Hearing loss in beta-thalassaemia: An Italian multicentre case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Despite numerous studies, the true scenario of hearing loss in beta-thalassaemia remains rather nebulous. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pure tone audiometry, chelation therapy, demographics and laboratory data of 376 patients (mean age 38.5 ± 16.6 years, 204 females, 66 non-transfusion-dependent) and 139 healthy controls (mean age 37.6 ± 17.7 years, 81 females) were collected. RESULTS: Patient and control groups did not differ for age (p = 0.59) or sex (p = 0.44). Hypoacusis rate was higher in patients (26.6% vs. 7.2%; p < 0.00001), correlated with male sex (32.6% in males vs. 21.8% in females; p = 0.01) and it was sensorineural in 79/100. Hypoacusis rate correlated with increasing age (p = 0.0006) but not with phenotype (13/66 non-transfusion-dependent vs. 87/310 transfusion-dependent patients; p = 0.16). Sensorineural-notch prevalence rate did not differ between patients (11.4%) and controls (12.2%); it correlated with age (p = 0.01) but not with patients' sex or phenotype. Among adult patients without chelation therapy, the sensorineural hypoacusis rate was non-significantly lower compared to chelation-treated patients while it was significantly higher compared to controls (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Sensorineural hypoacusis rate is high in beta-thalassaemia (about 21%) and it increases with age and in males while disease severity or chelation treatment seems to be less relevant. The meaning of sensorineural-notch in beta-thalassaemia appears questionable.

Genome editing and cancer therapy: handling the hypoxia-responsive pathway as a promising strategy.

The precise characterization of oxygen-sensing pathways and the identification of pO2-regulated gene expression are both issues of critical importance. The O2-sensing system plays crucial roles in almost all the pivotal human processes, including the stem cell specification, the growth and development of tissues (such as embryogenesis), the modulation of intermediate metabolism (including the shift of the glucose metabolism from oxidative to anaerobic ATP production and vice versa), and the control of blood pressure. The solid cancer microenvironment is characterized by low oxygen levels and by the consequent activation of the hypoxia response that, in turn, allows a complex adaptive response characterized mainly by neoangiogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. Recently, incredible advances in molecular genetic methodologies allowed the genome editing with high efficiency and, above all, the precise identification of target cells/tissues. These new possibilities and the knowledge of the mechanisms of adaptation to hypoxia suggest the effective development of new therapeutic approaches based on the manipulation, targeting, and exploitation of the oxygen-sensor system molecular mechanisms.

Effects of Germline VHL Deficiency on Growth, Metabolism, and Mitochondria.

Mutations in VHL, which encodes von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL), are associated with divergent diseases. We describe a patient with marked erythrocytosis and prominent mitochondrial alterations associated with a severe germline VHL deficiency due to homozygosity for a novel synonymous mutation (c.222C→A, p.V74V). The condition is characterized by early systemic onset and differs from Chuvash polycythemia (c.598C→T) in that it is associated with a strongly reduced growth rate, persistent hypoglycemia, and limited exercise capacity. We report changes in gene expression that reprogram carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, impair muscle mitochondrial respiratory function, and uncouple oxygen consumption from ATP production. Moreover, we identified unusual intermitochondrial connecting ducts. Our findings add unexpected information on the importance of the VHL-hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) axis to human phenotypes. (Funded by Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro and others.).

Thalassaemia is paradoxically associated with a reduced risk of in-hospital complications and mortality in COVID-19: Data from an international registry.

Although numerous patient-specific co-factors have been shown to be associated with worse outcomes in COVID-19, the prognostic value of thalassaemic syndromes in COVID-19 patients remains poorly understood. We studied the outcomes of 137 COVID-19 patients with a history of transfusion-dependent thalassaemia (TDT) and transfusion independent thalassaemia (TIT) extracted from a large international cohort and compared them with the outcomes from a matched cohort of COVID-19 patients with no history of thalassaemia. The mean age of thalassaemia patients included in our study was 41 ± 16 years (48.9% male). Almost 81% of these patients suffered from TDT requiring blood transfusions on a regular basis. 38.7% of patients were blood group O. Cardiac iron overload was documented in 6.8% of study patients, whereas liver iron overload was documented in 35% of study patients. 40% of thalassaemia patients had a history of splenectomy. 27.7% of study patients required hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. Amongst the hospitalized patients, one patient died (0.7%) and one patient required intubation. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was required in almost 5% of study patients. After adjustment for age-, sex- and other known risk factors (cardiac disease, kidney disease and pulmonary disease), the rate of in-hospital complications (supplemental oxygen use, admission to an intensive care unit for CPAP therapy or intubation) and all-cause mortality was significantly lower in the thalassaemia group compared to the matched cohort with no history of thalassaemia. Amongst thalassaemia patients in general, the TIT group exhibited a higher rate of hospitalization compared to the TDT group (p = 0.001). In addition, the rate of complications such as acute kidney injury and need for supplemental oxygen was significantly higher in the TIT group compared to the TDT group. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, age and history of heart or kidney disease were all found to be independent risk factors for increased in-hospital, all-cause mortality, whereas the presence of thalassaemia (either TDT or TIT) was found to be independently associated with reduced all-cause mortality. The presence of thalassaemia in COVID-19 patients was independently associated with lower in-hospital, all-cause mortality and few in-hospital complications in our study. The pathophysiology of this is unclear and needs to be studied in vitro and in animal models.

