Descriptive epidemiology of prostate cancer in India, 2012-2019: Insights from the National Cancer Registry Programme.

Purpose: This study describes the epidemiology, clinical extent at diagnosis, and treatment modalities for prostate cancer in India. Methodology: This study is a secondary analysis of primary prostate cancer data sourced from the National Cancer Registry Programme. Data from population-based cancer registry for the period 2012-2016 were used to estimate the incidence rates, including crude incidence rate (CR), age-adjusted incidence rate (AAR), age-specific rate, and cumulative risk. Trends in the AAR were assessed using join-point regression. Hospital-Based Cancer Registry data from 2012 to 2019 were used to describe the clinical extent of the cancer at diagnosis and the treatment modalities. Results: The incidence of prostate cancers was higher in urban registries such as Delhi, Kamrup Urban, and Mumbai (AAR of 11.8 per 100,000, 10.9 per 100,000, and 9.7 per 100,000, respectively). Prostate cancer incidence showed a rise after the age of 50, with a notable acceleration after age 64. The overall annual percentage change for prostate cancer incidence from 1982 to 2016 was 2.6. Around 43.0% of all prostate cancers were diagnosed at the distant metastatic stage. Surgery and radiotherapy, either as standalone treatments or in combination with other modalities, contributed to the treatment of 78.5% of localized cancer, 74.2% of locoregional cancer, and 57.2% of distant metastatic stage of prostate cancer. Conclusion: There is heterogeneity in the incidence of prostate cancer, as evidenced by urban registries. Additionally, there is a need for downstaging the disease, without risking overdiagnosis.

A clinicoepidemiological profile of lung cancers in India - Results from the National Cancer Registry Programme.

Background & objectives: Lung cancer is a significant public health concern in low- and middle-income countries such as India. The present article describes the epidemiology, and clinical profile of lung cancer in India, based on recent data from the National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP). Methods: The latest data on lung cancer from the NCRP were collated from 28 population-based cancer registries and 58 hospital-based cancer registries across a five-year (2012-2016) reporting period. Results: The highest age-adjusted incidence rate and mortality (AAMR) was found amongst males and females in the Aizawl district of Mizoram. A significant increase in the annual per cent change of lung cancer incidence was observed in metropolitan cities from 1982 to 2016. About one-third of the cases (36.5%) in males and females (31.7%) were recorded in the age group of 55-64 yr. Adenocarcinoma accounted for about a third (34.3%) of the morphological type in males and half (52.7% ) amongst females. Out of 22,645 recorded lung cancer cases, close to half (44.8%) of the patients presented with distant spread, while over one-third (35.3%) had loco-regional spread of disease at the time of diagnosis. Interpretation & conclusions: Our estimates suggest that the number of cases is expected to rise sharply to 81,219 cases amongst males and 30,109 in females in 2025. The rising incidence and delayed diagnosis of lung cancer in India are grave concerns. The findings of the present study call for scaling up and intensification of lung cancer-specific preventive, early diagnosis and control measures.

Epidemiology of human papillomavirus related cancers in India: findings from the National Cancer Registry Programme.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes more than one-fourth of infection related cancers globally. The present study summarises the epidemiology of HPV related cancers in India, with a special focus on cervical and oropharyngeal cancer, utilising the National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) data. The data on HPV related cancer incidence and treatment were extracted from 28 population-based and 96 hospital-based cancer registries under the NCRP network. Incidence was presented as rates, clinical extent of disease and treatment provided as percentages. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to calculate annual percent change in age adjusted incidence rates (AARs) over time. Incidence of HPV related cancers for 2025 was projected. Among all cancers, 7.5% were HPV related cancers. Cervical cancer (87.6%) and oropharyngeal cancer (63.2%) were the most common HPV related cancers in India among females and males, respectively. Cervical cancer was highest in Papumpare district (AAR: 27.7 per 100,000) and oropharyngeal cancer among males in East Khasi Hills district Population Based Cancer Registry (AAR: 11.4 per 100,000). In most PBCRS, cervical cancer incidence rate decreased significantly over the period of time. The majority of these cancers presented at locoregional spread stage of the disease and were treated with chemoradiation. The projected incidence of HPV related cancers is expected to increase to 121,302 by 2025. Implementation of effective prevention and control strategies like HPV vaccination and scaling up of screening could reduce the burden of HPV related cancers. Evidence from NCRP serves as the baseline to monitor the impact of HPV related policies and programmes in improving the outcome and prognosis.

A rapid assessment of the impact of coronavirus disease (COVID- 19) pandemic on health care & service delivery for noncommunicable diseases in India.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic had disrupted the availability, access and utilisation of routine health care services. The present study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on India's Non communicable Disease (NCD) health care service delivery. METHODS: The study included existing hospitals in disease registry network of the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research (ICMR-NCDIR), Bengaluru. The study participants comprised site investigators who were clinicians from many specialities, including general medicine, surgery, cancer, neurology, cardiology, and endocrinology. A standardised questionnaire was prepared to collect data on NCD health care services at the respective hospitals over three months from March to May 2020. RESULTS: Out of 153 hospitals approached for the study, 106 (70%) agreed to participate. Of these, 16 hospitals fully converted for COVID-19 care were excluded from the study. Thus, data from 90 hospitals were included in the final analysis. There had been a total disruption of NCD-related healthcare services during the three months in 44% of the hospitals. In April 2020, the outpatient attendance for over one-third of the hospitals was reduced by more than 75%. Admissions for planned surgeries for cancer treatment were reduced by more than 75% for about 40% of the hospitals. Preventive activities and population-based screening for diabetes, hypertension and cancer appear to have been adversely affected, with about one-third of the hospitals reporting total disruption in April and May 2020. As many as 60% of the institutions reported adequate availability of doctors. Over 91% of the institutions had preparedness/action plans to ensure the continuity of NCD services. CONCLUSION: The study shows that despite adequate human and material resources, NCD outpatient services, elective surgeries and population-based screening were severely affected. Most institutions were prepared to overcome the pandemic-imposed disruption and ensure a continuum of care for NCDs'.

Descriptive Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Cancers: Results from National Cancer Registry Programme, India.

PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the incidence, histology, clinical extent of disease, and trends of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers in India. METHODS: GI cancer cases diagnosed between 2012-2016 from 28 Population-Based Cancer Registries and 58 Hospital Based Cancer Registries under the National Cancer Registry Programme were included. Crude incidence rate and age-standardized incidence rates (AARs) were calculated. Joinpoint regression program, 4.0.1 was used for trend analysis for data from 1982 to 2016, and a P-value of <<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: GI cancers' occurrence was more common among men (60.5%) than in women (39.5%). The incidence of GI cancer was highest in India's northeast region, Aizawl district (AAR 126.9) among males, and in Papumpare district (AAR 75.9) among females. The commonest cancer among men was cancer of the esophagus (28.2%), followed by stomach cancer (21%) and rectum cancer (14.3%). Among women, cancer of the esophagus (25.7%), gallbladder (23.8%), stomach (14.8%), and rectum (14.6%) were common. Adenocarcinoma (57.83%) was the commonest type of GI tumors, followed by Squamous Cell neoplasms (25.99%). Majority of the GI cancers presented at the locoregional stage, but cancer of the gall bladder and pancreas presented at advanced stages. A rising trend for cancers of the colon, rectum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas was seen, while a declining trend was observed for stomach and oesophageal cancer. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights an increasing magnitude of GI cancers across different regions of India. Cancer registries form an essential tool for surveillance of GI cancers thus guiding prevention, early detection, and control programs.

Cancer Statistics, 2020: Report From National Cancer Registry Programme, India.

PURPOSE: The systematic collection of data on cancer is being performed by various population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) and hospital-based cancer registries (HBCRs) across India under the National Cancer Registry Programme-National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research of Indian Council of Medical Research since 1982. METHODS: This study examined the cancer incidence, patterns, trends, projections, and mortality from 28 PBCRs and also the stage at presentation and type of treatment of patients with cancer from 58 HBCRs (N = 667,666) from the pooled analysis for the composite period 2012-2016. Time trends in cancer incidence rate were generated as annual percent change from 16 PBCRs (those with a minimum of 10 years of continuous good data available) using Joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Aizawl district (269.4) and Papumpare district (219.8) had the highest age-adjusted incidence rates among males and females, respectively. The projected number of patients with cancer in India is 1,392,179 for the year 2020, and the common 5 leading sites are breast, lung, mouth, cervix uteri, and tongue. Trends in cancer incidence rate showed an increase in all sites of cancer in both sexes and were high in Kamrup urban (annual percent change, 3.8%; P < .05). The majority of the patients with cancer were diagnosed at the locally advanced stage for breast (57.0%), cervix uteri (60.0%), head and neck (66.6%), and stomach (50.8%) cancer, whereas in lung cancer, distant metastasis was predominant among males (44.0%) and females (47.6%). CONCLUSION: This study provides a framework for assessing the status and trends of cancer in India. It shall guide appropriate support for action to strengthen efforts to improve cancer prevention and control to achieve the national noncommunicable disease targets and the sustainable development goals.

Trends in incidence of Ewing sarcoma of bone in India - Evidence from the National Cancer Registry Programme (1982-2011).

BACKGROUND: Ewing sarcoma is a malignant tumour found mainly in childhood and adolescence. The present study aims at analyzing the data on Ewing sarcoma cases of bone from the National Cancer Registry Programme, India to provide incidence, patterns, and trends in the Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data of five Population Based Cancer Registries (PBCR) of Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Bhopal and Delhi over 30 years period (1982- 2011) were used to calculate the Age Specific and Age Standardized Incidence Rates (ASpR and ASIR), and trends in incidence was analyzed by linear and Joinpoint Regression. RESULTS: Ewing sarcoma comprised around 15 % of all bone malignancies. Sixty-eight percent were 0-19 years, with 1.6 times risk of tumour in bones of limbs as compared to other bones. The highest incidence rate (per million) was in the 10-14 years age group (male -4.4, female -2.9) with significantly increasing trend in ASpR observed in both sexes. Pooled ASIR per million for all ages was higher in male (1.6) than female (1.0) with an increasing rate ratio of ASIR with increase in age. Trend of pooled ASIR for all ages was significantly increased in both sexes. Twelve percent cases were reported in ≥30 years of age. CONCLUSION: This paper has described population based measurements on burden and trends in incidence of skeletal Ewing in India. These may steer further research questions on the clinical and molecular epidemiology to explain factors associated with the increasing incidence of Ewing sarcoma bone observed in India.

Decreased Survival With Mastectomy Vis-à-Vis Breast-Conserving Surgery in Stage II and III Breast Cancers: A Comparative Treatment Effectiveness Study.

PURPOSE: The primary purpose of hospital-based cancer registries is assessing patient care. Clinical stage-based survival and treatment-based survival are some of the key parameters for such assessment. Because of the challenges in obtaining follow-up parameters, a separate study on patterns of care and survival was undertaken by the Indian National Cancer Registry Program. The results for cancer of the female breast are presented here. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data abstracted in a standardized patient information form were transmitted online to a central repository. Treatment patterns were assessed for 9,903 patients diagnosed between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2008, from 13 institutions. Survival analysis was restricted to 7,609 patients from nine institutions wherein follow-up details (as of December 31, 2012) were available for at least 60% of patients. RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival rates with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and mastectomy (MS) were 94.0% and 85.8%, respectively, for stage II disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.8 to 3.2) and 87.1% and 69.0%, respectively, for stage III disease (hazard ratio, 2.82; 95% CI, 2.2 to 3.7). Patients who had MS did better with systemic therapy (chemotherapy and/or hormone therapy), whereas patients with BCS required just local radiation therapy to achieve best survival. CONCLUSION: This observational study in the natural setting of care of patients with cancer in India showed significantly decreased survival with MS when compared with BCS. The reasons for lower survival with MS and the biologic or scientific rationale of the necessity of systemic therapy to achieve optimal survival in patients undergoing MS but not in those with BCS need further investigation.