Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 30
Filter
Add more filters

Country/Region as subject
Publication year range
1.
Theor Popul Biol ; 151: 1-18, 2023 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36948254

ABSTRACT

Many traits in populations are well understood as being Mendelian effects at single loci or additive polygenic effects across numerous loci. However, there are important phenomena and traits that are intermediate between these two extremes and are known as oligogenic traits. Here we investigate digenic, or two-locus, traits and how their frequencies in populations are affected by non-random mating, specifically inbreeding, linkage disequilibrium, and selection. These effects are examined both separately and in combination to demonstrate how many digenic traits, especially double homozygous ones, can show significant, sometimes unexpected, changes in population frequency with inbreeding, linkage, and linkage disequilibrium. The effects of selection on deleterious digenic traits are also detailed. These results are applied to both digenic traits of medical significance as well as measuring inbreeding in natural populations.


Subject(s)
Genetics, Population , Inbreeding , Linkage Disequilibrium , Selection, Genetic , Genotype
2.
Theor Popul Biol ; 134: 160-170, 2020 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32222435

ABSTRACT

The allele frequency dependence of the ranges of all measures of linkage disequilibrium is well-known. The maximum values of commonly used parameters such as r2 and D vary depending on the allele frequencies at each locus. However, though this phenomenon is recognized and accounted for in many studies, the comprehensive mathematical framework underlying the limits of linkage disequilibrium measures at various frequency combinations is often heuristic or empirical. Here, it is demonstrated that underlying this behavior is the fundamental shift between linear and nonlinear dependence in the linkage disequilibrium structure between loci. The proportion of linear and nonlinear dependence can be estimated and it demonstrates how even the same values of r2 can have different implications for the nature of the overall dependence. One result of this is the value of D', when defined as only a positive number, has a minimum value of |r|. Understanding this dependence is crucial to making correct inferences about the relationships between two loci in linkage disequilibrium.


Subject(s)
Linkage Disequilibrium , Alleles , Gene Frequency , Mathematics
3.
Lancet ; 383(9920): 880-8, 2014 Mar 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24315521

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a common and burdensome complication of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Previous trials suggesting benefit of elastic compression stockings (ECS) to prevent PTS were small, single-centre studies without placebo control. We aimed to assess the efficacy of ECS, compared with placebo stockings, for the prevention of PTS. METHODS: We did a multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial of active versus placebo ECS used for 2 years to prevent PTS after a first proximal DVT in centres in Canada and the USA. Patients were randomly assigned to study groups with a web-based randomisation system. Patients presenting with a first symptomatic, proximal DVT were potentially eligible to participate. They were excluded if the use of compression stockings was contraindicated, they had an expected lifespan of less than 6 months, geographical inaccessibility precluded return for follow-up visits, they were unable to apply stockings, or they received thrombolytic therapy for the initial treatment of acute DVT. The primary outcome was PTS diagnosed at 6 months or later using Ginsberg's criteria (leg pain and swelling of ≥1 month duration). We used a modified intention to treat Cox regression analysis, supplemented by a prespecified per-protocol analysis of patients who reported frequent use of their allocated treatment. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00143598, and Current Controlled Trials, number ISRCTN71334751. FINDINGS: From 2004 to 2010, 410 patients were randomly assigned to receive active ECS and 396 placebo ECS. The cumulative incidence of PTS was 14Ā·2% in active ECS versus 12Ā·7% in placebo ECS (hazard ratio adjusted for centre 1Ā·13, 95% CI 0Ā·73-1Ā·76; p=0Ā·58). Results were similar in a prespecified per-protocol analysis of patients who reported frequent use of stockings. INTERPRETATION: ECS did not prevent PTS after a first proximal DVT, hence our findings do not support routine wearing of ECS after DVT. FUNDING: Canadian Institutes of Health Research.


Subject(s)
Postthrombotic Syndrome/prevention & control , Stockings, Compression , Adult , Aged , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Canada/epidemiology , Combined Modality Therapy , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Postthrombotic Syndrome/epidemiology , Postthrombotic Syndrome/etiology , Recurrence , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment Outcome , United States/epidemiology , Venous Thrombosis/drug therapy
4.
J Obstet Gynaecol Can ; 36(6): 527-53, 2014 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24927193

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To present an approach, based on current evidence, for the diagnosis, treatment, and thromboprophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and postpartum. EVIDENCE: Published literature was retrieved through searches of PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library from November 2011 to July 2013 using appropriate controlled vocabulary (e.g. pregnancy, venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary thrombosis) and key words (e.g., maternal morbidity, pregnancy complications, thromboprophylaxis, antithrombotic therapy). Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies published in English or French. There were no date restrictions. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. VALUES: The quality of evidence in this document was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventative Health Care (Table 1).


