Identifying Risk Factors for Poor Outcomes Following Popliteal Vascular Injuries.

BACKGROUND: Popliteal artery injuries (PAIs) may have amputation rates as high as 20%. This study focuses on identifying risk factors associated with major amputations following PAIs in a large single-center cohort. Additionally, we assess the impact of repairing or ligating concomitant popliteal vein injuries. METHODS: A retrospective chart review encompassing 2011 to 2023 was conducted at a large urban level 1 trauma center. Patients with PAIs were included. Demographics and clinical data were analyzed, and univariate and multivariate evaluations identified significant risk factors for amputation. In patients with concomitant popliteal vein injuries, we compared outcomes between those who underwent popliteal vein repair and ligation. RESULTS: One hundred eighty eight patients with PAIs were identified; 10 underwent index amputation and were excluded. Univariate analysis followed by multivariate analysis revealed that obesity (P = 0.0132) and neurologic deficits on arrival (P = 0.0096) were associated with amputation. In the subgroup with popliteal vein injuries (N = 93), there was no significant difference in amputation rates between those who had vein repair (P = 0.21) and those who underwent ligation (P = 0.84) on logistic regression analysis. Likewise, popliteal vein ligation did not impact duration of fasciotomy closure (P = 0.20) or skin graft area (P = 0.48) based on linear regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that major amputations following PAIs are more likely in obese patients with neurologic deficits. It also suggests that venous ligation in cases of concomitant popliteal vein injuries does not significantly impact early limb salvage rate. Further research is needed to determine the optimal approach for managing concomitant popliteal vein injuries.

Lower Extremity Vascular Injury in the Pediatric Trauma Patient: Management and Outcomes at an Adult Level I Trauma Center.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic vascular injuries of the lower extremity in the pediatric population are uncommon but can result in significant morbidity. The objective of this study is to demonstrate our experience with these injuries by describing patterns of traumatic vascular injury, the initial management, and data regarding early outcomes. METHODS: In total, 506 patients presented with lower extremity vascular injury between January 1, 2009 and January 1, 2021 to Grady Memorial Hospital, an urban, adult Level I trauma center in Atlanta, Georgia. Thirty-two of the 506 patients were aged less than 18 years and were evaluated for a total of 47 lower extremity vascular injuries. To fully elucidate the injury patterns and clinical course in this population, we examined patient demographics, mechanism of injury, type of vessel injured, surgical repair performed, and early outcomes and complications. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) age was 16 (2) years (range, 3-17 years), and the majority were male (n = 29, 90.6%). Of the vascular injuries identified, 28 were arterial and 19 were venous. Of these injuries, 14 patients had combined arterial-venous injuries. The majority of injuries were the result of a penetrating injury (n = 28, 87.5%), and of these, all but 2 were attributed to gunshot wounds. Twenty-seven vascular interventions were performed by nonpediatric surgeons: 11 by trauma surgeons, 13 by vascular surgeons, 2 by orthopedic surgeons, and 1 by an interventional radiologist. Two patients required amputation: 1 during the index admission and 1 delayed at 3 months. Overall survival was 96.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular injuries as the result of trauma at any age often require early intervention, and we believe that these injuries in the pediatric population can be safely managed in adult trauma centers with a multidisciplinary team composed of trauma, vascular, and orthopedic surgeons with the potential to decrease associated morbidity and mortality from these injuries.

Starting Line for Scholarly Activity in New Residency Programs: Lessons Learned for Institutional Success.

BACKGROUND: One focal point of Graduate Medical Education (GME) is scholarly activity and its integration into clinical practice by evidence-based learning. Program directors and educational leaders view scholarly work as the foundation for continuing resident education; however, the high demand of scholarly activity can be cumbersome for newly accredited residency programs. METHODS: We reviewed all scholarly activity over a 2-y period (2015-2017) involving three new GME programs at a single institution (internal medicine, surgery, and transitional year). A voluntary anonymous online survey was distributed to all residents to assess their perceptions and expectations regarding research, review prior research experience, and analyze any barriers or successes within the research program. RESULTS: The survey was distributed to 61 residents with a response rate of 59% (36/61), including postgraduate years 1-5. Respondent demographics included males (55.6%), ages 26-30 y (63.9%), and respondents commonly being postgraduate year-1 (58.3%) level. In total, 171 scholarly activities were recorded. Survey review of resident basic research knowledge, concepts, and experience included preresidency research (91.7%), prior scholarly activity (79.2%), and interest to meet career goals (66.7%). Barriers or delays in research were lack of structured curriculum (50%), technical support (45.8%), research experience (37.5%), and interest (33%). CONCLUSIONS: Newly accredited GME training programs can avoid an unnecessary institutional deficiency in scholarly activity by developing a structured and comprehensive research curriculum. Resident engagement, developing a mentor-mentee relationship, and research experience before residency can allow a successful research program.

