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BACKGROUND: Studies suggest biologic mechanisms for gestational exposure to radiation and impaired fetal development. We explored associations between gestational radon exposure and term low birthweight, for which evidence is limited. METHODS: We examined data for 68,159 singleton full-term births in Connecticut, USA, 2016-2018. Using a radon spatiotemporal model, we estimated ZIP code-level basement and ground-level exposures during pregnancy and trimesters for each participant's address at birth or delivery. We used logistic regression models, including confounders, to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for term low birth weight in four exposure quartiles (Q1 to Q4) with the lowest exposure group (Q1) as the reference. RESULTS: Exposure levels to basement radon throughout pregnancy (0.27-3.02 pCi/L) were below the guideline level set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (4 pCi/L). The ORs for term low birth weight in the second-highest (Q3; 1.01-1.33 pCi/L) exposure group compared to the reference (<0.79 pCi/L) group for basement radon during the first trimester was 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02, 1.45). The OR in the highest (Q4; 1.34-4.43 pCi/L) quartile group compared to the reference group during the first trimester was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.50). Risks from basement radon were higher for participants with lower income, lower maternal education levels, or living in urban regions. CONCLUSION: This study found increased term low birth weight risks for increases in basement radon. Results have implications for infants' health for exposure to radon at levels below the current national guideline for indoor radon concentrations and building remediations.
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BACKGROUND: Despite growing literature on animal feeding operations (AFOs) including concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), research on disproportionate exposure and associated health burden is relatively limited and shows inconclusive findings. OBJECTIVE: We systematically reviewed previous literature on AFOs/CAFOs, focusing on exposure assessment, associated health outcomes, and variables related to environmental justice (EJ) and potentially vulnerable populations. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of databases (MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science) and performed citation screening. Screening of titles, abstracts, and full-text articles and data extraction were performed independently by pairs of reviewers. We summarized information for each study (i.e., study location, study period, study population, study type, study design, statistical methods, and adjusted variables (if health association was examined), and main findings), AFO/CAFO characteristics and exposure assessment (i.e., animal type, data source, measure of exposure, and exposure assessment), health outcomes or symptoms (if health association was examined), and information related to EJ and potentially vulnerable populations (in relation to exposure and/or health associations, vulnerable populations considered, related variables, and main findings in relation to EJ and vulnerable populations). RESULTS: After initial screening of 10,963 papers, we identified 76 eligible studies. This review found that a relatively small number of studies (20 studies) investigated EJ and vulnerability issues related to AFOs/CAFOs exposure and/or associated health outcomes (e.g., respiratory diseases/symptoms, infections). We found differences in findings across studies, populations, the metrics used for AFO/CAFO exposure assessment, and variables related to EJ and vulnerability. The most commonly used metric for AFO/CAFO exposure assessment was presence of or proximity to facilities or animals. The most investigated variables related to disparities were race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION: Findings from this review provide suggestive evidence that disparities exist with some subpopulations having higher exposure and/or health response in relation to AFO/CAFO exposure, although results varied across studies.
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BACKGROUND: Military personnel suffer from stress-induced temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). No previous studies have evaluated the oral habits and TMD in military personnel based on their stress levels. OBJECTIVES: To examine the correlation between oral habits and TMD based on stress levels. In addition, we assessed the relationship between stress levels and TMD by military rank as well as the impact of oral habits on TMD. METHOD: This cross-sectional survey included 89 military personnel who visited the Armed Forces Medical Center in Korea with discomfort in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discomfort. Oral habits, stress level, TMD and general characteristics of the subjects were investigated. A questionnaire was distributed to the subjects who agreed to the study, and they were asked to respond in a self-written form. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to examine the factors that affect oral habits and TMJ symptoms. RESULTS: Stress scores and oral habits were highest in the 'Private' rank. In contrast, temporomandibular joint symptoms were highest in the 'Corporal' rank. Additionally, the high-risk stress group exhibited higher scores in oral habits and TMD compared to the potential stress group. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between an increase in high-risk stress scores and a rise in oral habits. And individuals with more oral habits are at an increased likelihood of experiencing TMD. CONCLUSION: Our study findings suggest that military personnel with prevent TMD and improve oral habits by addressing stress levels.