ObjectifĀ : PrĆ©senter une approche, fondĆ©e sur les donnĆ©es actuelles, envers le diagnostic, la prise en charge et la thromboprophylaxie de la thromboembolie veineuse pendant la grossesse et la pĆ©riode postpartum. RĆ©sultatsĀ : La littĆ©rature publiĆ©e a Ć©tĆ© rĆ©cupĆ©rĆ©e par l'intermĆ©diaire de recherches menĆ©es dans PubMed, Medline, CINAHL et The Cochrane Library entre novembre 2011 et juillet 2013 au moyen d'un vocabulaire contrĆ“lĆ© (p. ex. Ā«Ā pregnancyĀ Ā¼, Ā«Ā venous thromboembolismĀ Ā¼, Ā«Ā deep vein thrombosisĀ Ā¼, Ā«Ā pulmonary embolismĀ Ā¼, Ā«Ā pulmonary thrombosisĀ Ā¼) et de mots clĆ©s (p. ex. Ā«Ā maternal morbidityĀ Ā¼, Ā«Ā pregnancy complicationsĀ Ā¼, Ā«Ā thromboprophylaxisĀ Ā¼, Ā«Ā antithrombotic therapyĀ Ā¼) appropriĆ©s. Les rĆ©sultats ont Ć©tĆ© restreints aux analyses systĆ©matiques, aux essais comparatifs randomisĆ©sĀ /Ā essais cliniques comparatifs et aux Ć©tudes observationnelles publiĆ©s en anglais ou en franƧais. Aucune restriction n'a Ć©tĆ© imposĆ©e en matiĆØre de dates. La littĆ©rature grise (non publiĆ©e) a Ć©tĆ© identifiĆ©e par l'intermĆ©diaire de recherches menĆ©es dans les sites Web d'organismes s'intĆ©ressant Ć  l'Ć©valuation des technologies dans le domaine de la santĆ© et d'organismes connexes, dans des collections de directives cliniques, dans des registres d'essais cliniques et auprĆØs de sociĆ©tĆ©s de spĆ©cialitĆ© mĆ©dicale nationales et internationales. ValeursĀ : La qualitĆ© des rĆ©sultats est Ć©valuĆ©e au moyen des critĆØres dĆ©crits dans le rapport du Groupe d'Ć©tude canadien sur les soins de santĆ© prĆ©ventifs (Tableau). Recommandations 1. La tenue d'un examen objectif s'avĆØre requise lorsque la prĆ©sence d'une thrombose veineuse profonde ou d'une embolie pulmonaire est soupƧonnĆ©e sur le plan clinique. (II-2A) 2. Pour diagnostiquer la prĆ©sence d'une thrombose veineuse profonde, il est recommandĆ© d'avoir recours Ć  une Ć©chographie; lorsque l'examen initial donne des rĆ©sultats nĆ©gatifs, il est recommandĆ© de mener une nouvelle Ć©chographie Ć  au moins une reprise au cours des sept jours suivants. Dans le cadre de chacun des examens, l'intĆ©gralitĆ© du systĆØme veineux (de la veine iliaque externe Ć  la veine poplitĆ©e) doit ĆŖtre visualisĆ©e et des manƅĀ“uvres de compression doivent ĆŖtre appliquĆ©es de la veine fĆ©morale Ć  la veine poplitĆ©e. (II-2B) 3. Pour diagnostiquer la prĆ©sence d'une embolie pulmonaire, tant la scintigraphie de ventilation-perfusion que l'angiographie par tomodensitomĆ©trie peuvent ĆŖtre utilisĆ©es. (II-2A) Chez les femmes enceintes, la scintigraphie de ventilation-perfusion constitue le test Ć  privilĆ©gier. (III-B) 4. Ni la seule dĆ©termination du taux de D-dimĆØres ni l'application de rĆØgles de prĆ©diction cliniques ne devraient ĆŖtre utilisĆ©es pour Ć©carter la prĆ©sence possible d'une thromboembolie veineuse chez les femmes enceintes sans avoir recours Ć  un examen objectif. (III-D) 5. Les femmes enceintes ayant obtenu un diagnostic de thromboembolie veineuse aiguĆ« devraient ĆŖtre hospitalisĆ©es ou encore faire l'objet d'un suivi Ć©troit en clinique externe au cours des deux premiĆØres semaines suivant l'Ć©tablissement du diagnostic initial. (III-C) 6. L'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire est l'agent pharmacologique Ć  privilĆ©gier, par rapport Ć  l'hĆ©parine non fractionnĆ©e, pour la prise en charge de la thromboembolie veineuse pendant la grossesse. (II-2A) 7. Il est extrĆŖmement rare de constater une thrombocytopĆ©nie induite par l'hĆ©parine chez les femmes enceintes. La consultation d'un hĆ©matologue ou d'un spĆ©cialiste de la thrombose est recommandĆ©e au moment d'envisager l'utilisation d'hĆ©paranoĆÆdes pour la prise en charge d'une thromboembolie veineuse, le cas Ć©chĆ©ant. (II-3B) 8. L'utilisation d'antagonistes de la vitamine K pour la prise en charge de la thromboembolie veineuse pendant la grossesse ne devrait ĆŖtre envisagĆ©e que dans des circonstances exceptionnelles. (II-2A) 9. Nous nous prononƧons contre l'utilisation des inhibiteurs du facteur Xa et des inhibiteurs directs de la thrombine administrĆ©s par voie orale pour la prise en charge de la thromboembolie veineuse pendant la grossesse. (III-D) 10. Pour la prise en charge de la thromboembolie veineuse aiguĆ« pendant la grossesse, nous recommandons le respect de la posologie recommandĆ©e par le fabricant pour chacune des hĆ©parines de bas poids molĆ©culaire, en fonction du poids actuel de la patiente. (II-1A) L'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire peut ĆŖtre administrĆ©e une ou deux fois par jour, selon l'agent sĆ©lectionnĆ©. (III-C) 11. Chez les femmes enceintes dont le traitement initial fait appel Ć  de l'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire Ć  dose thĆ©rapeutique, la numĆ©ration plaquettaire devrait ĆŖtre dĆ©terminĆ©e au dĆ©part, puis l'ĆŖtre Ć  nouveau une semaine plus tard, aux fins du dĆ©pistage de la thrombocytopĆ©nie induite par l'hĆ©parine. (III-C) 12. Chez les femmes enceintes qui prĆ©sentent une thromboembolie veineuse aiguĆ«, nous recommandons la mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une anticoagulation thĆ©rapeutique pendant au moins trois mois. (I-A) 13. ƀ la suite du traitement initial, l'intensitĆ© de l'anticoagulation peut ĆŖtre attĆ©nuĆ©e en passant Ć  une dose intermĆ©diaire ou prophylactique pour le reste de la grossesse et pour une pĆ©riode d'au moins six semaines Ć  la suite de l'accouchement. (III-C) 14. Chez les femmes enceintes qui prĆ©sentent une thrombose veineuse profonde aiguĆ« proximale de la jambe, l'utilisation de bas de contention graduĆ©s peut ĆŖtre envisagĆ©e pour le soulagement des symptĆ“mes. (III-C) 15. Le recours Ć  la thrombolyse pendant la grossesse ne devrait ĆŖtre envisagĆ© qu'en prĆ©sence d'une embolie pulmonaire massive ou d'une thrombose veineuse profonde menaƧant l'intĆ©gritĆ© d'un membre. (III-C) 16. Les filtres de veine cave ne devraient ĆŖtre utilisĆ©s que chez les femmes enceintes qui prĆ©sentent une thrombose veineuse profonde ou une embolie pulmonaire aiguĆ« et des contre-indications Ć  l'anticoagulation. (III-C) 17. Une veinographie par tomodensitomĆ©trie et/ou une imagerie par rĆ©sonance magnĆ©tique devraient ĆŖtre menĆ©es pour Ć©carter la prĆ©sence possible (lorsque celle-ci est soupƧonnĆ©e) d'une thrombose veineuse cĆ©rĆ©brale. (I-C) 18. Une anticoagulation faisant appel Ć  une dose thĆ©rapeutique devrait ĆŖtre mise en ƅĀ“uvre lorsque la prĆ©sence d'une thrombose veineuse cĆ©rĆ©brale est confirmĆ©e. (II-2A) 19. ƀ la suite d'une thrombose veineuse cĆ©rĆ©brale, la mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une thromboprophylaxie devrait ĆŖtre envisagĆ©e dans le cadre des grossesses subsĆ©quentes. (II-1C) 20. Dans les cas de thrombophlĆ©bite superficielle, une Ć©chographie de compression devrait ĆŖtre menĆ©e pour Ć©carter la prĆ©sence possible d'une thrombose veineuse profonde; (II-2A) de plus, une Ć©chographie de compression devrait ĆŖtre menĆ©e Ć  nouveau lorsqu'une aggravation de la phlĆ©bite mĆØne les fournisseurs de soins Ć  soupƧonner la prĆ©sence d'une propagation proximale. (III-C) 21. L'administration d'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire (selon des doses prophylactiques ou intermĆ©diaires) pendant de 1 Ć  6Ā semaines est recommandĆ©e chez les femmes qui prĆ©sentent une thrombophlĆ©bite superficielle bilatĆ©rale, chez les femmes trĆØs symptomatiques et chez les femmes qui prĆ©sentent une thrombophlĆ©bite superficielle situĆ©e Ć  ≤Ā 5Ā cm du systĆØme veineux profond (jonctions saphĆ©nofĆ©morale et saphĆ©nopoplitĆ©e) ou affectant ≥ 5Ā cm d'une veine. (I-A) 22. La seule mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une observation est recommandĆ©e chez les femmes prĆ©sentant une thrombophlĆ©bite superficielle qui sont exposĆ©es Ć  de faibles risques de thrombose veineuse profonde et chez les femmes qui ne nĆ©cessitent pas la mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une maĆ®trise des symptĆ“mes. Ces femmes devraient faire l'objet d'un suivi clinique menĆ© dans les sept Ć  dix jours; de plus, une nouvelle Ć©chographie de compression devrait ĆŖtre menĆ©e chez ces femmes dans un dĆ©lai d'une semaine. (I-A) 23. La tomodensitomĆ©trie et/ou l'imagerie par rĆ©sonance magnĆ©tique (avec ou sans angiographie) sont les modalitĆ©s d'imagerie de rĆ©fĆ©rence pour ce qui est d'Ć©carter la prĆ©sence possible d'une thrombose de la veine ovarienne. (II-2A) 24. Lorsque la prĆ©sence d'une thrombose de la veine ovarienne est