Follicular CD8+ T cells promote immunoglobulin production and demyelination in multiple sclerosis and a murine model.

Emerging evidence underscores the importance of CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the precise mechanisms remain ambiguous. This study intends to elucidate the involvement of a novel subset of follicular CD8+ T cells (CD8+CXCR5+ T) in MS and an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model. The expansion of CD8+CXCR5+ T cells was observed in both MS patients and EAE mice during the acute phase. In relapsing MS patients, higher frequencies of circulating CD8+CXCR5+ T cells were positively correlated with new gadolinium-enhancement lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). In EAE mice, frequencies of CD8+CXCR5+ T cells were also positively correlated with clinical scores. These cells were found to infiltrate into ectopic lymphoid-like structures in the spinal cords during the peak of the disease. Furthermore, CD8+CXCR5+ T cells, exhibiting high expression levels of ICOS, CD40L, IL-21, and IL-6, were shown to facilitate B cell activation and differentiation through a synergistic interaction between CD40L and IL-21. Transferring CD8+CXCR5+ T cells into naïve mice confirmed their ability to enhance the production of anti-MOG35-55 antibodies and contribute to the disease progression. Consequently, CD8+CXCR5+ T cells may play a role in CNS demyelination through heightening humoral immune responses.

[ShRNA-mediated silencing of MDM2 inhibits growth of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells xenografted in nude mice].

OBJECTIVE: To construct a short hairpin (sh)RNA targeting the gene encoding the MDM2 oncoprotein in order to investigate its role in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its potential for use as a gene therapy strategy to inhibit HCC growth in vivo. METHODS: Small interfering (si)RNAs were designed targeting the MDM2 gene (siMDM2-1 and siMDM2-2) and unrelated sequences (negative control) and cloned into the expression plasmid pGCSilencer-U6-neo-GFP. A HCC mouse model was established by subcutaneous inoculation of HepG2 cells (2 x 10(6) in 0.2 ml) into 20 nude mice. The inoculated mice were divided into four equal groups for tumor-localized injections of saline, negative control siRNA plasmid, siMDM2-1 plasmid, and siMDM2-2 plasmid. Tumor growth was observed daily (by caliper measurement) for one month, when mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The tumor mass was resected for analysis of tumor inhibition rate (% = [(average tumor weight of control group - average tumor weight of treatment group) / average tumor weight of control group x 100]) and effects on MDM2 and p53 mRNA and protein expression (by reverse transcription- PCR and western blotting, both normalized to beta-actin). Significance of between-group differences was assessed by one-way ANOVA or LSD test; pairwise comparisons were made by the Chi-squared test. RESULTS: siMDM2-1 and siMDM2-2 suppressed the xenografted tumor growth remarkably (60.6% and 54.6% inhibition rates, respectively), significantly reduced the expression ofMDM2 gene (62.8% and 61.6%) and protein (60.7% and 59.5%), and significantly increased p53 gene (47.1% and 45.6%) and protein (45.9% and 44.3%) (all, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: shRNA-mediated silencing of the MDM2 gene effectively inhibits HCC tumorigenesis of subcutaneously xenografted HepG2 cells in nude mice, and the mechanism may involve p53.

IGF2BP2 promotes colorectal cancer progression by upregulating the expression of TFRC and enhancing iron metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system, ranking third for morbidity and mortality worldwide. At present, no effective control method is available for this cancer type. In tumor cells, especially iron metabolization, is necessary for its growth and proliferation. High levels of iron are an important feature to maintain tumor growth; however, the overall mechanism remains unclear. METHODS: We used western blotting, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time quantitative PCR to analyze the expression of IGF2BP2 in cell lines and tissues. Further, RNA-sequencing, RNA immunoprecipitation and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation experiments explored the specific binding of target genes. Moreover, the RNA stability assay was performed to determine the half-life of genes downstream of IGF2BP2. In addition, the Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation assay, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the effects of IGF2BP2 on proliferation and iron metabolism. Lastly, the role of IGF2BP2 in promoting CRC growth was demonstrated in animal models. RESULTS: We observed that IGF2BP2 is associated with iron homeostasis and that TFRC is a downstream target of IGF2BP2. Further, overexpression of TFRC can rescue the growth of IGF2BP2-knockdown CRC cells. Mechanistically, we determined that IGF2BP2 regulates TFRC methylation via METTL4, thereby regulating iron metabolism and promoting CRC growth. Furthermore, using animal models, we observed that IGF2BP2 promotes CRC growth. CONCLUSION: IGF2BP2 regulates TFRC mRNA methylation via METTL4, thereby regulating iron metabolism and promoting CRC growth. Our study highlights the key roles of IGF2BP2 in CRC carcinogenesis and the iron transport pathways.

Transcriptome Based System Biology Exploration Reveals Homogeneous Tumorigenicity of Alimentary Tract Malignancy.

Malignancies of alimentary tract include esophageal carcinoma (ESCA), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), and rectum adenocarcinoma (READ). Despite of their similarities in cancer development and progression, there are numerous researches concentrating on single tumor but relatively little on their common mechanisms. Our study explored the transcriptomic data of digestive tract cancers from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, yielding their common differentially expressed genes including 1,700 mRNAs, 29 miRNAs, and 362 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). There were 12 mRNAs, 5 miRNAs, and 16 lncRNAs in the core competitive endogenous RNAs network by RNA-RNA interactions, highlighting the prognostic nodes of SERPINE1, hsa-mir-145, and SNHG1. In addition, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) illustrated 20 gene modules associated with clinical traits. By taking intersections of modules related to the same trait, we got 67 common genes shared by ESCA and READ and screened 5 hub genes, including ADCY6, CXCL3, NPBWR1, TAS2R38, and PTGDR2. In conclusion, the present study found that SERPINE1/has-mir-145/SNHG1 axis acted as promising targets and the hub genes reasoned the similarity between ESCA and READ, which revealed the homogeneous tumorigenicity of digestive tract cancers at the transcriptome level and led to further comprehension and therapeutics for digestive tract cancers.

POMOF/SWNT Nanocomposites with Prominent Peroxidase-Mimicking Activity for l-Cysteine "On-Off Switch" Colorimetric Biosensing.

In order to explore novel colorimetric biosensors with high sensibility and selectivity, two new Keggin polyoxometalates (POMs)-based Cu-trz (1,2,4-triazole) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with suitable specific surface areas and multiple active sites were favorably fabricated; then single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were merged with new POMOFs to construct POMOF/SWNT nanocomposites. Herein, POMOF/SWNT nanocomposites as peroxidase mimics were explored for the first time, and the peroxidase-mimicking activity of the prepared POMOF/SWNT nanocomposites is heavily dependent on the mass ratio of POMOFs and SWNTs, in which the maximum activity is achieved at the mass ratio of 2.5:1 (named PMNT-2). More importantly, PMNT-2 exhibits the lowest limit of detection (0.103 µM) among all reported materials to date and the assumable selectivity toward l-cysteine (l-Cys) detection. With these findings, a convenient, sensitive, and effective "on-off switch" colorimetric platform for l-Cys detection has been successfully developed, providing a promising prospect in the biosensors and clinical diagnosis fields.

Recombinant DNA vaccine of Hantavirus Gn and LAMP1 induced long-term immune protection in mice.

BACKGROUND: Prophylaxis is widely adopted the best choice against Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by Hantavirus. However, loss of memory immune response maintenance remains as major shortcoming in current HFRS vaccine. A recombinant DNA vaccine, pVAX-LAMP/Gn was previously proved efficient, requiring long-term evaluations. METHODS & RESULTS: Immune responses of Balb/c mice were assessed by specific and neutralizing antibodies, interferon-γ ELISpot assay, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity assay. HTNV-challenge assay identified long-term protection. Safety was confirmed by histological and behavioral analysis. Epitope-spreading phenomenon was noted, revealing two sets of dominant T-cell epitopes cross-species. CONCLUSION: pVAX-LAMP/Gn established memory responses within a long-term protection. Lysosome-targeted strategy showed promise on Gn-based DNA vaccine and further investigations are warranted in other immunogenic Hantaviral antigens.

Construction and evaluation of DNA vaccine encoding Hantavirus glycoprotein N-terminal fused with lysosome-associated membrane protein.