Can Planned Traffic Patterns Improve Survival Among the Injured During Mass Casualty Motorcycle Rallies?

BACKGROUND: Mass casualty events are infrequent and create an abrupt surge of patients requiring emergency medical services within a brief period. We hypothesize that implementation of a controlled "traffic loop" pattern during a planned high-volume motorcycle rally could improve overall mortality and impact patient outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all motorcycle-related injuries during the city's annual motorcycle rally over a 4-y period. Comparative analysis was completed between those injured during "nontraffic loop" hours versus the city's scheduled 23-mile, 3-d "traffic loop" pattern. The two groups were compared for age, gender, injuries, Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale, length of stay, ventilator-free days, and mortality. The primary outcome was mortality. RESULTS: A total of 139 patients were included (120 nonloop and 19 loop). Mean (standard deviation) age was 36.1 (11.2) y and 72.1% were male. Both groups were equivalent in age, gender, Injury Severity Score, and Glasgow Coma Scale. Traffic loop patients required longer intensive care unit length of stay, (median = 9.0, range: 1-49 d), ventilator days (median = 29.5), (range: 1-49 d) and experienced abdominal trauma (P = 0.002). Emergency medical services transport times during loop hours had shorter response times than the nonloop injury group (7.79 ± 5.2 min and 13.22 ± 14.01 min (P = 0.049). No deaths occurred during the city's scheduled traffic loop (0 versus 22, P = 0.0447). CONCLUSIONS: Controlled traffic patterns during high-volume city gatherings can improve overall mortality and morbidity. Regional trauma system preparedness with field triage guidelines and coordinated trauma care is warranted to effectively care for the injured.

Vascular Reconstruction Is Not Warranted in Most Civilian Traumatic Shank Vascular Injuries.

BACKGROUND: Operative management of traumatic shank vascular injuries (SVI) evolved significantly in the past few decades, thereby leading to a dramatic decrease in amputation rates. However, there is still controversy regarding the minimum number of patent shank arteries sufficient for limb salvage. METHODS: Between January 2006 and September 2011, 191 adult trauma patients presented to an urban level I trauma center in Miami, Florida, with traumatic lower extremity vascular injuries. Variables collected included age, gender, mechanism of injury, and clinical status at presentation. Surgical data included vessel injury, technical aspects of repair, associated complications, and outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 48 (25.1%) patients were identified comprising 66 traumatic shank arterial injuries. Mean age was 38.2 ± 13.4 years, and the majority of patients were men (40 patients, 83.3%) presenting with blunt injuries (35 patients, 72.9%). Ligation was performed in 38 injured arteries (57.6%) and no vascular intervention was required in 20% of the patients. Vascular reconstruction was performed in only 6 patients (9.1%): 4 (6.1%) with concurrent popliteal trauma, 1 (1.5%) isolated anterior tibial, and 1 (1.5%) 3-vessel injury. Autogenous venous interposition conduit and polytetrafluoroethylene grafting were performed in 5 (7.6%) and 1 (1.5%) patient, respectively. All amputations (8 patients, 16.7%) occurred in blunt trauma patients presenting with unsalvageable limbs. The overall mortality rate in this series was 2.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Civilian shank arterial injuries are associated with acceptable rates of limb loss. Patients with a single-vessel patent inflow did not require vascular reconstruction in this series. Arterial reconstruction may no longer be determinant for successful management of isolated and double arterial SVI, whereas it is yet essential in the presence of 3-vessel or concurrent above-the-knee vascular injuries. Further investigation including larger number of patients is still warranted to define the role of conservative management in these complex injuries.

Repair of an acute blunt popliteal artery trauma via endovascular approach.