confirmĆ©e, nous recommandons l'administration d'antibiotiques Ć  large spectre par voie parentĆ©rale; nous recommandons Ć©galement que ce traitement se poursuive pendant au moins 48Ā heures Ć  la suite de la dĆ©fervescence et de l'amĆ©lioration clinique. (II-2A) Une antibiothĆ©rapie de plus longue durĆ©e s'avĆØre nĆ©cessaire en prĆ©sence d'une septicĆ©mie ou d'infections compliquĆ©es. (III-C) 25. Lorsque la prĆ©sence d'une thrombose de la veine ovarienne est confirmĆ©e, la mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une anticoagulation (selon des doses thĆ©rapeutiques) pourrait ĆŖtre envisagĆ©e pendant de 1 Ć  3Ā mois. (III-C) 26. Le dĆ©pistage systĆ©matique de toutes les thrombophilies hĆ©rĆ©ditaires chez toutes les femmes connaissant un premier Ć©pisode de thromboembolie veineuse diagnostiquĆ© pendant la grossesse ne s'avĆØre pas indiquĆ©. (III-C) 27. Le dĆ©pistage des dĆ©ficits en protĆ©ine S, en protĆ©ine C et en antithrombine s'avĆØre indiquĆ© Ć  la suite d'un Ć©pisode de thromboembolie veineuse pendant la grossesse, en prĆ©sence d'antĆ©cĆ©dents familiaux oĆ¹ figurent ces thrombophilies particuliĆØres ou lorsqu'une thrombose se manifeste Ć  un endroit inhabituel. (III-C) 28. Le dĆ©pistage des anticorps antiphospholipides s'avĆØre indiquĆ© lorsque les rĆ©sultats d'un tel dĆ©pistage affecteraient la durĆ©e de l'anticoagulation. (III-C) 29. Une Ć©valuation du risque personnel de connaĆ®tre une thromboembolie veineuse devrait ĆŖtre menĆ©e avant toutes les grossesses et une fois la prĆ©sence d'une grossesse confirmĆ©e; une telle Ć©valuation devrait Ć©galement ĆŖtre menĆ©e Ć  nouveau tout au long de la grossesse, au fur et Ć  mesure que se manifestent de nouvelles situations cliniques. Les prĆ©fĆ©rences et les valeurs de la patiente devraient ĆŖtre prises en considĆ©ration lorsque l'on envisage d'avoir recours Ć  la thromboprophylaxie antepartum. (III-B) 30. Les femmes qui sont exposĆ©es Ć  un risque accru devraient ĆŖtre avisĆ©es des symptĆ“mes de la thromboembolie veineuse. (III-B) 31. L'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire est l'agent pharmacologique Ć  privilĆ©gier, par rapport Ć  l'hĆ©parine non fractionnĆ©e, aux fins de la thromboprophylaxie antepartum. (III-A) Les doses d'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire devraient ĆŖtre utilisĆ©es conformĆ©ment aux recommandations des fabricants. (III-C) 32. L'administration systĆ©matique d'un agent anti-Xa et la surveillance du taux de plaquettes ne sont pas recommandĆ©es lorsque la patiente fait l'objet d'une thromboprophylaxie selon une dose prophylactique. (II-2E) 33. Nous recommandons la mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une thromboprophylaxie thĆ©rapeutique au cours de la grossesse dans les situations suivantesĀ : a. une anticoagulation thĆ©rapeutique Ć  long terme a Ć©tĆ© utilisĆ©e avant la grossesse en raison d'une indication persistante; (III-B) b. des antĆ©cĆ©dents personnels de multiples thromboembolies veineuses. (III-B) 34. Nous recommandons la mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une thromboprophylaxie intermĆ©diaire ou thĆ©rapeutique au cours de la grossesse dans la situation suivanteĀ : a. des antĆ©cĆ©dents personnels de thromboembolie veineuse et de thrombophilie Ć  risque Ć©levĆ© (dĆ©ficit en antithrombine, syndrome des antiphospholipides) n'ayant pas auparavant fait l'objet d'un traitement d'anticoagulation. (III-B) 35. Nous recommandons la mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une thromboprophylaxie selon une dose prophylactique au cours de la grossesse dans les situations suivantes (risque absolu >Ā 1Ā %)Ā : a. des antĆ©cĆ©dents personnels de thromboembolie veineuse non provoquĆ©e; (II-2A) b. des antĆ©cĆ©dents personnels de thromboembolie veineuse associĆ©e aux contraceptifs oraux ou Ć  la grossesse; (II-2A) c. des antĆ©cĆ©dents personnels de thromboembolie veineuse provoquĆ©e et de quelque thrombophilie Ć  faible risque que ce soit; (I-A) d. la prĆ©sence d'un facteur V de Leiden homozygote asymptomatique; (II-2A) e. la prĆ©sence d'une mutation du gĆØne 20210A de la prothrombine homozygote asymptomatique; (III-B) f. la prĆ©sence d'une thrombophilie combinĆ©e asymptomatique; (III-B) g. la prĆ©sence d'un dĆ©ficit en antithrombine asymptomatique; (III-B) h. la tenue d'une chirurgie non obstĆ©tricale pendant la grossesse, s'accompagnant d'une thromboprophylaxie dont la durĆ©e dĆ©pend de l'intervention et de la patiente; (III-B) i. un alitement strict antepartum pendant ≥ 7Ā jours chez une femme dont l'indice de masse corporelle Ć©tait > 25 kg/m2 au moment de sa premiĆØre consultation prĆ©natale. (II-2B) 36. La mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une thromboprophylaxie antepartum en raison de la prĆ©sence isolĆ©e d'un des facteurs de risque associĆ©s Ć  la grossesse n'est pas recommandĆ©e. (III-E) 37. La mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une thromboprophylaxie antepartum devrait ĆŖtre envisagĆ©e en prĆ©sence de multiples facteurs de risque cliniques ou associĆ©s Ć  la grossesse lorsque l'on estime que le risque absolu global de TEV est supĆ©rieur Ć  1Ā %, particuliĆØrement chez les patientes qui sont hospitalisĆ©es en vue d'un alitement. (II-2B) 38. La mise en ƅĀ“uvre systĆ©matique d'une thromboprophylaxie ne s'avĆØre pas nĆ©cessaire chez toutes les femmes qui subissent un dĆ©clenchement de l'ovulation. (III-C) 39. Lorsque le recours aux techniques de procrĆ©ation assistĆ©e donne lieu Ć  un syndrome d'hyperstimulation ovarienne grave, nous recommandons la mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une thromboprophylaxie Ć  l'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire pour une durĆ©e d'au moins 8 Ć  12Ā semaines Ć  la suite de la rĆ©solution de ce syndrome. (III-B) 40. La mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une thromboprophylaxie Ć  l'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire devrait ĆŖtre envisagĆ©e, au moment de la stimulation ovarienne, chez toutes les femmes exposĆ©es Ć  un risque accru de thromboembolie veineuse qui ont recours Ć  des techniques de procrĆ©ation assistĆ©e. (III-B) 41. Les femmes qui en viennent Ć  prĆ©senter une thromboembolie veineuse en association avec le recours aux techniques de procrĆ©ation assistĆ©e, mais qui n'obtiennent pas une grossesse dans le cadre du cycle en question, devraient ĆŖtre traitĆ©es au moyen d'une anticoagulation thĆ©rapeutique pendant au moins trois mois. (II-3A) Les femmes qui obtiennent une grossesse dans le cadre du cycle de procrĆ©ation assistĆ©e en question devraient ĆŖtre traitĆ©es conformĆ©ment aux recommandations 12 et 13 traitant de la prĆ©sence d'une thromboembolie veineuse aiguĆ« pendant la grossesse. (I-A, III-C) 42. Les femmes faisant l'objet d'une anticoagulation thĆ©rapeutique ou administrĆ©e selon une dose prophylactique ou intermĆ©diaire devraient ĆŖtre avisĆ©es de leurs options en matiĆØre d'analgĆ©sieĀ /Ā anesthĆ©sie avant l'accouchement. (III-B) 43. ƀ terme (37Ā semaines), le passage de l'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire thromboprophylactique Ć  l'hĆ©parine non fractionnĆ©e administrĆ©e selon une dose prophylactique pourrait ĆŖtre envisagĆ© de faƧon Ć  permettre l'offre d'un plus grand nombre d'options en matiĆØre d'analgĆ©sie pendant le travail. (III-L) 44. Le traitement Ć  l'hĆ©parine non fractionnĆ©e ou Ć  l'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire administrĆ©e selon une dose prophylactique ou intermĆ©diaire doit ĆŖtre suspendu Ć  l'apparition spontanĆ©e du travail ou au cours de la journĆ©e prĆ©cĆ©dant la tenue planifiĆ©e d'un dĆ©clenchement du travail ou d'une cĆ©sarienne. (II-3B) 45. Une numĆ©ration plaquettaire rĆ©cente devrait ĆŖtre disponible au moment de l'admission en salle de travail ou avant la tenue d'une cĆ©sarienne pour les femmes qui ont reƧu ou qui reƧoivent des anticoagulants. (III-B) 46. Chez les femmes qui reƧoivent de l'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire, une anesthĆ©sie centrale peut ĆŖtre administrĆ©e comme suitĀ : a. dose prophylactiqueĀ : de 10 Ć  12Ā heures aprĆØs la derniĆØre dose, au minimum; (III-B) b. dose thĆ©rapeutiqueĀ : 24Ā heures Ć  la suite de la derniĆØre dose. (III-B) 47. Chez les femmes qui reƧoivent de l'hĆ©parine non fractionnĆ©e, une anesthĆ©sie centrale peut ĆŖtre administrĆ©e comme suitĀ : a. dose prophylactique (maximum 10Ā 000Ā U/jour)Ā : sans dĆ©lai; (III-B) b. perfusion thĆ©rapeutiqueĀ : au moins 4Ā heures aprĆØs