Subject(s)
Military Personnel , Temporomandibular Joint Disorders , Humans , Military Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Military Personnel/psychology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/epidemiology , Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/psychology , Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/physiopathology , Republic of Korea/epidemiology , Male , Adult , Female , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young Adult , Stress, Psychological/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Bruxism/epidemiology , HabitsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Various patterns of alcohol consumption are associated with trauma and violence. The aim of this study was to assess the association between traumatic dental injuries (TDI) due to violence and different patterns of alcohol consumption in Korean adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with representative sample of Korean adults. Among the total participants, 11.8% (6489/58,999) experienced TDI, and 0.9% (520/58,999) experienced TDI due to violence. The associations between various types of alcohol consumption (frequency of drinking, frequency of binge drinking, age of first drinking) and TDI due to violence were assessed using logistic regression analyses. We confirmed differences in the prevalence experience of TDI due to violence with various types of alcohol consumption by confounders (socioeconomic status). RESULTS: All types of drinking (frequency of drinking, frequency of binge drinking, age of first drinking) were strongly associated with TDI due to violence. After adjusting for confounders, those who started drinking at the age of 18 or younger and drank 4 or more days a week (OR: 2.86, 95% CI: 1.68-4.88), those who started drinking at the age of 18 or younger and drank 3 days or less a week (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.40-4.02), and those who started drinking at the age of 18 or younger and binge drinking at least once a week (OR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.79-5.65) had higher prevalence of TDI due to violence compared to those with no alcohol drinking. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents evidence of an association between various types of alcohol consumption and TDI due to violence in Korean adults. These findings suggest the necessity for policies aimed at reducing alcohol consumption, frequency of drinking, and access to drinking especially in adolescent to reduce the prevalence experience of TDI due to violence.
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Mo(II) and W(II) compounds, Mo(η3-allyl)(CO)2(Tri-MEDA)Br (1), Mo(η3-allyl)(CO)2(TMEDA)Br (2), W(η3-allyl)(CO)2(Tri-MEDA)Br (3), and W(η3-allyl)(CO)2(TMEDA)Br (4) (Tri-MEDA = N,N,N'-trimethylethylenediamine), were synthesized and characterized. The molecular structures of 1 and 3 were nearly identical with a pseudo-octahedral geometry except for the different Mo and W metal centers. The thermogravimetric analysis of 1 and 3 showed approximately 53 and 64% residues at 550 °C, respectively, which were significantly higher than the values for the expected materials. However, 1 and 3 sublimed at 100 °C under 0.40 Torr and 120 °C under 0.50 Torr, respectively, confirming that they were volatile. For 1 and 3, the temperatures at a vapor pressure of 1 Torr and enthalpies of vaporization (ΔHvap) were 168.78 °C and 143.8 kJ mol-1, and 167.48 °C and 148.5 kJ mol-1, respectively. The tungsten compound (3) exhibited good durability for 5 weeks under a thermal stability test at a sublimation temperature of 120 °C.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between the usage of interdental cleaning and periodontal status among older people in Korea. BACKGROUND: In order to maintain oral health in older people, it is very important to use interdental cleaning devices. However, there is a lack of research on periodontal status and interdental cleaning device use in older people. METHODS: This study used data collected from the 7th National Health Nutrition Survey (KNHANES VII: 2016-2018). A total of 3426 older people adults aged 65 years or older were selected from 16 489 participants. Data on sociodemographic status (sex, age, level of education, income, residential area), personal health practice (subjective health status, smoking, physical activity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus), oral health practice (subjective oral health status, tooth brushing frequency, dental visits, and chewing problem), the number of teeth and periodontitis were collected. Periodontitis was defined as having a World Health Organisation community periodontal index (CPI) code greater than or equal to three, and severe periodontitis was defined as a CPI code 4. Participants having a CPI code of 3 or 4 were considered to have periodontal disease in this study. Logistic regression analysis investigated the association between interdental cleaning devices usage and periodontitis controlling the confounding factors. RESULTS: Those who do not use dental floss had a higher rate of periodontal disease (AOR = 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05 to 2.1). However, there were no significant differences by interdental brush use. In those with 20 or more teeth, non-users of dental floss had a higher risk of periodontitis in all models. Conversely, in those with fewer than 20 teeth, no significant differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Older people with mostly intact dentitions have better periodontal health if they clean between their teeth.