Risk factors for endocrine complications in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients on chelation therapy with deferasirox: a risk assessment study from a multi-center nation-wide cohort.

Transfusion-dependent patients typically develop iron-induced cardiomyopathy, liver disease, and endocrine complications. We aimed to estimate the incidence of endocrine disorders in transfusiondependent thalassemia (TDT) patients during long-term iron-chelation therapy with deferasirox (DFX). We developed a multi-center follow-up study of 426 TDT patients treated with once-daily DFX for a median duration of 8 years, up to 18.5 years. At baseline, 118, 121, and 187 patients had 0, 1, or ≥2 endocrine diseases respectively. 104 additional endocrine diseases were developed during the follow-up. The overall risk of developing a new endocrine complication within 5 years was 9.7% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 6.3-13.1). Multiple Cox regression analysis identified three key predictors: age showed a positive log-linear effect (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for 50% increase 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.3, P=0.005), the serum concentration of thyrotropin showed a positive linear effect (adjusted HR for 1 mIU/L increase 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4, P<0.001) regardless the kind of disease incident, while the number of previous endocrine diseases showed a negative linear effect: the higher the number of diseases at baseline the lower the chance of developing further diseasess (adjusted HR for unit increase 0.5, 95% CI: 0.4-0.7, P<0.001). Age and thyrotropin had similar effect sizes across the categories of baseline diseases. The administration of levothyroxine as a covariate did not change the estimates. Although in DFX-treated TDT patients the risk of developing an endocrine complication is generally lower than the previously reported risk, there is considerable risk variation and the burden of these complications remains high. We developed a simple risk score chart enabling clinicians to estimate their patients' risk. Future research will look at increasing the amount of variation explained from our model and testing further clinical and laboratory predictors, including the assessment of direct endocrine magnetic resonance imaging.

Pain Burden in the CASiRe International Cohort of Sickle Cell Patients: United States and Ghana.

OBJECTIVES: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder affecting over 1 million people globally. The aim of this analysis is to explore the pain burden of patients with SCD in two countries: the United States and Ghana. METHODS: The Consortium for the Advancement of Sickle Cell Research (CASiRe) was created to better understand the clinical severity of patients with SCD worldwide. Data regarding gender, SCD genotype, prior medical diagnoses, and validated pain burden measures were analyzed from the CASiRe database. The Sickle Cell Pain Burden Interview (SCPBI) was used to assess pain burden, the impact of pain on physical, emotional, and social function. RESULTS: Most subjects identified as Black/African American (n = 298, 97.0%). Patient ages ranged from 6 to 73 years. 35.9% resided in the United States, 64.1% resided in Ghana, 40.9% were men, and 58.7% were women. The mean SCPBI score for US SCD patients was 6.53(±5.89) vs 4.04(±5.10) for Ghanaian patients, P <0.001. Pain burden was higher in US men vs Ghanaian men (6.74(±5.68) vs 3.54(±4.46), P = .003) and in US women vs Ghanaian women (6.37 ± 6.06 vs 4.44(±5.54), P = .032). Pain burden was higher in US patients than Ghanaian patients for both the Hb SC/SBeta+ genotype (5.40(±5.29) vs 2.82(±4.86), P = .054) and Hb SS/SBeta0 genotype (6.79(±6.01) vs 4.49(±5.13), P = .003). Pain burden was significantly higher in SCD patients with comorbid conditions independent of geographic origin including stroke, cholecystectomy, gallstones, depression, and headache. DISCUSSION: US patients with SCD have a higher pain burden than Ghanaian patients. Further studies should investigate underlying contributors to pain burden in these populations and further explore the etiology of geographic differences in pain.