l'arrĆŖt de la perfusion et lorsque le temps de cĆ©phaline activĆ©e est normal; (III-B) c. hĆ©parine non fractionnĆ©e sous-cutanĆ©e Ć  dose thĆ©rapeutiqueĀ : lorsque le temps de cĆ©phaline activĆ©e est normal (cela pourrait prendre 12Ā heures ou plus Ć  la suite de la derniĆØre injection). (III-B) 48. La mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une anesthĆ©sie centrale doit ĆŖtre Ć©vitĆ©e chez les femmes ayant fait l'objet d'une anticoagulation exhaustive ou en prĆ©sence de symptĆ“mes indiquant une altĆ©ration de la coagulation. (II-3A) 49. Le retrait d'un cathĆ©ter pĆ©riduralĀ / rachidien laissĆ© in situ postpartum ne devrait ĆŖtre effectuĆ© que 4Ā heures, de 10 Ć  12Ā heures ou 24Ā heures Ć  la suite de l'administration d'hĆ©parine non fractionnĆ©e Ć  dose prophylactique (maximum 10Ā 000 U/jour), d'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire Ć  dose prophylactique (une seule dose quotidienne) ou d'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire Ć  dose thĆ©rapeutique, respectivement, ou, dans le cas de l'administration d'hĆ©parine non fractionnĆ©e Ć  dose thĆ©rapeutique, que lorsque le temps de cĆ©phaline activĆ©e est normal. (II-3B) 50. L'administration d'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire Ć  dose prophylactique (une seule dose quotidienne) peut ĆŖtre dĆ©marrĆ©e ou redĆ©marrĆ©e quatre heures aprĆØs le retrait d'un cathĆ©ter pĆ©riduralĀ / rachidien, pour autant que l'on constate une rĆ©cupĆ©ration neurologique totale et l'absence de symptĆ“mes indiquant des saignements Ć©volutifs ou une coagulopathie. (III-B) 51. L'administration d'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire Ć  dose thĆ©rapeutique peut ĆŖtre dĆ©marrĆ©e ou redĆ©marrĆ©e au moins 24Ā heures aprĆØs un bloc central en injection unique et au moins 4Ā heures aprĆØs le retrait d'un cathĆ©ter pĆ©riduralĀ / rachidien, pour autant que l'on constate une rĆ©cupĆ©ration neurologique totale et l'absence de symptĆ“mes indiquant des saignements Ć©volutifs ou une coagulopathie. (III-B) 52. L'administration d'hĆ©parine non fractionnĆ©e par voie sous-cutanĆ©e peut ĆŖtre dĆ©marrĆ©e ou redĆ©marrĆ©e au moins 1Ā heure aprĆØs un bloc central en injection unique, pour autant que l'on constate une rĆ©cupĆ©ration neurologique totale et l'absence de symptĆ“mes indiquant des saignements Ć©volutifs ou une coagulopathie. (III-B) 53. N'administrez pas des inhibiteurs de l'agrĆ©gation plaquettaire (acide acĆ©tylsalicylique ou anti-inflammatoires non stĆ©roĆÆdiens) et de l'hĆ©parine de faƧon concomitante lorsqu'un cathĆ©ter pĆ©riduralĀ / rachidien est laissĆ© in situ postpartum. (III-D) 54. Les femmes qui reƧoivent une anticoagulation thĆ©rapeutique et qui ont subi une anesthĆ©sie centrale devraient faire l'objet d'une surveillance Ć©troite visant l'apparition possible d'un hĆ©matome spinal. (III-B) 55. La mise en ƅĀ“uvre universelle d'une thromboprophylaxie postpartum n'est pas recommandĆ©e. (III-D) 56. Cherchez Ć  dĆ©terminer la prĆ©sence d'un risque accru de thromboembolie veineuse postpartum aprĆØs chaque accouchement, en fonction des facteurs de risque antepartum, intrapartum et postpartum, et rĆ©pĆ©tez le processus au fur et Ć  mesure que se manifestent de nouvelles situations cliniques. (II-2B) 57. L'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire est l'agent pharmacologique Ć  privilĆ©gier, par rapport Ć  l'hĆ©parine non fractionnĆ©e, aux fins de la thromboprophylaxie postpartum. (III-A) Les doses d'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire devraient ĆŖtre utilisĆ©es conformĆ©ment aux recommandations des fabricants. (III-C) 58. La mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une thromboprophylaxie postpartum pharmacologique est recommandĆ©e dans les situations suivantesĀ : PrĆ©sence d'un des facteurs de risque suivants (chacun de ces facteurs de risque donnant lieu Ć  un risque absolu de thromboembolie veineuse >Ā 1Ā %)Ā : a. quelque antĆ©cĆ©dent de thromboembolie veineuse que ce soit; (II-2A) b. quelque thrombophilie Ć  risque Ć©levĆ© que ce soitĀ : syndrome des antiphospholipides, dĆ©ficit en antithrombine, prĆ©sence d'une mutation du gĆØne 20210A de la prothrombine ou d'un facteur V de Leiden homozygote, thrombophilie combinĆ©e; (II-2B) c. alitement strict avant l'accouchement pendant 7Ā jours ou plus; (II-2B) d. perte sanguine peripartum ou postpartum > 1 litre ou remplacement des produits sanguins et tenue concomitante d'une chirurgie postpartum; (II-2B) e. infection peripartumĀ /Ā postpartum. (II-2B) 59. La mise en ƅĀ“uvre d'une thromboprophylaxie postpartum devrait ĆŖtre envisagĆ©e en prĆ©sence de multiples facteurs de risque cliniques ou associĆ©s Ć  la grossesse, lorsque l'on estime que le risque absolu global est supĆ©rieur Ć  1Ā %Ā : a. prĆ©sence de deux des facteurs de risque suivants (chacun de ces facteurs de risque donnant lieu Ć  un risque absolu de thromboembolie veineuse <Ā 1Ā %)Ā : i. indice de masse corporelle ≥Ā 30Ā kg/m2 au moment de la premiĆØre consultation antepartum; (II-2B) ii. fait de fumer >Ā 10Ā cigarettes/jour pendant la pĆ©riode antepartum; (II-2B) iii. prĆ©Ć©clampsie; (II-2B) iv. retard de croissance intra-utĆ©rin; (II-2B) v. placenta prƦvia; (II-2B) vi. cĆ©sarienne d'urgence; (IIĀ­2B) vii. perte sanguine peripartum ou postpartum > 1 litre ou remplacement des produits sanguins; (II-2B) viii. quelque thrombophilie Ć  faible risque que ce soitĀ : dĆ©ficit en PC ou en PS, prĆ©sence d'une mutation du gĆØne 20210A de la prothrombine ou d'un facteur V de Leiden hĆ©tĆ©rozygote; (III-B) ix. cardiopathie maternelle, lupus Ć©rythĆ©mateux dissĆ©minĆ©, drĆ©panocytose, maladie inflammatoire chronique de l'intestin, varices, diabĆØte gestationnel; (III-B) x. accouchement prĆ©terme; (III-B) xi. mortinaissance. (III-B) b. prĆ©sence d'au moins trois des facteurs de risque suivants (chacun de ces facteurs de risque donnant lieu Ć  un risque absolu de thromboembolie veineuse <Ā 1Ā %)Ā : i. Ć¢ge >Ā 35Ā ans; (II-2B) ii. paritĆ© ≥Ā 2; (II-2B) iii. utilisation de quelque technique de procrĆ©ation assistĆ©e que ce soit; (II-2B) iv. grossesse multiple; (II-2B) v. dĆ©collement placentaire; (II-2B) vi. rupture prĆ©maturĆ©e des membranes; (II-2B) vii. cĆ©sarienne planifiĆ©e; (II-2B) viii. cancer maternel. (III-B) 60. L'utilisation d'appareils de compression pneumatique intermittente ou sĆ©quentielle constitue une solution de rechange lorsque l'hĆ©parine est contre-indiquĆ©e pendant la pĆ©riode postpartum. Lorsque le risque de thromboembolie veineuse postpartum est Ć©levĆ©, ces appareils peuvent ĆŖtre utilisĆ©s conjointement avec de l'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire ou de l'hĆ©parine non fractionnĆ©e. (III-B) 61. Les femmes qui prĆ©sentent des facteurs de risque Ć©volutifs et persistants devraient faire l'objet d'une thromboprophylaxie postpartum pendant au moins six semaines Ć  la suite de l'accouchement. (II-3B) 62. Les femmes qui prĆ©sentent des facteurs de risque antepartum ou intrapartum transitoires devraient faire l'objet d'une thromboprophylaxie postpartum jusqu'Ć  l'obtention de leur congĆ© de l'hĆ“pital ou pendant jusqu'Ć  deux semaines Ć  la suite de l'accouchement. (III-C) 63. Le dĆ©pistage universel des thrombophilies n'est pas indiquĆ© chez les femmes qui connaissent des issues de grossesse indĆ©sirables (prĆ©Ć©clampsie grave, retard de croissance intra-utĆ©rin, mortinaissance). (II-2D) 64. Les femmes qui connaissent des pertes fƅĀ“tales tardives ou des fausses couches rĆ©currentes devraient faire l'objet d'un dĆ©pistage visant le syndrome des antiphospholipides. (I-B) 65. L'utilisation d'acide acĆ©tylsalicylique Ć  faible dose (avec ou sans hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire) est recommandĆ©e pendant la grossesse pour les femmes chez qui la prĆ©sence du syndrome des antiphospholipides est confirmĆ©e. (I-C) 66. Lorsque la prĆ©sence du syndrome des antiphospholipides n'a pas Ć©tĆ© confirmĆ©e, l'utilisation concomitante d'acide acĆ©tylsalicylique Ć  faible dose et d'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire n'est pas recommandĆ©e chez les femmes qui prĆ©sentent des antĆ©cĆ©dents de fausses couches rĆ©currentes. (I-E) 67. L'hĆ©parine de bas poids molĆ©culaire ne devrait pas ĆŖtre utilisĆ©e de faƧon systĆ©matique aux fins de l'attĆ©nuation du risque de complications Ć  mĆ©diation placentaire rĆ©currentes chez les femmes qui prĆ©sentent ou non une thrombophilie (en l'absence du syndrome des antiphospholipides). (I-C).