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BACKGROUND: Although previous literature suggested that several factors may be associated with higher risk of adverse health outcomes related to heat, research is limited for birth outcomes. OBJECTIVES: We investigated associations between exposure to heat/heat waves during the last week of gestation and preterm birth (PTB) in North Carolina (NC) and evaluated effect modification by residential greenness, urbanicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS: We obtained individual-level NC birth certificate data for May-September 2003-2014. We estimated daily mean temperature at each maternal residential address using Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data. We created 3 definitions of heat waves (daily temperature ≥95th, 97th, 99th percentile for NC warm season temperature, for ≥2 consecutive days). Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to assess residential greenness. Community-level modifiers (e.g., income, urbanicity) were considered. We applied Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the association between exposure to heat/heat waves and PTB, controlling for covariates. Stratified analyses were conducted to evaluate whether the association between heat and PTB varied by several individual and community characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 546,441 births, 8% were preterm. Heat exposure during the last week before delivery was significantly associated with risk of PTB. The hazard ratio for a 1 °C increase in temperature during the last week before delivery was 1.01 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.02). Higher heat-PTB risk was associated with some characteristics (e.g., areas that were urbanized, low SES, or in the Coastal Plain). We also found significant PTB-heat risk in areas with low greenness for urbanized area. For heat waves, we did not find significantly positive associations with PTB. DISCUSSION: Findings provide evidence that exposure to heat during pregnancy increases risk of PTB and suggest disparities in these risks. Our results have implications for future studies of disparity in heat and birth outcomes associations.
Subject(s)
Premature Birth , Female , Hot Temperature , Humans , Infant, Newborn , North Carolina/epidemiology , Pregnancy , Premature Birth/epidemiology , Premature Birth/etiology , Social Class , TemperatureABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Although many studies demonstrated reduced mortality risk with higher greenness, few studies examined the modifying effect of greenness on air pollution-health associations. We evaluated residential greenness as an effect modifier of the association between long-term exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) and mortality. METHODS: We used data from all Medicare beneficiaries in North Carolina (NC) and Michigan (MI) (2001-2016). We estimated annual PM2.5 averages using ensemble prediction models. We estimated mortality risk per 1 µg/m3 increase using Cox proportional hazards modeling, controlling for demographics, Medicaid eligibility, and area-level covariates. We investigated health disparities by greenness using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index with measures of urbanicity and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: PM2.5 was positively associated with mortality risk. Hazard ratios (HRs) were 1.12 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12 to 1.13) for NC and 1.01 (95% CI = 1.00 to 1.01) for MI. HRs were higher for rural than urban areas. Within each category of urbanicity, HRs were generally higher in less green areas. For combined disparities, HRs were higher in low greenness or low SES areas, regardless of the other factor. HRs were lowest in high-greenness and high-SES areas for both states. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, those in low SES and high-greenness areas had lower associations between PM2.5 and mortality than those in low SES and low greenness areas. Multiple aspects of disparity factors and their interactions may affect health disparities from air pollution exposures. Findings should be considered in light of uncertainties, such as our use of modeled PM2.5 data, and warrant further investigation.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants , Air Pollution , Aged , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Air Pollution/analysis , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Humans , Medicare , Michigan/epidemiology , North Carolina/epidemiology , Particulate Matter/analysis , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported environmental disparities regarding exposure to concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Public health implications of environmental justice from the intensive livestock industry are of great concern in North Carolina (NC), USA, a state with a large number and extensive history of CAFOs. OBJECTIVES: We examined disparities by exposure to CAFOs using several environmental justice metrics and considering potentially vulnerable subpopulations. METHODS: We obtained data on permitted animal facilities from NC Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). Using ZIP code level variables from the 2010 Census, we evaluated environmental disparities by eight environmental justice metrics (i.e., percentage of Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, or Hispanic; percentage living below the poverty level; median household income; percentage with education less than high school diploma; racial residential isolation (RI) for Non-Hispanic Black; and educational residential isolation (ERI) for population without college degree). We applied two approaches to assign CAFOs exposure for each ZIP code: (1) a count method based on the number of CAFOs within ZIP code; and (2) a buffer method based on the area-weighted number of CAFOs using a 15 km buffer. RESULTS: Spatial distributions of CAFOs exposure generally showed similar patterns between the two exposure methods. However, some ZIP codes had different estimated CAFOs exposure for the different approaches, with higher exposure when using the buffer method. Our findings indicate that CAFOs are located disproportionately in communities with higher percentage of minorities and in low-income communities. Distributions of environmental justice metrics generally showed similar patterns for both exposure methods, however starker disparities were observed using a buffer method. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings of the disproportionate location of CAFOs provide evidence of environmental disparities with respect to race and socioeconomic status in NC and have implications for future studies of environmental and health impacts of CAFOs.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Benchmarking , Black or African American , Animals , Environmental Exposure , Hispanic or Latino , Humans , North CarolinaABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined temperature's effect on adverse birth outcomes and relevant effect modifiers. OBJECTIVES: We investigated associations between heat and adverse birth outcomes and how individual and community characteristics affect these associations for Seoul, Korea, 2004-2012. METHODS: We applied logistic regression to estimate associations between heat index during pregnancy, 4 weeks before delivery, and 1 week before delivery and risk of preterm birth and term low birth weight. We investigated effect modification by individual (infant's sex, mother's age, and mother's educational level) and community characteristics (socioeconomic status (SES) and percentage of green areas near residence at the gu level, which is similar to borough in Western countries). We also evaluated associations by combinations of individual- and community-level SES. RESULTS: Heat exposure during whole pregnancy was significantly associated with risk of preterm birth. An interquartile (IQR) increase (5.5⯰C) in heat index during whole pregnancy was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.033 (95% CI 1.005, 1.061) with NO2 adjustment, and 1.028 (95% CI 0.998, 1.059) with PM10 adjustment, for preterm birth. We also found significant associations with heat exposure during 4 weeks before delivery and 1 week before delivery on preterm birth. We did not observe significant associations with term low birth weight. Higher risk of heat on preterm birth was associated with some individual characteristics such as infants with younger or older mothers and lower community-level SES. For combinations of individual- and community-level SES, the highest and most significant estimated effect was found for infants with low educated mothers living in low SES communities, with suggestions of effects of both individual-and community-level SES. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings have implications for evaluating impacts of high temperatures on birth outcomes, estimating health impacts of climate change, and identifying which subpopulations and factors are most relevant for disparities in this association.
Subject(s)
Hot Temperature , Premature Birth , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pregnancy , Republic of Korea , Seoul , TemperatureABSTRACT
Heat waves are anticipated to worsen with climate change. India, an understudied area with >15% of the world's population, commonly experiences temperature extremes and already resembles potential future climates of more temperate regions. Registry data from local municipal corporations and government offices were collected and translated, yielding daily all-cause mortality for 4 communities in Northwest India for all or part of the period 2000-2012. Heat waves were defined as ≥2 days with local temperature ≥97th percentile for that community. An alternate definition matching that used by the Indian Meteorological Department was also developed, to enhance policy relevance. Community-specific average daily maximum temperature over the entire record ranged from 32.5 to 34.2⯰C (90.5-93.6⯰F). Across communities, total mortality increased 18.1% during heat wave days compared with non-heat-wave days [95% confidence interval (CI): -5.3%, 47.3%], with the highest risk in Jaipur (29.9% [95% CI: 24.6%, 34.9%]). Evidence of effect modification by heat wave characteristics (intensity, duration, and timing in season) was limited. Findings indicate health risks associated with heat waves in communities with high baseline temperatures. Results can inform heat wave-health assessments in temperate regions in future, and improve our understanding of temperature-health associations under climate change. Further investigation of potential effect modification by heat wave characteristics is needed.
Subject(s)
Climate Change , Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Hot Temperature , Mortality/trends , Humans , India/epidemiology , Seasons , TemperatureABSTRACT
Identifying periods of increased vulnerability to air pollution during pregnancy with respect to the development of adverse birth outcomes can improve understanding of possible mechanisms of disease development and provide guidelines for protection of the child. Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy is typically based on the mother's residence at delivery, potentially resulting in exposure misclassification and biasing the estimation of critical windows of pregnancy. In this study, we determined the impact of maternal residential mobility during pregnancy on defining weekly exposure to particulate matter less than or equal to 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) and estimating windows of susceptibility to term low birth weight. We utilized data sets from 4 Connecticut birth cohorts (1988-2008) that included information on all residential addresses between conception and delivery for each woman. We designed a simulation study to investigate the impact of increasing levels of mobility on identification of critical windows. Increased PM10 exposure during pregnancy weeks 16-18 was associated with an increased probability of term low birth weight. Ignoring residential mobility when defining weekly exposure had only a minor impact on the identification of critical windows for PM10 and term low birth weight in the data application and simulation study. Identification of critical pregnancy windows was robust to exposure misclassification caused by ignoring residential mobility in these Connecticut birth cohorts.