BACKGROUND: Hantaviral diseases can have a high case fatality rate within the absence of broadly effective antiviral treatments or vaccines. We developed a DNA vaccine targeting the Hantavirus glycoprotein N-terminal (Gn) to major histocompatibility complex class II compartment by fusing the antigen with lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), which altered antigen presenting pathway and activated the CD4+ T cells. METHODS: The segments of Gn and LAMP1 were cloned into vector pVAX1, and recombinant plasmid was constructed by inserting Gn sequence into LAMP1, between luminal and the transmembrane/cytoplasmic domains. Subsequently, the protein expression was identified through immunoprecipitation, western blot and Immunofluorescent assay. Adaptive immune responses were assessed by the presence of specific and neutralizing antibodies, interferon (ELISpot results, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) cytotoxicity. Epitope mapping was performed to study the T-cell epitopes. Protective immunity in vivo was evaluated using a novel HTNV-challenging model, and safety evaluation was based on histological and behavioral observations. RESULTS: Native or LAMP1 targeting HTNV Gn was successfully identified. Humoral immune responses were enhanced, featuring with satisfying titers of specific and neutralizing antibody production. The boosted activities of IFN-γ and CTL cytotoxicity witnessed enhanced cellular immune responses. Effective protection against HTNV in vivo was conferred in all three vaccine groups by the challenge model. Safety was confirmed and one dominant T-cell epitope screened from immunized mice overlapped the specific T-cell hot spot in HFRS patients. CONCLUSION: LAMP1 targeting strategy successfully enhanced the efficacy of HTNV Gn-based vaccine, which is highly immunogenic and safe, showing promise for immunoprophylaxis against HFRS. Further investigations are warranted in the future.

[Prokaryotic expression, purification and identification of NY-ESO-1/GST fusion protein in E.coli].

AIM: To construct an expression plasmid for NY-ESO-1 gene and identify the expression of recombinant protein NY-ESO-1/GST in E.coli. METHODS: NY-ESO-1 segment was amplified from the testis cDNA library by RT-PCR and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX4T-1 downstream tagged by GST to construct the expression plasmid pGEX-4T1-NY-ESO-1. The recombinant vector was transformed to BL21 (DE3) and NY-ESO-1/GST fusion protein was induced expression by IPTG. The protein was purified by urea elution and identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. RESULTS: The NY-ESO-1 segment was successfully amplified and its sequence was identical with that published in GenBank. The BL21 (DE3) pLysS containing the pGEX-4T1-NY-ESO-1 expressed a M(r); 44 000 fusion protein under the induction of IPTG. The purity of the protein was 90%. Western blotting proved that NY-ESO-1/GST had a specific reaction with anti-GST mAb. CONCLUSION: The prokaryotic expression vector of NY-ESO-1 has been constructed and the fusion protein NY-ESO-1/GST of high purity is successfully expressed.

[The study of changes on NKT cells of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice].

AIM: To observe the changes of the number of NKT cells in spleens and livers of induced model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and to study the role NKT cells play in the immunoregulation of EAE. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were immunized with MOG (35-55) peptide and received clinical evaluation daily. The mice were sacrificed at the fastigium and the splenic and hepatic lymphocytes were isolated. The changes of NKT cells in normal and EAE C57BL/6 mice were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The percent of NKT cells in lymphocytes of different organs of EAE model were greater decreased than in that of normal mice. The percent of NKT cells in splenic lymphocytes of normal mice was 2.22+/-0.14, while that in EAE mice was 1.94+/-0.07 (P<0.05). The percent of NKT cells in hepatic lymphocytes of normal mice was 5.52+/-2.17, while that in EAE mice was 2.67+/-1.41 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The proliferation of splenic and hepatic NKT cells in C57BL/6 mice are inhibited in EAE model, which may indicate that the immune function conducted by NKT cell is down regulated in EAE mice.

[Prokaryotic expression, purification and identification of VEGFR2 D3.4/GST fusion protein in E.coli].

AIM: To construct a prokaryotic expression vector for the expression of VEGFR2 D3.4/GST fusion protein, Express and purify the fusion protein. METHODS: The coding sequence of the third and fourth extracellular domain of human VEGFR2 gene fragment was synthesized and subcloned into pGEX4T-1 vector downstream of the GST fragment, an E.coli expression vector, to construct a recombinant plasmid pGEX4T-VEGFR D3.4. Then the plasmid was transformed into E.coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS and induced to express fusion protein VEGFR2 D3.4/GST with IPTG. The expressed protein was purified by washing in urea and detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. RESULTS: SDS-PAGE analysis showed that a novel protein with the expected molecular mass (M(r);) about 46 000 was expressed with the inducement of IPTG. And it existed mostly in the form of inclusion body. Grayscale scanning showed that the expressed VEGFR2 D3.4/GST fusion protein accounted for 38.6% of the total bacterium protein. After the purified product was washed by urea, its purity reached 87.1%. Western blot confirmed the recombinant protein was VEGFR2 D3.4/GST fusion protein. CONCLUSION: High purification VEGFR2 D3.4/GST fusion protein is obtained through the E.coli expression system.