Subject(s)
Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/therapy , Venous Thromboembolism/diagnosis , Venous Thromboembolism/therapy , Acute Disease , Algorithms , Female , Humans , Pregnancy
5.
Adv Ther ; 41(6): 2352-2366, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38658484

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) often switch between oral anticoagulants (OACs). It can be hard to know why a patient has switched outside of a clinical setting. Medication attribute comparisons can suggest benefits. Consensus on terms and definitions is required for inferring OAC switch benefits. The objectives of the study were to generate consensus on a taxonomy of the potential benefits of OAC switching in patients with AF and apply the taxonomy to real-world data. METHODS: Nine expert clinicians (seven clinical pharmacists, two cardiologists) with at least 3Ā years of clinical and research experience in AF participated in a Delphi process. The experts rated and commented on a proposed taxonomy on the potential benefits of OAC switching. After each Delphi round, ratings were analyzed with the RAND Corporation/University of California, Los Angeles (RAND/UCLA) appropriateness method. Median ratings, disagreement index, and comments were used to modify the taxonomy. The resulting taxonomy from the Delphi process was applied to a cohort of patients with AF who switched OACs in a population-based administrative health dataset from 1996 to 2019 in British Columbia, Canada. RESULTS: The taxonomy was finalized in two Delphi rounds, reaching consensus on five switch benefit categories: safety, effectiveness, convenience, economic considerations, and drug interactions. Safety benefit (a switch that could lower the risk of adverse drug events) had three subcategories: major bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Effectiveness benefit had four subcategories: stroke and systemic embolism (SSE), ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and all-cause mortality. Real-world OAC switches revealed that more OAC switches had convenience (72.6%) and drug interaction (63.0%) benefits compared to effectiveness (SSE 22.0%, ischemic stroke 11.1%, MI 3.1%, all-cause mortality 10.1%), safety (major bleeding 24.3%, GI bleeding 10.6%, ICH 48.5%), and economic benefits (12.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The Delphi-based taxonomy identified five criteria for the beneficial effects of OAC switching, aiding in characterizing real-world OAC switching.