Subject(s)
Air Pollution/adverse effects , Birth Weight , Particulate Matter/adverse effects , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Adult , Cohort Studies , Computer Simulation , Female , Humans , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Infant, Newborn , Male , Models, Statistical , Population Dynamics , Pregnancy , Young AdultABSTRACT
The binding of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) to its cognate receptor initiates many immune and inflammatory processes. The drugs, etanercept (Enbrel®), infliximab (Remicade®), adalimumab (Humira®), certolizumab-pegol (Cimzia®), and golimumab (Simponi®), are anti-TNFα agents. These drugs block TNFα from interacting with its receptors and have enabled the development of breakthrough therapies for the treatment of several autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriatic arthritis. In this review, we describe the latest works on the structural characterization of TNFα-TNFα antagonist interactions related to their therapeutic efficacy at the atomic level. A comprehensive comparison of the interactions of the TNFα blockers would provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which they neutralize TNFα. In addition, an enhanced understanding of the higher order complex structures and quinary structures of the TNFα antagonists can support the development of better biologics with the improved pharmacokinetic properties. Accumulation of these structural studies can provide a basis for the improvement of therapeutic agents against TNFα for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune inflammatory diseases in which TNFα plays an important role in pathogenesis.
Subject(s)
Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry , Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology , Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use , Antirheumatic Agents/chemistry , Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy , Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism , Humans , Lymphotoxin-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Models, Molecular , Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry , Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/chemistry , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
Air pollution is known to lead to a substantial health burden, but the majority of evidence is based on data from North America and Europe. Despite rising pollution levels, very limited information is available for South Asia. We investigated the impact of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 µm (PM10) on hospitalization, by cause and subpopulation, in the Kathmandu Valley, an understudied and rapidly urbanizing region in Nepal. Individual-level daily inpatient hospitalization data (2004-2007) were collected from each of 6 major hospitals, as Nepal has no central data collection system. Time-stratified case-crossover analysis was used with interaction terms for potential effect modifiers (e.g., age, sex, and socioeconomic status), with adjustment for day of the week and weather. Daily PM10 concentrations averaged 120 µg/m3, with the daily maximum reaching 403 µg/m3. A 10-µg/m3 increase in PM10 level was associated with increased risks of hospitalization of 1.00% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62, 1.38), 1.70% (95% CI: 0.18, 3.25), and 2.29% (95% CI: 0.18, 4.43) for total, respiratory, and cardiovascular admissions, respectively. We did not find strong evidence of effect modification by age, sex, or socioeconomic status. These results, in combination with the high levels of exposure, indicate a potentially serious human health burden from air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Particulate Matter/adverse effects , Patient Admission/statistics & numerical data , Respiration Disorders/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Air Pollutants/adverse effects , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Air Pollution/analysis , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cross-Over Studies , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nepal/epidemiology , Particulate Matter/analysis , Respiration Disorders/etiology , Social Class , Young AdultABSTRACT
Many studies have found associations between particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) and adult mortality. Comparatively few studies evaluated particles and infant mortality, although infants and children are particularly vulnerable to pollution. Moreover, existing studies mostly focused on short-term exposure to larger particles. We investigated PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy and lifetime and postneonatal infant mortality. The study included 465,682 births with 385 deaths in Massachusetts (2001-2007). Exposures were estimated from PM2.5-prediction models based on satellite imagery. We applied extended Cox proportional hazards modeling with time-dependent covariates to total, respiratory, and sudden infant death syndrome mortality. Exposure was calculated from birth to death (or end of eligibility for outcome, at age 1 year) and pregnancy (gestation and each trimester). Models adjusted for sex, birth weight, gestational length, season of birth, temperature, relative humidity, and maternal characteristics. Hazard ratios for total, respiratory, and sudden infant death syndrome mortality per-interquartile-range increase (1.3 µg/m3) in lifetime PM2.5 exposure were 2.66 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.11, 3.36), 3.14 (95% CI: 2.39, 4.13), and 2.50 (95% CI: 1.56, 4.00), respectively. We did not observe a statistically significant relationship between gestational exposure and mortality. Our findings provide supportive evidence that lifetime exposure to PM2.5 increases risk of infant mortality.
