Andrological Aspects of Exercise: Moderate Swimming Protects against Isoproterenol Induced Testis and Semen Abnormalities in Rats.

The development and progression of male infertility are closely linked to a sedentary lifestyle; however, its underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Our aim was to assess the protective effects of moderate swimming exercise on the male reproductive system in isoproterenol-treated rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups as follows: (1) non-interventional controls (CTRL), (2) isoproterenol-treated (ISO), (3) pre-treatment swimming training + ISO (PRE + ISO), (4) ISO + post-treatment swimming training (ISO+POST), (5) pre-treatment swimming training + ISO + post-treatment swimming training (PRE + ISO + POST) groups. Testicular oxidative stress was induced by ISO injection (1.0 mg/kg). Rats in the pre- or post-training groups were trained five days a week. At the end of the experimental period, serum testosterone levels, sperms' hyaluronan binding, and total glutathione (GSH) content, as well as myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), TNF alpha and IL6 concentrations in the testis and semen, were measured. Serum testosterone levels, sperms' hyaluronan binding, and GSH content were found to be significantly reduced, while MPO, TNF alpha and IL6 concentrations in the testis and semen were elevated after the ISO treatment compared to the CTRL group. Moderate-intensity swimming exercise effectively alleviated the negative effects of high oxidative stress. Our findings provide the first evidence that moderate-intensity swimming exercise confers sustained protection from isoproterenol-induced adverse effects on testicular inflammation.

Resveratrol as a Promising Polyphenol in Age-Associated Cardiac Alterations.

According to a widely accepted theory, oxidative stress is considered to be the number one trigger of aging-associated degenerative processes including cardiovascular diseases. In the context of aging-research, resveratrol receives special attention with its surprising number of health benefits. The aim of our study was to examine the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of this dietary polyphenol in aging rat heart. 20-month-old female and male Wistar rats were divided into control (untreated) and resveratrol-treated groups. Resveratrol was administered at a dose of 0.05 mg/ml for 12 weeks dissolved in drinking water, while the control rats received ad libitum water. Cardiac level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and glutathione (GSH) parameters, as well as the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes were detected. Together with the biochemical measurements, hearts were isolated and used for an exposure of ischemic-reperfusion injury via Langendorff perfusion system. 12 week of resveratrol treatment suppressed the age-related inflammatory pathways including the expression of TNF-α, NFκB, and the activity of MPO while intensified the endogenous antioxidant defenses through the induction of GSH and HO system. Presumably, as a result of these processes, the necrotic area of the heart in response to an acute injury was also significantly reduced in the resveratrol-treated groups. Our findings confirmed that resveratrol has cardioprotective effects at several points by counteracting the aging-associated cellular malfunctions in the heart.

Multiple Applications of Different Exercise Modalities with Rodents.

A large proportion of chronic diseases can be derived from a sedentary lifestyle. Raising physical activity awareness is indispensable, as lack of exercise is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide. Animal models in different research fields serve as important tools in the study of acute or chronic noncommunicable disorders. With the help of animal-based exercise research, exercise-mediated complex antioxidant and inflammatory pathways can be explored, which knowledge can be transferred to human studies. Whereas sustained physical activity has an enormous number of beneficial effects on many organ systems, these animal models are easily applicable in several research areas. This review is aimed at providing an overall picture of scientific research studies using animal models with a focus on different training modalities. Without wishing to be exhaustive, the most commonly used forms of exercise are presented.

Lifestyle-Induced Redox-Sensitive Alterations: Cross-Talk among the RAAS, Antioxidant/Inflammatory Status, and Hypertension.

The development and progression of hypertension are closely linked to an unhealthy lifestyle; however, its underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Our aim was to assess the effects of diet and exercise on the elements of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), redox-sensitive parameters, and the expression of the vascular tone regulator endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Male control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats were randomized based on the type of diet (standard chow, high-fat diet: HT, and fructose-enriched diet: HF) and exercise (voluntary wheel-running exercise or lack of exercise). After 12 weeks of experimental period, the concentrations of the RAAS elements, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) concentrations, levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), and expressions of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphorylated ERK1/2 as well as eNOS were measured in the cardiac tissue of WKY and SHRSP rats. We found that the RAAS elements were overactivated under hypertension and were further elevated by HT or HF diet, while HT and HF diet enhanced MPO and TNF-α parameters as well as the expression of pERK1/2; SOD, GSH, and eNOS levels were decreased. These changes occurred in WKKY rats and reached the statistically significant level in SHRSP animals. 12 weeks of exercise compensated the adverse effects of HT and HF via alleviating the concentrations of the RAAS elements and inflammatory markers as well as increasing of antioxidants. Our findings prove that SHRSP rats are more vulnerable to lifestyle changes. Both the type of diet and exercise, as a nonpharmacological therapeutic tool, can have a significant impact on the progression of hypertension.

Bisphosphonates use in children.

Bisphosphonates are synthetic analogues of pyrophosphate that inhibit bone resorption by their action on osteoclasts. In recent years, bisphosphonates have been used in children for treatment of a growing number of disorders associated primarily with generalized or localized osteoporosis, genetic and acquired metabolic bone diseases, heterotopic calcifications in soft tissues, and for hypercalcemia. In this review, the authors address the role of and experience with bisphosphonate therapy in disorders of childhood.

Advances in pediatric renal replacement therapy.

Advances in the understanding and clinical application of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy have resulted in strategies designed to further improve their safety and efficacy. These advances have been particularly important to children, in whom a variety of clinical and technical issues must be taken into consideration for optimum dialysis across a broad spectrum of patient size and need. This manuscript reviews recent data pertaining to the use of renal replacement therapy, with an emphasis on those aspects of dialysis management that are especially pertinent to pediatric ESRD and acute kidney injury care.