Subject(s)
Anticoagulants , Atrial Fibrillation , Delphi Technique , Humans , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Atrial Fibrillation/classification , Atrial Fibrillation/complications , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Anticoagulants/administration & dosage , Administration, Oral , Female , Male , Aged , Drug Substitution , Consensus , Stroke/prevention & control , Stroke/etiology , Middle Aged
6.
BMC Genomics ; 14: 116, 2013 Feb 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23425329

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. G proteins are also implicated in erythroid differentiation, and some of them are expressed principally in hematopoietic cells. GPCRs-linked NO/cGMP and p38 MAPK signaling pathways already demonstrated potency for globin gene stimulation. By analyzing erythroid progenitors, derived from hematopoietic cells through in vitro ontogeny, our study intends to determine early markers and signaling pathways of globin gene regulation and their relation to GPCR expression. RESULTS: Human hematopoietic CD34+ progenitors are isolated from fetal liver (FL), cord blood (CB), adult bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood (PB) and G-CSF stimulated mobilized PB (mPB), and then differentiated in vitro into erythroid progenitors. We find that growth capacity is most abundant in FL- and CB-derived erythroid cells. The erythroid progenitor cells are sorted as 100% CD71+, but we did not find statistical significance in the variations of CD34, CD36 and GlyA antigens and that confirms similarity in maturation of studied ontogenic periods. During ontogeny, beta-globin gene expression reaches maximum levels in cells of adult blood origin (176 fmol/Āµg), while gamma-globin gene expression is consistently up-regulated in CB-derived cells (60 fmol/Āµg). During gamma-globin induction by hydroxycarbamide, we identify stimulated GPCRs (PTGDR, PTGER1) and GPCRs-coupled genes known to be activated via the cAMP/PKA (ADIPOQ), MAPK pathway (JUN) and NO/cGMP (PRPF18) signaling pathways. During ontogeny, GPR45 and ARRDC1 genes have the most prominent expression in FL-derived erythroid progenitor cells, GNL3 and GRP65 genes in CB-derived cells (high gamma-globin gene expression), GPR110 and GNG10 in BM-derived cells, GPR89C and GPR172A in PB-derived cells, and GPR44 and GNAQ genes in mPB-derived cells (high beta-globin gene expression). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the concomitant activity of GPCR-coupled genes and related signaling pathways during erythropoietic stimulation of globin genes. In accordance with previous reports, the stimulation of GPCRs supports the postulated connection between cAMP/PKA and NO/cGMP pathways in activation of ƎĀ³-globin expression, via JUN and p38 MAPK signaling.


Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation , Erythroid Precursor Cells/metabolism , Erythropoiesis/genetics , GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics , gamma-Globins/genetics , Cell Proliferation , Erythroid Precursor Cells/cytology , Fetal Blood/cytology , Fetal Blood/metabolism , GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics , Humans , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism , Signal Transduction , beta-Globins/genetics , beta-Globins/metabolism , gamma-Globins/metabolism , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
7.
Biosystems ; 220: 104734, 2022 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35842072

ABSTRACT

Codon usage bias is a well recognized phenomenon but the relative influence of its major causes: G+C content, mutational biases, and selection, are often difficult to disentangle. This paper presents methods to calculate modified effective codon numbers that allow the investigation of the sources of codon bias and how genes or organisms have their codon biases shaped. In particular, it demonstrates that variation in codon usage bias across organisms is likely driven more by likely mutational forces while the variation in codon usage bias within genomes is likely driven by codon selectional forces.


Subject(s)
Codon Usage , Base Composition , Codon/genetics , Codon Usage/genetics , Mutation
8.
J Immunother ; 43(8): 231-235, 2020 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32796275

ABSTRACT

Autologous chimeric antigen receptor engineered T-cell therapies are beginning to dramatically change the outlook for patients with several hematological malignancies. Yet methods to activate and expand these cells are limited, often pose challenges to automation, and have biological limitations impacting the output of the injectable dose. This study describes the development of a novel, highly flexible, soluble DNA-based T-cell activation and expansion platform which alleviates the limitations of current technologies and provides rapid T-cell activation and expansion.


Subject(s)
DNA/immunology , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology , Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology , Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism , CD28 Antigens/antagonists & inhibitors , CD28 Antigens/immunology , CD3 Complex/antagonists & inhibitors , CD3 Complex/immunology , Cell Proliferation , DNA/genetics , Genetic Vectors/genetics , Humans , Immunophenotyping , Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods , Lentivirus/genetics , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Primary Cell Culture/methods , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology , Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics , Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , Transduction, Genetic
9.
J Theor Biol ; 259(1): 172-5, 2009 Jul 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19272395

ABSTRACT

A common feature of mycorrhizal observation is the growth of the infection on the plant root as a percent of the infected root or root tip length. Often, this is measured as a logistic curve with an eventual, though usually transient, plateau. It is shown in this paper that the periods of stable percent infection in the mycorrhizal growth cycle correspond to periods where both the plant and mycorrhiza growth rates and likely metabolism are tightly coupled.


Subject(s)
Mycorrhizae/growth & development , Plant Roots/microbiology , Models, Biological , Mycorrhizae/metabolism , Plant Roots/growth & development , Plant Roots/metabolism , Symbiosis
10.
Am J Cardiovasc Drugs ; 9(1): 45-58, 2009.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19178131

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are manifestations of venous thromboembolic events (VTEs). Patients undergoing major surgical procedures such as total hip replacement (THR), total knee replacement (TKR), and hip fracture surgery (HFS) are at an elevated risk for VTEs. The American College of Chest Physicians' (ACCP) guidelines recommend that such patients receive thromboprophylaxis for at least 10 days. In patients undergoing THR or HFS, extended prophylaxis for up to 28-35 days is the recommended approach for those at high risk of thromboembolic events. The NAFT (North American Fragmin Trial) compared the prophylactic efficacy of dalteparin with that of warfarin during the in-hospital period, and with that of placebo during the period of hospital discharge until day 35 postsurgery, in patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty. During both the in-hospital and the postdischarge time periods, dalteparin significantly reduced the occurrence of DVT. Given the clinical relevance of these results, the low specificity of the ACCP recommendations regarding optimal prophylaxis duration, and the importance of optimizing the efficiency of DVT prophylaxis in the practice setting, a cost-utility analysis was conducted comparing dalteparin 10-day and 35-day (extended) with a warfarin 10-day protocol, in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgeries such as THR, TKR, or HFS. DESIGN AND SETTING: A three-arm decision model was developed using the prevalence of symptomatic DVT from NAFT publications, epidemiologic studies, and published meta-analyses. Healthcare resource use was abstracted from a survey of clinicians and from the economic literature. Utility estimates were obtained by interviewing a sample of 24 people from the general public using the time trade-off technique. The clinical, economic and utility data were then used to estimate the cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained with dalteparin for 10 or 35 days relative to 10 days of warfarin. STUDY PERSPECTIVE: Canadian provincial healthcare system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS: The cost per QALY gained with 10 days of dalteparin was below $Can1000 for all the surgeries evaluated (all costs are reported in 2007 Canadian dollars [$Can1 = $US1, as of December 2007]). In the case of extended prophylaxis, the incremental cost per QALY gained with 35 days of dalteparin over warfarin was $Can40 100, $Can46 500, and $Can31 200 for patients undergoing THR, TKR, and HFS, respectively. Reducing the duration of prophylaxis from 35 to 28 days generated ratios that were below $Can35 000 for all three surgeries evaluated. CONCLUSION: Ten days of dalteparin following major orthopedic surgery is a clinically and economically attractive alternative to warfarin for DVT prophylaxis. In the case of the 35-day dalteparin protocol, the results also indicated acceptable economic value to a publicly funded healthcare system, particularly in the settings of HFS and THR. In addition, reducing the duration of prophylaxis to 28 days postsurgery would be associated with a more favorable return on public healthcare expenditures.


Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/economics , Dalteparin/economics , Orthopedic Procedures/economics , Postoperative Complications/economics , Venous Thromboembolism/economics , Anticoagulants/administration & dosage , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Canada/epidemiology , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Dalteparin/administration & dosage , Dalteparin/therapeutic use , Drug Administration Schedule , Humans , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Models, Economic , Orthopedic Procedures/adverse effects , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Prevalence , Quality-Adjusted Life Years , Venous Thromboembolism/epidemiology , Venous Thromboembolism/etiology , Venous Thromboembolism/prevention & control , Warfarin/administration & dosage , Warfarin/therapeutic use
11.
Exp Hematol ; 36(1): 17-27, 2008 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17936496

ABSTRACT

Hypoxia can induce erythropoiesis through regulated increase of erythropoietin (Epo) production. We investigated the direct influence of oxygen tension (pO(2)) in the physiologic range (2-8%) on erythroid progenitor cell differentiation using cultures of adult human hematopoietic progenitor cells exposed to decreasing (20% to 2%) pO(2) and independent of variation in Epo levels. Decreases in hemoglobin (Hb)-containing cells were observed at the end of the culture period with decreasing pO(2). This is due, in part, to a reduction in cell growth and, at 2% O(2), a marked increase in cell toxicity. Analysis of the kinetics of cell differentiation showed an increase in the proportion of cells with glycophorin-A expression and Hb accumulation at physiologic pO(2). Cells were characterized by an early induction of gamma-globin expression and a delay and reduction in peak levels of beta-globin expression. Overall, fetal Hb and gamma-globin expression were increased at physiologic pO(2), but these increases were reduced at 2% O(2) as cultures become cytotoxic. At reduced pO(2), induction of Epo-receptor (Epo-R) by Epo was decreased and delayed, analogous to the delay in beta-globin induction. The oxygen-dependent reduction of Epo-R can account for the associated cytotoxicity at 2% O(2). Epo induction of erythroid transcription factors, EKLF, GATA-1, and SCL/Tal-1, was also delayed and decreased at reduced pO(2), consistent with lower levels of Epo-R and resultant Epo signaling. These changes in Epo-R and globin gene expression raise the possibility that the early increase of gamma-globin is a consequence of reduced Epo signaling and a delay in induction of erythroid transcription factors.


Subject(s)
Cell Hypoxia/physiology , Erythroid Precursor Cells/drug effects , Erythropoiesis/physiology , Oxygen/pharmacology , Adult , Blood Proteins/biosynthesis , Blood Proteins/genetics , CD36 Antigens/biosynthesis , CD36 Antigens/genetics , Cells, Cultured/cytology , Cells, Cultured/drug effects , Erythroid Precursor Cells/cytology , Erythropoietin/pharmacology , Fetal Hemoglobin/biosynthesis , Fetal Hemoglobin/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , Globins/biosynthesis , Globins/genetics , Glycophorins/biosynthesis , Hemoglobins/biosynthesis , Humans , Partial Pressure , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , Receptors, Erythropoietin/biosynthesis , Receptors, Erythropoietin/genetics , Recombinant Proteins , Signal Transduction , Transcription Factors/biosynthesis , Transcription Factors/genetics
12.
J Clin Invest ; 111(2): 231-9, 2003 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12531879

ABSTRACT

Hydroxyurea treatment of patients with sickle-cell disease increases fetal hemoglobin (HbF), which reduces hemoglobin S polymerization and clinical complications. Despite its use in the treatment of myeloproliferative diseases for over 30 years, its mechanism of action remains uncertain. Recent studies have demonstrated that hydroxyurea generates the nitric oxide (NO) radical in vivo, and we therefore hypothesized that NO-donor properties might determine the hemoglobin phenotype. We treated both K562 erythroleukemic cells and human erythroid progenitor cells with S-nitrosocysteine (CysNO), an NO donor, and found similar dose- and time-dependent induction of gamma-globin mRNA and HbF protein as we observed with hydroxyurea. Both hydroxyurea and CysNO increased cGMP levels, and the guanylyl cyclase inhibitors ODQ, NS 2028, and LY 83,538 abolished both the hydroxyurea- and CysNO-induced gamma-globin expression. These data provide strong evidence for an NO-derived mechanism for HbF induction by hydroxyurea and suggest possibilities for therapies based on NO-releasing or -potentiating agents.


Subject(s)
Fetal Hemoglobin/biosynthesis , Guanylate Cyclase/physiology , Hydroxyurea/pharmacology , Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology , Nitric Oxide/physiology , Cyclic GMP/biosynthesis , Enzyme Activation , Humans , K562 Cells
13.
Cancer Res ; 63(21): 7051-5, 2003 Nov 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14612494

ABSTRACT

The nature of the cell responsible for von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease-associated tumor formation has been controversial for decades. We demonstrate that VHL disease-associated central nervous system tumors are composed of developmentally arrested angioblasts that coexpress erythropoietin (Epo) and Epo receptor. The angioblasts are capable of differentiating into RBCs via formation of blood islands with extramedullary hematopoiesis. Because of VHL deficiency, Epo receptor-expressing, developmentally arrested angioblasts simultaneously coexpress Epo, which may represent a crucial pathogenetic step in tumor formation.


Subject(s)
Cerebellar Neoplasms/etiology , Cerebellar Neoplasms/pathology , Hemangioblastoma/etiology , Hemangioblastoma/pathology , von Hippel-Lindau Disease/complications , von Hippel-Lindau Disease/pathology , Cerebellar Neoplasms/metabolism , Erythropoietin/biosynthesis , Erythropoietin/metabolism , Hemangioblastoma/metabolism , Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Receptors, Erythropoietin/biosynthesis , Receptors, Erythropoietin/metabolism , von Hippel-Lindau Disease/genetics
14.
Am J Cardiovasc Drugs ; 16(2): 111-8, 2016 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26749409

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Guidelines recommend clopidogrel use for 6-12 months following drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation and 1-12 months following bare metal stent (BMS) implantation. The role of clopidogrel beyond 12 months is unclear. METHODS: We linked hospital administrative, community pharmacy and cardiac revascularization data to determine clopidogrel use and outcomes for all patients (those with acute presentations and those with stable angina) receiving a coronary stent in British Columbia 2004-2006, with follow-up until the end of 2008. Cox proportional hazard regression was performed to evaluate the effect of clopidogrel duration (≤12 vs. >12 months) on outcomes following BMS or DES implantation. Patients who died ≤12 months from index stent placement were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 15,629 patients were included in the study. Of 3599 patients who received at least one DES and 12,030 patients who received only BMS, 1326 (37 %) and 2121 (18 %), respectively, filled a prescription for clopidogrel >12 months from the index procedure. The mean duration of clopidogrel was 406 Ā± 35 days and 407 Ā± 37 days in the prolonged use (>12 months) DES and BMS cohorts, respectively, compared with 224 Ā± 112 days (p < 0.001) and 122 Ā± 117 days (p < 0.001), respectively, for patients receiving clopidogrel ≤12 months. Clopidogrel use beyond 12 months was associated with a reduction in mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 0.66, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.45-0.97] and the composite of mortality and readmission for myocardial infarction (HR 0.72, 95 % CI 0.55-0.94) in patients treated with DES, but not BMS alone. Prolonged clopidogrel use was not associated with bleeding-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Clopidogrel use beyond 12 months was associated with a reduction in death and hospitalization for myocardial infarction following DES, but not BMS, implantation. Our findings support a longer duration of clopidogrel therapy for patients treated with DES.