Subject(s)
Infant Mortality , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Particulate Matter/adverse effects , Adult , Educational Status , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Marital Status , Massachusetts/epidemiology , Maternal Age , Particulate Matter/analysis , Pregnancy , Proportional Hazards Models , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The health impacts of wildfire smoke, including fine particles (PM2.5), are not well understood and may differ from those of PM2.5 from other sources due to differences in concentrations and chemical composition. METHODS: First, for the entire Western United States (561 counties) for 2004-2009, we estimated daily PM2.5 concentrations directly attributable to wildfires (wildfires-specific PM2.5), using a global chemical transport model. Second, we defined smoke wave as ≥2 consecutive days with daily wildfire-specific PM2.5 > 20 µg/m, with sensitivity analysis considering 23, 28, and 37 µg/m. Third, we estimated the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions associated with smoke waves for Medicare enrollees. We used a generalized linear mixed model to estimate the relative risk of hospital admissions on smoke wave days compared with matched comparison days without wildfire smoke. RESULTS: We estimated that about 46 million people of all ages were exposed to at least one smoke wave during 2004 to 2009 in the Western United States. Of these, 5 million are Medicare enrollees (≥65 years). We found a 7.2% (95% confidence interval: 0.25%, 15%) increase in risk of respiratory admissions during smoke wave days with high wildfire-specific PM2.5 (>37 µg/m) compared with matched non smoke wave days. We did not observe an association between smoke wave days with wildfire-specific PM2.5 ≤ 37 µg/mand respiratory or cardiovascular admissions. Respiratory effects of wildfire-specific PM2.5 may be stronger than that of PM2.5 from other sources. CONCLUSION: Short-term exposure to wildfire-specific PM2.5was associated with risk of respiratory diseases in the elderly population in the Western United States during severe smoke days. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B137.
Subject(s)
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Particulate Matter , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Smoke , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Wildfires/statistics & numerical data , Aged , Humans , Medicare , Midwestern United States , Northwestern United States , Southwestern United States , United States , WeatherABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Although numerous studies have shown increased risk of mortality from elevated temperatures for adults, limited studies have examined temperature's effect on mortality for infants. Our study investigated the city-specific and overall effects of ambient temperature on infant mortality in seven major cities in Korea, 2004-2007. METHODS: Birth cohort using a linked birth and death records included 777,570 births with 557 all-cause deaths. We estimated city-specific hazard ratios for each city using an extended Cox proportional hazards model with time-dependent covariates. Then we combined city-specific hazard ratios to generate overall hazard ratio across the seven cities using a Bayesian hierarchical model. Stratified analyses were conducted by cause of death (total and SIDS), exposure period (whole gestation, each trimester, lifetime, 1 month before death, and 2 weeks before death), sex, and maternal characteristics. RESULTS: Overall across the cities, we found significantly positive associations between ambient temperature during 1 month before death or 2 weeks before death and infant mortality from total or SIDS. The overall hazard ratio of infant mortality from total deaths and SIDS for a 1°C increase during 1 month before death was 1.52 (95% CI, 1.46-1.57) and 1.50 (95% CI, 1.35-1.66), respectively. We also found suggestive evidence that some factors such as mother's age may modify the association. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings have implications for establishment of policy to reduce the risk of infant mortality from high ambient temperature under climate change.