Popliteal vascular trauma remains a challenging entity and carries the greatest risk of limb loss among the lower extremity vascular injuries. Operative management of patients presenting with traumatic popliteal vascular injuries continues to evolve. We present a case of successful endovascular repair with stent grafting of an acute blunt popliteal artery injury. Endovascular repair of traumatic popliteal vascular injuries appears as an attractive alternative to surgical repair in a very selective group of patients. Further investigation is still needed to define the safety and feasibility of endovascular approach in the management of traumatic popliteal vascular injuries.

Thyrotoxicosis Presenting as an Acute Abdomen.

Abdominal pain continues to be a common chief complaint in the emergency setting. While this presentation can be non-specific, there are certain findings that warrant immediate surgical intervention. Portal venous gas on imaging in the setting of peritonitis and sepsis is one such finding. Thyrotoxicosis on the other hand is an uncommon diagnosis that is associated with non-specific symptoms resulting in delayed diagnosis, a clinical scenario that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Here, we present a rare case of a patient who presented with signs and symptoms of peritonitis and portal venous gas on CT scan that was taken emergently to the operating room. No intraabdominal pathology was identified. The patient was later diagnosed with thyrotoxicosis, the presumed cause of the acute abdomen presentation.

Does PIC score pick correctly? Evaluation of a modified-PIC based admission a single institution retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: The Pain, Inspiratory effort, Cough score (PIC) has been developed and widely adopted to guide clinical prognostication for patients with chest wall injury. To date, the efficacy, accuracy, and safety of a PIC based triage system has not been validated. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the use of a modified-PIC score to triage and down-grade trauma patients with chest wall injury at a single institution. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted at a large, Level I Trauma Center on patients with chest wall injuries admitted between 1/1/2018-10/31/20,222. On 12/1/2020, our institution implemented a modified-PIC triage tool including the PIC score, age, and severity of chest wall injury. The Pre-PIC (1/1/2018-11/20/2020) and Post-PIC (1/1/2021-10/31/2022) groups were composed based on admission date and outcomes between the two were compared. RESULTS: 2,627 patients comprised the Pre-PIC group and 2,212 patients comprised Post-PIC. The groups didn't differ significantly in demographics or mechanisms of injury except for COVID status. Post-intervention, a greater proportion of patients were triaged to the intermediate care unit instead of the ICU or floor. There were no significant differences in hospital length of stay (LOS), ventilator days, unplanned ICU admission, or mortality in Pre-PIC vs Post-PIC. ICU LOS, rates of ARDS, and cardiac arrest with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) were significantly lower in Post-PIC. Multivariable models demonstrated significantly lower ARDS rates and ICU free days. ICU LOS trended towards significance as well. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest study, to date, evaluating the impact of a modified-PIC triage system on clinical outcomes. The results suggest a modified-PIC triage system may lead to decreased ICU days, ARDS rates, and rates of cardiac arrest w/ ROSC, potentially improving hospital resource allocation. Further prospective and multi-center studies are needed to validate our understanding on the impact of a chest wall scoring system on triage and outcomes.

TiME OUT: Time-specific machine-learning evaluation to optimize ultramassive transfusion.

BACKGROUND: Ultramassive transfusion (UMT) is a resource-demanding intervention for trauma patients in hemorrhagic shock, and associated mortality rates remains high. Current research has been unable to identify a transfusion ceiling or point where UMT transitions from lifesaving to futility. Furthermore, little consideration has been given to how time-specific patient data points impact decisions with ongoing high-volume resuscitation. Therefore, this study sought to use time-specific machine learning modeling to predict mortality and identify parameters associated with survivability in trauma patients undergoing UMT. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted at a Level I trauma (2018-2021) and included trauma patients meeting criteria for UMT, defined as ≥20 red blood cell products within 24 hours of admission. Cross-sectional data were obtained from the blood bank and trauma registries, and time-specific data were obtained from the electronic medical record. Time-specific decision-tree models predicating mortality were generated and evaluated using area under the curve. RESULTS: In the 180 patients included, mortality rate was 40.5% at 48 hours and 52.2% overall. The deceased received significantly more blood products with a median of 71.5 total units compared with 55.5 in the survivors ( p < 0.001) and significantly greater rates of packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma at each time interval. Time-specific decision-tree models predicted mortality with an accuracy as high as 81%. In the early time intervals, hemodynamic stability, undergoing an emergency department thoracotomy, and injury severity were most predictive of survival, while, in the later intervals, markers of adequate resuscitation such as arterial pH and lactate level became more prominent. CONCLUSION: This study supports that the decision of "when to stop" in UMT resuscitation is not based exclusively on the number of units transfused but rather the complex integration of patient and time-specific data. Machine learning is an effective tool to investigate this concept, and further research is needed to refine and validate these time-specific decision-tree models. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.

Rigid Plate Fixation for Closure of Emergent Sternotomies for Trauma.

BACKGROUND: No studies to date have evaluated the use of rigid plate fixation for emergent sternotomy in trauma patients. We evaluated our use of rigid plate fixation vs wire cerclage in patients requiring emergent sternotomy. We hypothesized there would be no difference in complications related to sternal closure between the two groups. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study to include all patients who underwent emergent sternotomy from 1/1/2018 to 1/31/2021 and survived to have their sternum closed. Outcomes in patients closed with wire cerclage group (WC) were compared to patients who underwent rigid plate fixation (RPF). RESULTS: Twenty-two patients underwent emergent sternotomy. There were 11 patients in each group. There was no significant difference in admission demographics, ISS, or admission characteristics between the two groups. Complication rates related to closure (wound infection and hardware removal) were not significantly different (WC 27% vs RPF 9%, P = .58). Neither hospital length of stay (WC: 29 days vs RPF: 13 days, P = .13), ICU length of stay (WC: 6 days vs RPF: 7 days, P = .62), nor the number of ventilator days (WC: 3 days vs RPF: 1 day, P .11) were statistically different. All patients survived to discharge. DISCUSSION: This is the first study comparing RPF and WC for sternotomy closure in the setting of trauma. We found no difference in the rate of wound related complications. This study demonstrates the feasibility of rigid plate fixation for trauma sternotomy closure and lays the foundation for future prospective studies.

Is Traumatic Anterior Stove-In Chest Truly so Rare? A Single Institution Experience.

INTRODUCTION: The anterior stove-in chest (ASIC) is a rare form of flail chest involving bilateral rib or sternal fractures resulting in an unstable chest wall that caves into the thoracic cavity. Given ASIC has only been described in a handful of case reports, this study sought to review our institution's experience in the surgical management of ASIC injuries. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients with ASIC was conducted at our level I trauma center from 1//2021 to 3//2023. Information pertaining to patient demographics, fracture pattern, operative management, and outcomes was obtained and compared across patients in the case series. RESULTS: 6 patients met inclusion criteria, all males aged 37-78 years. 5 suffered motor vehicle collisions, and 1 was a pedestrian struck by an automobile. The median injury severity score was 28. All received ORIF within 5 days of admission, most commonly for ongoing respiratory distress. Patients 2 and 4 underwent bilateral ORIF of the ribs and sternum while patients 1, 5, and 6 underwent left-sided repair. Patient 3 required ORIF of left ribs and the sternum to stabilize their injuries. 5 of 6 patients were liberated from the ventilator and survived to discharge. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates successful operative management of 6 patients with ASIC and suggests that early operative intervention with ORIF for affected segments may improve respiratory mechanics, ability to wean from the ventilator, and overall survival. Further research is needed to generate standardized guidelines for the management of this uncommon and complex thoracic injury.

Management of lower extremity vascular injuries in pediatric trauma patients: 20-year experience at a level 1 trauma center.

Introduction: Pediatric lower extremity vascular injuries (LEVI) are rare but can result in significant morbidity. We aimed to describe our experience with these injuries, including associated injury patterns, diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, and outcomes. Methods: This was a retrospective review at a single level 1 trauma center from January 2000 to December 2019. Patients less than 18 years of age with LEVI were included. Demographics, injury patterns, clinical status at presentation, and intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay (LOS) were collected. Surgical data were extracted from patient charts. Results: 4,929 pediatric trauma patients presented during the 20-year period, of which 53 patients (1.1%) sustained LEVI. The mean age of patients was 15 years (range 1-17 years), the majority were Black (68%), male (96%), and most injuries were from a gunshot wound (62%). The median Glasgow Coma Scale score was 15, and the median Injury Severity Score was 12. The most commonly injured arteries were the superficial femoral artery (28%) and popliteal artery (28%). Hard signs of vascular injury were observed in 72% of patients and 87% required operative exploration. There were 36 arterial injuries, 36% of which were repaired with a reverse saphenous vein graft and 36% were repaired with polytetrafluoroethylene graft. One patient required amputation. Median ICU LOS was three days and median hospital LOS was 15 days. There were four mortalities. Conclusion: Pediatric LEVIs are rare and can result in significant morbidity. Surgical principles for pediatric vascular injuries are similar to those applied to adults, and this subset of patients can be safely managed in a tertiary specialized center. Level of evidence: Level IV, retrospective study.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy in high-grade pancreatic and duodenal trauma.