Subject(s)
Metals/therapeutic use , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Ticlopidine/analogs & derivatives , Clopidogrel , Drug-Eluting Stents , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Ticlopidine/therapeutic use , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
15.
J Healthc Inf Manag ; 19(3): 65-70, 2005.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16045086

ABSTRACT

Medical research relies on access to clinical data. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulations require that patient information required for clinical research not have data that can be used to identify the patients from whose medical records the information has been derived. The only exception would be an institutional review board (IRB)-approved study for which the researcher has obtained a waiver to use patient data for a research study. Before requesting an IRB waiver, however, the researcher may want to search the clinical data for particular characteristics or determine whether the quantity of data warrant obtaining IRB approval. The application, the Simple PAtient Note Scrubber, or SPANS, reviews and changes line content through an iterative process. At each iteration, SPANS analyzes changes made during the previous pass and reviews changes in relation to terms adjacent to the newly altered data. Knowledge of the document domain, encompassing the different types of documents to be scrubbed, is the key to making this type of process effective.


Subject(s)
Algorithms , Biomedical Research , Information Storage and Retrieval , Medical Records Systems, Computerized , Patient Identification Systems , Access to Information/legislation & jurisprudence , Confidentiality/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act , Humans , Unified Medical Language System , United States
16.
Biotechniques ; 34(1): 88-91, 2003 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12545545

ABSTRACT

We have utilized an in vitro transcribed 3' mRNA fragment of the plant gene ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO) as an exogenous standard for normalization of quantitative PCR data. Both K562 cells and primary erythroid CD34+ progenitor cells were treated with sodium butyrate and changes in gamma-globin mRNA levels were assayed using a previously published TaqMan probe and primer set, while RuBisCO levels were assayed by a SYBR Green detection assay. The data presented show that a correction to measured gamma-globin induction was necessary with both cell types. The correction for the CD34+ progenitor cells was a striking 95% increase, while that for the K562 cells was 44%. The use of an exogenous reference such as in vitro transcribed mRNA for the RuBisCO plant gene provides a robust and sample-independent method for the normalization of quantitative PCR data in bacterial and animal cells.


Subject(s)
Gene Expression Profiling/standards , RNA, Messenger/analysis , RNA, Messenger/standards , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards , Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/genetics , Antigens, CD34/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Globins/genetics , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism , Humans , K562 Cells/metabolism , RNA/analysis , RNA/standards , Reference Standards , Reproducibility of Results , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/instrumentation , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/metabolism , Sensitivity and Specificity , United States
17.
Ann N Y Acad Sci ; 974: 176-92, 2002 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12446324

ABSTRACT

It has been reasoned that desirable microstructural refinement in binary eutectics could result from freezing in reduced-gravity. It is recognized that the interphase spacing in a binary eutectic is controlled by solute transport and that, on Earth, buoyancy-driven convection may enhance this. Hence, it has been presumed that the interphase spacing ought to decrease when a eutectic alloy is frozen under conditions of much-reduced gravity, where such buoyancy effects would be largely absent. The result of such speculation has been that many workers have frozen various eutectics under reduced gravity and have reported that, although some eutectics became finer, others showed no change, and some even became coarser. This reported varied behavior will be reviewed in the light of long term studies by the author at Queen's University, including recent microgravity studies in which samples of two eutectic alloy systems, MnBi-Bi and MnSb-Sb, were frozen under very stable conditions and showed no change in interphase spacing.

18.
Ann N Y Acad Sci ; 1027: 150-7, 2004 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15644353

ABSTRACT

Heavy-metal fluoride glasses are very promising optical fiber materials because of their predicted ultralow loss and long transparency range. Although conventional silica fibers have attained their theoretical minimum loss of 0.15 dB/km, fluoride glasses have the potential to yield losses of only 0.001 dB/km. Fluoride glasses also exhibit transparency into mid-IR frequencies, a region inaccessible to silica fibers. However, this group of glasses is very unstable to devitrification during both bulk glass synthesis and fiber-drawing. This instability has limited their commercial exploitation to a small niche market in the laser industry. The ZBLAN glass (53ZrF(4)-20BaF(2)-4LaF(3)-3AlF(3)-20NaF) is the most promising of these materials since its fiber-drawing region lies on the edge, or possibly just outside its crystallization region. It is believed that additional research into understanding the nucleation mechanics involved in the devitrification of fluoride glasses will lead to the development of technology to suppress such nucleation, or at least minimize the associated crystallization temperature region, allowing high optical quality fibers to be produced. It has recently been demonstrated that a microgravity environment can suppress devitrification in ZBLAN glass preform preparation, and that devitrification may be reduced when preparing ZBLAN terrestrially in a containerless facility. It is believed that the role of viscosity is critical in the devitrification mechanism of ZBLAN glass and in determining the optimum fiber-drawing temperature. Unfortunately, viscosity data for fluoride glasses are only available above the melting point and around the glass transition. A piezoelectric viscometer has been developed and is being used to determine the missing viscosity data in the fiber-drawing and crystallization temperature regions. Shear thinning of the glasses and/or the application of hydrostatic pressure on the glasses have been recently proposed to be responsible for devitrification during fiber-drawing at 1 g and in reduced gravity. The study we report here is to explore the extent to which such a proposal is realistic.


Subject(s)
Fluorides/chemistry , Glass/chemistry , Silicon/chemistry , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry, Physical , Crystallization , Fluorine/chemistry , Hot Temperature , Infrared Rays , Materials Testing , Metals, Heavy , Pressure , Temperature , Tensile Strength , Weightlessness
19.
Ann N Y Acad Sci ; 974: 57-67, 2002 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12446313

ABSTRACT

It is now well known that the diffusion coefficient (D) measured in a laboratory in low earth orbit (LEO) is less than the corresponding value measured in a terrestrial laboratory. However, all LEO laboratories are subject to transient accelerations (g-jitter) superimposed on the steady reduced gravity environment of the space platform. In measurements of the diffusion coefficients for dilute binary alloys of Pb-(Ag, Au,Sb), Sb-(Ga,In), Bi-(Ag,Au,Sb), Sn-(Au,Sb), Al-(Fe, Ni,Si), and In-Sb in which g-jitter was suppressed, it was found that D proportional to T (temperature) if g-jitter was suppressed, rather than D proportional to T(2) as observed by earlier workers with g-jitter present. Furthermore, when a forced g-jitter was applied to a diffusion couple, the value measured for D increased. The significance of these results is reviewed in the light of recent work in which ab initio molecular dynamics simulations predicted a D proportional to T relationship.

20.
Ann N Y Acad Sci ; 974: 157-63, 2002 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12446322

ABSTRACT

Since the beginning of microgravity materials research, studies of diffusion in liquids have been performed as the typical research that efficiently uses the microgravity environment. Successful experiments in microgravity have demonstrated the ability of the Canadian Microgravity Program (QUEST I, QUELDs I and II) to make significant contributions to this field of international microgravity research. Recently, Millenium Biologix was selected to develop and build the advanced thermal environment facility (ATEN) for the International Space Station. The design of this new processing facility builds on the considerable experience gained in designing and building the QUELD II furnace and developing sealed samples for use on board a manned space platform. The system requirements for ATEN are presented, along with preliminary test data from a prototype furnace.

SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL