ABSTRACT
Two new peptides, chujamides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the marine sponge Suberites waedoensis, which was collected from Korean waters. Based upon the results of the combined spectroscopic analyses, the structures of these compounds were determined to be proline-riched and cyclic cystine bridged dodeca- and undecapeptides. The absolute configurations of all amino acid residues were determined to be l by advanced Marfey's analysis. The new compounds exhibited weak cytotoxicities against A549 and K562 cell-lines, and compound 2 also demonstrated moderate inhibitory activity against Naâº/Kâº-ATPase.
Subject(s)
Bridged-Ring Compounds/chemistry , Cysteine/chemistry , Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry , Porifera/chemistry , Amino Acids/chemistry , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Bridged-Ring Compounds/isolation & purification , Cell Line, Tumor , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Humans , Peptides, Cyclic/isolation & purification , Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology , Proline/chemistry , Republic of Korea , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/antagonists & inhibitorsABSTRACT
Because of its widespread use, the pharmaceutical acetaminophen (APAP) is frequently detected in aquatic environments. APAP can have serious physiological effects, such as reduced reproduction, low growth rates, and abnormal behavior, in aquatic organisms. However, the methods available for evaluation of the aquatic toxicity of APAP are of limited usefulness. The present study aimed to develop reliable and sensitive markers for evaluation of APAP toxicity using Daphnia as a model organism. We focused on N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) production from APAP via cytochrome P450 metabolism because NAPQI causes APAP toxicity. Daphnia magna were exposed to APAP (0, 50, or 100â¯mg/L for 12â¯h or 24â¯h), and the total metabolites were extracted and analyzed for NAPQI. Direct detection of NAPQI was difficult because of its high reactivity, and its peak was close to that for APAP. Therefore, we tried to identify molecular and biochemical indicators associated with NAPQI generation, elimination, and its interactions with macromolecules. We identified changes in CYP370A13 gene expression, glutathione depletion, inhibition of thioredoxin reductase activity, and production of reactive oxygen species as indicators of D. magna exposure to APAP. These indicators could be used to develop sensitive and accurate techniques to evaluate the environmental toxicity of APAP.