INTRODUCTION: High-grade pancreaticoduodenal injuries are highly morbid and may require complex surgical management. Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) is sometimes utilized in the management of these injuries, but guidelines on its use are lacking. This paper aims to present our 14-year experience in management of high-grade pancreaticoduodenal injuries at our busy, urban trauma center. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on patients (ages >15 years) presenting with high-grade (AAST-OIS Grades IV and V) injuries to the pancreas or duodenum at our Southeastern Level 1 trauma center. Inclusion criteria included high-grade injury and requirement of Whipple procedure based on surgeon discretion. Patients were divided into two groups: (1) those who underwent Whipple procedures during the index operation and (2) Whipple candidates. Whipple candidates included patients who received Whipples in a staged fashion or who would have benefited from the procedure but either died or were salvaged to another procedure. Demographics, injury patterns, management, and outcomes were compared. Primary outcome was survival to discharge. RESULTS: Of 66,272 trauma patients in this study period, 666 had pancreatic or duodenal injuries, and 20 met inclusion criteria. Of these, 6 had Whipples on the index procedure and 14 were Whipple candidates (among whom 7 had staged Whipples, 6 died before completing a Whipple, and 1 was salvaged). Median (IQR) age was 28 (22.75-40) years. Patients were 85 % male, 70 % Black. GSWs comprised 95 % of injuries. All patients had at least one concomitant injury, most commonly major vascular injury (75 %), colonic injury (65 %), and hepatic injury (60 %). In-hospital mortality among Whipple patients was 15 %. CONCLUSIONS: Complex pancreaticoduodenal injuries requiring pancreaticoduodenectomy are rare but life-threatening. In such patients, hemorrhage was the leading cause of death in the first 24 h. Approximately half underwent damage control surgery with staged Whipple Procedures. However, pancreaticoduodenectomy at the initial operation is feasible in highly selective patients, depending on the extent of injury, physiologic status, and resuscitation.

Pneumopericardium following severe thoracic trauma.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic pneumopericardium (PPC) is a rare clinical entity associated with chest trauma, resulting from a pleuropericardial connection in the presence of a pneumothorax, interstitial air tracking along the pulmonary perivascular sheaths from ruptured alveoli to the pericardium, or direct trachea-bronchial-pericardial communication.  Our objectives were to describe the modern management approach to PPC and to identify variables that could improve survival with severe thoracic injury. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of the trauma registry between 2015 and 2022 at a Level I verified adult trauma center for all patients with PPC. Demographics, injury patterns, and treatment characteristics were compared between blunt and penetrating trauma. This study focused on the management strategies and the physiologic status regarding PPC and the development of tension physiology. The main outcome measure was operative versus nonoperative management. RESULTS: Over a seven-year period, there were 46,389 trauma admissions, of which 488 patients had pneumomediastinum. Eighteen patients were identified with PPC at admission. Median age was 39.5 years (range, 18-77 years), predominantly male (n = 16, 89 %), Black (n = 12, 67 %), and the majority from blunt trauma (78 %). Half had subcutaneous emphysema on presentation while 39 % had recognizable pneumomediastinum on chest x-ray. Tube thoracostomy was the most common intervention in this cohort (89 %). Despite tube thoracostomy, tension PPC was observed in three patients, two mandating emergent pericardial windows for progression to tension physiology, and the remaining requiring reconstruction of a blunt tracheal disruption. The majority of PPC patients recovered with expectant management (83 %), and no deaths were directly related to PPC. CONCLUSIONS: Traumatic PPC is a rare radiographic finding with the majority successfully managed conservatively in a monitored ICU setting. These patients often have severe thoracic injury with concomitant injuries requiring thoracostomy alone; however, emergent surgical intervention may be required when PPC progresses to tension physiology to improve overall survival.

A western trauma association multicenter comparison of mesh versus non-mesh repair of blunt traumatic abdominal wall hernias.

