examination. Data obtained from the semen tests and from the ultrasound study were compared. RESULTS: Cysts in the seminal tract were present in 10 (43.47%) of 28 individuals. Twenty of 22 patients showed abnormal semen parameters, with asthenozoospermia as the most common finding. No correlation between ultrasound findings and sperm abnormalities was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of cysts in the seminal tract is remarkably high (43.47%); however, this finding does not correlate with sperm abnormalities, which are also a frequent finding, especially asthenozoospermia. This semen abnormality is probably related to the abnormal function of polycystins. More attention should be paid to reproductive aspects in the initial evaluation of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease before their ability to conceive is further impaired by uremia.

Neoplasia intratubular testicular e infertilidad: azoospermia asociada a neoplasia intratubular testicular bilateral / Testicular intraepithelial neoplasia and infertility: azoospermia associated with bilateral testicular intraepithelial neoplasia

La neoplasia testicular intratubular es una lesión premaligna testicular asociada a tumores germinales primarios gonadales y extragonadales. La prevalencia de neoplasia testicular intratubular en pacientes infértiles llega al 2% en diferentes estudios. Presentamos el caso de un paciente azoospérmico con diagnóstico incidental de neoplasia testicular intratubular bilateral en la biopsia testicular realizada durante la recuperación quirúrgica de espermatozoides. En pacientes infértiles, las técnicas de recuperación espermática deben incluir el estudio anatomopatológico de parénquima testicular para descartar enfermedad maligna asociada. Los pacientes con alteración de la espermatogénesis tienen mayor riesgo de presentar otras alteraciones del desarrollo gonadal (neoplasias, hipogonadismo, entre otros) en el contexto de un síndrome de disgenesia testicular (AU)

Testicular intraepithelial neoplasia is a premalignant lesion associated to gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumors. Testicular intraepithelial neoplasia prevalence in infertile men has reached 2% in some studies. This report presents the case of an azoospermic man with an incidental diagnosis of bilateral testicular intraepithelial neoplasia after testicular sperm extraction. In infertile men, sperm retrieving techniques have to include histological analysis of testicular tissue, to discard any chance of malignant component. Patients with spermatogenesis alterations have an increased risk to present other disruptions in gonadal development (neoplasms, hypogonadism, among others) in the context of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (AU)

Priapism secondary to tamsulosin: a case report / Priapismo secundario a tratamiento con tamsulosina: caso clínico

Priapism is defined as a continuous erection of the penis without any sexual desire and with a duration of more than 4 h; this phenomenon represents a medical emergency requiring urgent treatment and can be followed by fibrosis of the corpora cavernosa and permanent impotence. Priapism can be divided into three subtypes depending on the cause and can be induced by certain agents. We present a case report of priapism induced by tamsulosin treatment in a patient with obstructive lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and also review the relevant literature. Priapism secondary to tamsulosin treatment is a rare event that has seldom been reported in the literature. In cases of priapism secondary to medical treatment, interruption of treatment should avoid further events (AU)

El priapismo se define como una erección continua del pene sin ningún deseo sexual y con una duración de más de 4 horas. Este fenómeno representa una emergencia médica que requiere tratamiento urgente y puede ser seguido por la fibrosis de los cuerpos cavernosos y la impotencia permanente. El priapismo puede dividirse en tres subtipos dependiendo de la causa y puede ser inducido por ciertos agentes. Presentamos un caso de priapismo inducido por tratamiento con tamsulosina en un paciente con síntomas del tracto urinario inferior obstructivos (STUI) y también revisamos la bibliografía pertinente. El priapismo secundario a tratamiento con tamsulosina es un evento raro que raramente se ha reportado en la literatura. En los casos de priapismo secundario a tratamiento médico, la interrupción del tratamiento debe evitar nuevos eventos (AU)

Vasovasostomía microquirúrgica posvasectomía: una técnica efectiva y segura / Microsurgical postvasectomy vaso-vasostomy: an effective and safe technique

Introducción: La vasectomía es un procedimiento quirúrgico electivo que pretende obstruir o eliminar un segmento de ambos vasos deferentes. Es actualmente la causa más frecuente de azoospermia obstructiva. Se estima que hasta el 6 por ciento de los hombres que se han sometido a ella desean que sea revertida1. El objetivo del estudio fue presentar una serie de vasovasostomías (VV), y demostrar que constituye una técnica microquirúgica efectiva y segura. Material y métodos: Se han revisado 18 casos de VV practicadas en pacientes con vasectomía previa. Todas estas cirugías fueron realizadas por el mismo cirujano en un periodo de un año. Se registraron datos clínicos preoperatorios relevantes, así como datos del intra y posoperatorio. Se evaluaron los desenlaces con parámetros estándar y validados para esos efectos. Resultados: El seguimiento medio fue de 12 meses (rango 8-17). La edad media de los pacientes fue de 44,5 años (37-56); la edad media de la pareja fue de 30 años (24-43); el tiempo desde la vasectomía8 años (2-21) y la media de hijos previos fue del 2,1 (1-4). En el primer control de espermiograma alos 3 meses de la intervención, 16 de los 17 pacientes presentaron espermios en el recuento (94 por ciento).La concentración media de espermatozoides fue de 25x10

Introduction: Vasectomy is an elective surgical procedure, which aims to obstruct or to eliminate a segment of both vas deferens. It is currently considered the most frequent cause of obstructive azoospermia. It is estimated that up to 6 percent of male who have undergone one, is seeking to have it reversed (1). The target of this study is to present a series of vasovasostomy (VV), and to prove it as an effective and secure microsurgical technique. Material and methods: 18 VV cases of patients with a previous vasectomy have been revised. The same surgeon practiced all surgeries during one year. Relevant clinic data, pre-operatory as well as intra and post operatory, were registered. The outcomes were assessed with standard and validated parameters. Results: The average follow up was 12 months (range 8-17). The patients’ average age was 44,5years (37-56); their partners’ average age was 30 years (24-43); time since vasectomy was 8 years (2-21) and the mean of previous children was 2,1 (1-4). 16 out of 17 patients (94 percent) had sperm in the ejaculate at 3 months following the procedure with a mean sperm concentration of 25x10