Subject(s)
Hot Temperature/adverse effects , Sudden Infant Death/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Bayes Theorem , Cities , Climate Change , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Mothers , Proportional Hazards Models , Republic of Korea/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Sudden Infant Death/etiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Monoclonal antibodies against TNFα, including infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol, are widely used for the treatment of the inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Recently, the crystal structures of TNFα, in complex with the Fab fragments of infliximab and adalimumab, have revealed the molecular mechanisms of these antibody drugs. Here, we report the crystal structure of TNFα in complex with the Fab fragment of certolizumab pegol to clarify the precise antigen-antibody interactions and the structural basis for the neutralization of TNFα by this therapeutic antibody. The structural analysis and the mutagenesis study revealed that the epitope is limited to a single protomer of the TNFα trimer. Additionally, the DE loop and the GH loop of TNFα play critical roles in the interaction with certolizumab, suggesting that this drug exerts its effects by partially occupying the receptor binding site of TNFα. In addition, a conformational change of the DE loop was induced by certolizumab binding, thereby interrupting the TNFα-receptor interaction. A comprehensive comparison of the interactions of TNFα blockers with TNFα revealed the epitope diversity on the surface of TNFα, providing a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of TNFα blockers. The accumulation of these structural studies can provide a basis for the improvement of therapeutic antibodies against TNFα.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy , Certolizumab Pegol/immunology , Certolizumab Pegol/therapeutic use , Inflammation/drug therapy , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology , Amino Acid Sequence , Autoimmune Diseases/complications , Certolizumab Pegol/chemistry , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry , Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology , Inflammation/complications , Kinetics , Mutagenesis/genetics , Mutant Proteins/chemistry , Protein Binding , Protein Structure, Secondary , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/chemistryABSTRACT
For monitoring and risk assessment, levels and distributions of Σ29 PCBs in paddy soil samples collected from Gwangyang (10 sites) and Ulsan (20 sites), heavily industrialized cities in Korea, were investigated using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Overall, total concentrations of Σ29 PCBs in Gwangyang (216.4-978.6 pg g-1 dw) and Ulsan (273.8-1824.1 pg g-1 dw) were higher than those (106.6-222.6 pg g-1 dw) in agricultural soil from Anseong in Korea. The TEQ (toxic equivalency) values from Gwangyang (0.06-0.40 ng TEQ kg-1 dw) and Ulsan (0.06-0.22 ng TEQ kg-1 dw) were higher than those (0.04-0.11 ng TEQ kg-1 dw) in Anseong but lower than the WHO threshold level (20 ng TEQ kg-1). However, one of the most toxic congeners, PCB 126, gave the highest concentration, possibly posing a risk to the biota. Seven indicator PCB congeners contributed to 50-80% of the total concentration of Σ29 PCBs, indicating the 7 PCBs can be used as valuable indicators for monitoring. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis for the homologue profiles of PCBs indicated that all the samples from both cities had the similar PCB contamination patterns, and the major sources of the PCB contamination were most likely from the usage of Aroclor 1254 than those of Aroclors 1242 and 1260. These PCB technical mixtures were possibly significantly used by various industries including iron and steel industries in Gwangyang and petrochemical and shipbuilding industries in Ulsan.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring/methods , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis , Risk Assessment/methods , Soil Pollutants/analysis , Agriculture , Cities , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods , Industry , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/toxicity , Principal Component Analysis , Republic of Korea , Soil Pollutants/toxicityABSTRACT
Urban areas are particularly vulnerable to heat-related health outcomes. Simultaneous trends of climate change and urbanization may increase the urban heat-related health burden. We investigated the effects of urban vegetation on heat-related mortality, and evaluated whether different levels of vegetation and individuals' characteristics affect the temperature-mortality associations within Seoul, Korea 2000-2009. We used Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to assess the urban vegetation within Seoul. We applied an overdispersed Poisson generalized linear model with interaction term between temperature and indicator of NDVI group (categorized in 3 levels) to assess the effect modification of the temperature-mortality association by urban vegetation. We conducted stratified analysis to explore whether associations are affected by individual characteristics of sex and age. The association between total mortality and a 1°C increase in temperature above the 90th percentile (25.1°C) (the "heat effect") was the highest for gus with low NDVI. The heat effect was a 4.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3, 5.9%), 3.0% (95% CI 0.2, 5.9%), and 2.2% (95% CI -0.5, 5.0%) increase in mortality risk for low, medium, and high NDVI group, respectively. Estimated risks showed similar effects by sex and age. Our findings suggest a higher mortality effect of high temperature in areas with lower vegetation in Seoul, Korea.