BACKGROUND: Blunt traumatic abdominal wall hernias (TAWH) occur in <1 % of trauma patients. Optimal repair techniques, such as mesh reinforcement, have not been studied in detail. We hypothesize that mesh use will be associated with increased surgical site infections (SSI) and not improve hernia recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A secondary analysis of the Western Trauma Association blunt TAWH multicenter study was performed. Patients who underwent TAWH repair during initial hospitalization (1/2012-12/2018) were included. Mesh repair patients were compared to primary repair patients (non-mesh). A logistic regression was conducted to assess risk factors for SSI. RESULTS: 157 patients underwent TAWH repair during index hospitalization with 51 (32.5 %) having mesh repair: 24 (45.3 %) synthetic and 29 (54.7 %) biologic. Mesh patients were more commonly smokers (43.1 % vs. 22.9 %, p = 0.016) and had a larger defect size (10 vs. 6 cm, p = 0.003). Mesh patients had a higher rate of SSI (25.5 % vs. 9.5 %, p = 0.016) compared to non-mesh patients, but a similar rate of recurrence (13.7 % vs. 10.5%, p = 0.742), hospital length of stay (LOS), and mortality. Mesh use (OR 3.66) and higher ISS (OR 1.06) were significant risk factors for SSI in a multivariable model. CONCLUSION: Mesh was used more frequently in flank TAWH and those with a larger defect size. Mesh use was associated with a higher incidence and risk of SSI but did not reduce the risk of hernia recurrence. When repairing TAWH mesh should be employed judiciously, and prospective randomized studies are needed to identify clear indications for mesh use in TAWH.

The impact of post-operative enteral nutrition on duodenal injury outcomes: A post hoc analysis of an EAST multicenter trial.

BACKGROUND: Leak following surgical repair of traumatic duodenal injuries results in prolonged hospitalization and oftentimes nil per os(NPO) treatment. Parenteral nutrition(PN) has known morbidity; however, duodenal leak(DL) patients often have complex injuries and hospital courses resulting in barriers to enteral nutrition(EN). We hypothesized EN alone would be associated with 1)shorter duration until leak closure and 2)less infectious complications and shorter hospital length of stay(HLOS) compared to PN. METHODS: This was a post-hoc analysis of a retrospective, multicenter study from 35 Level-1 trauma centers, including patients >14 years-old who underwent surgery for duodenal injuries(1/2010-12/2020) and endured post-operative DL. The study compared nutrition strategies: EN vs PN vs EN + PN using Chi-Square and Kruskal-Wallis tests; if significance was found pairwise comparison or Dunn's test were performed. RESULTS: There were 113 patients with DL: 43 EN, 22 PN, and 48 EN + PN. Patients were young(median age 28 years-old) males(83.2%) with penetrating injuries(81.4%). There was no difference in injury severity or critical illness among the groups, however there were more pancreatic injuries among PN groups. EN patients had less days NPO compared to both PN groups(12 days[IQR23] vs 40[54] vs 33[32],p = <0.001). Time until leak closure was less in EN patients when comparing the three groups(7 days[IQR14.5] vs 15[20.5] vs 25.5[55.8],p = 0.008). EN patients had less intra-abdominal abscesses, bacteremia, and days with drains than the PN groups(all p < 0.05). HLOS was shorter among EN patients vs both PN groups(27 days[24] vs 44[62] vs 45[31],p = 0.001). When controlling for predictors of leak, regression analysis demonstrated EN was associated with shorter HLOS(ß -24.9, 95%CI -39.0 to -10.7,p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: EN was associated with a shorter duration until leak closure, less infectious complications, and shorter length of stay. Contrary to some conventional thought, PN was not associated with decreased time until leak closure. We therefore suggest EN should be the preferred choice of nutrition in patients with duodenal leaks whenever feasible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Bone Anchor Fixation in the Repair of Blunt Traumatic Abdominal Wall Hernias: A Western Trauma Association Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Blunt traumatic abdominal wall hernias (TAWHs) are rare but require a variety of operative techniques to repair including bone anchor fixation (BAF) when tissue tears off bony structures. This study aimed to provide a descriptive analysis of BAF technique for blunt TAWH repair. Bone anchor fixation and no BAF repairs were compared, hypothesizing increased hernia recurrence with BAF repair. METHODS: A secondary analysis of the WTA blunt TAWH multicenter study was performed including all patients who underwent repair of their TAWH. Patients with BAF were compared to those with no BAF with bivariate analyses. RESULTS: 176 patients underwent repair of their TAWH with 41 (23.3%) undergoing BAF. 26 (63.4%) patients had tissue fixed to bone, with 7 of those reinforced with mesh. The remaining 15 (36.6%) patients had bridging mesh anchored to bone. The BAF group had a similar age, sex, body mass index, and injury severity score compared to the no BAF group. The time to repair (1 vs 1 days, P = .158), rate of hernia recurrence (9.8% vs 12.7%, P = .786), and surgical site infection (SSI) (12.5% vs 15.6%, P = .823) were all similar between cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: This largest series to date found nearly one-quarter of TAWH repairs required BAF. Bone anchor fixation repairs had a similar rate of hernia recurrence and SSI compared to no BAF repairs, suggesting this is a reasonable option for repair of TAWH. However, future prospective studies are needed to compare specific BAF techniques and evaluate long-term outcomes including patient-centered outcomes such as pain and quality of life.

Abdominal Wall Evisceration Coupled With Iliac Vascular Injury After Blunt Trauma.

Abdominal evisceration after blunt trauma is uncommon and rarely survivable when coupled with a concomitant iliac vascular injury. Blunt abdominal injury is rarely a cause of abdominal evisceration but may, on occasion, present in patients affected by a unique or high-energy traumatic injury. In these instances, major vascular injury is exceedingly rare but is associated with a high mortality rate. Damage to important vessels that may present more subtly, such as iliac arterial injury, can still be lethal and are important to evaluate in the trauma workup for blunt evisceration. We report the case of a 20-year-old woman who survived an abdominal wall and vascular injury in a motor vehicle accident. Management of this unusual association is discussed.

Missing Bullets: Bullet Embolization Case Series and Review of the Literature.

PURPOSE: Bullet embolization is a rare but dangerous phenomenon. Based on the location of embolization, migration of bullets can cause limb or intra-abdominal ischemia, pulmonary infarction, cardiac valve injury, or cerebrovascular accident. Bullet emboli can present a diagnostic challenge given the varied nature of complications based on location of embolization, which may not coincide with the site of initial injury. The purpose of this study is to present several cases of bullet embolization from our busy urban trauma center and make recommendations for management. METHODS: We present 3 cases of bullet embolization seen in injured patients at our Level 1 trauma center. We describe our management of these injuries and make recommendations for management in the context of our institutional experience and comment on the available literature regarding bullet embolization. RESULTS: Two of our patients presented in extremis and required operative intervention to achieve stability. The intravascular missile was discovered intraoperatively in one patient and removed in the operating room, while the missile was discovered on postoperative imaging in another patient and again removed operatively after an unsuccessful attempt at minimally invasive retrieval. Our third patient remained hemodynamically stable throughout his hospitalization and had endovascular management of his bullet embolus. CONCLUSION: Bullet emboli present a challenging complication of penetrating trauma. We recommend removal of all arterial bullet emboli and those within the pulmonary venous system. In hemodynamically stable patients, we recommend initial attempts of endovascular retrieval followed by open surgical removal. We recommend open removal in cases of hemodynamic instability.

Trends in Adolescent Firearm-Related Injury: A Time Series Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Firearm-related injury (FRI) became the leading cause of death among children/adolescents in 2019. PURPOSE: This study sought to determine changes over time in the population of adolescents affected by FRI in Atlanta, Georgia, such that high risk cohorts could be identified. RESEARCH DESIGN: City-wide retrospective cohort review. STUDY SAMPLE: Adolescent victims (age 11-21 years of age) of FRI, defined by ICD9/10 codes, in Atlanta, Georgia. DATA ANALYSIS: Descriptive, multivariate and time series analysis. RESULTS: There were 1,453 adolescent FRI victims in this time period, predominantly Black (86%) and male (86.6%). Unintentional injury was higher among ages 11-14 years (43.1%) compared to 15-17 years (10.2%) and 18-21 years (9.3%) (P < .01). FRI affecting females increased at a rate of 8.1 injuries/year (P < .01), and unintentional injuries increased at by 7.6/year (P < .01). Mortality declined from 16% in 2016 to 7.7% in 2021. CONCLUSION: Our data provides evidence for firearm policy reform. Interventions should target prevention of intentional injury among AQ4 females and seek to reverse the trend in unintentional injuries.