Global geographic differences in healthcare utilization for sickle cell disease pain crises in the CASiRe cohort.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by frequent, unpredictable pain episodes and other vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs) leading to significant healthcare utilization. VOC frequency is often an endpoint in clinical trials investigating novel therapies for this devastating disease. PROCEDURE: The Consortium for the Advancement of Sickle Cell Research (CASiRe) is an international collaboration investigating clinical severity in SCD using a validated questionnaire and medical chart review standardized across four countries (United States, United Kingdom, Italy and Ghana). RESULTS: This study, focused on pain crisis incidence and healthcare utilization, included 868 patients, equally represented according to age and gender. HgbSS was the most common genotype. Patients from Ghana used the Emergency Room/Day Hospital for pain more frequently (annualized mean 2.01) than patients from other regions (annualized mean 1.56 U.S.; 1.09 U.K.; 0.02 Italy), while U.K. patients were hospitalized for pain more often (annualized mean: U.K. 2.98) than patients in other regions (annualized mean 1.98 U.S.; 1.18 Ghana; Italy 0.54). Italy's hospitalization rate for pain (annualized mean: 0.57) was nearly 20 times greater than its emergency room/day hospital only visits for pain (annualized mean: 0.03). When categorized by genotype and age, similar results were seen. CONCLUSIONS: Geographic differences in pain crisis frequency and healthcare utilization may correlate with variable organization of healthcare systems among countries and should be considered regarding trial design, endpoints, and analysis of results when investigating novel agents for clinical benefit.

Age of first pain crisis and associated complications in the CASiRe international sickle cell disease cohort.

Pain is a hallmark of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) affecting patients throughout their life; the first pain crisis may occur at any age and is often the first presentation of the disease. Universal newborn screening identifies children with SCD at birth, significantly improving morbidity and mortality. Without early screening, diagnosis is generally made after disease manifestations appear. The Consortium for the Advancement of Sickle Cell Research (CASiRe) is an international collaborative group evaluating the clinical severity of subjects with SCD using a validated questionnaire and medical chart review, standardized across 4 countries (United States, United Kingdom, Italy and Ghana). We investigated the age of first pain crisis in 555 sickle cell subjects, 344 adults and 211 children. Median age of the first crisis in the whole group was 4 years old, 5 years old among adults and 2 years old among children. Patients from the United States generally reported the first crisis earlier than Ghanaians. Experiencing the first pain crisis early in life correlated with the genotype and disease severity. Early recognition of the first pain crisis could be useful to guide counseling and management of the disease.

Luspatercept improves hemoglobin levels and blood transfusion requirements in a study of patients with ß-thalassemia.

ß-thalassemia is a hereditary disorder with limited approved treatment options; patients experience anemia and its complications, including iron overload. The study aim was to determine whether luspatercept could improve anemia and disease complications in patients with ß-thalassemia. This open-label, nonrandomized, uncontrolled study consisted of a 24-week dose-finding and expansion stage (initial stage) and a 5-year extension stage, currently ongoing. Sixty-four patients were enrolled; 33 were non-transfusion dependent (mean hemoglobin, <10.0 g/dL; <4 red blood cell [RBC] units transfused per 8 weeks), and 31 were transfusion dependent (≥4 RBC units per 8 weeks). Patients received 0.2 to 1.25 mg/kg luspatercept subcutaneously every 21 days for ≥5 cycles (dose-finding stage) and 0.8 to 1.25 mg/kg (expansion cohort and 5-year extension). The primary end point was erythroid response, defined as hemoglobin increase of ≥1.5 g/dL from baseline for ≥14 consecutive days (without RBC transfusions) for non-transfusion-dependent patients or RBC transfusion burden reduction ≥20% over a 12-week period vs the 12 weeks before treatment for transfusion-dependent patients. Eighteen non-transfusion-dependent patients (58%) receiving higher dose levels of luspatercept (0.6-1.25 mg/kg) achieved mean hemoglobin increase ≥1.5 g/dL over ≥14 days vs baseline. Twenty-six (81%) transfusion-dependent patients achieved ≥20% reduction in RBC transfusion burden. The most common grade 1 to 2 adverse events were bone pain, headache, and myalgia. As of the cutoff, 33 patients remain on study. In this study, a high percentage of ß-thalassemia patients receiving luspatercept had hemoglobin or transfusion burden improvements. These findings support a randomized clinical trial to assess efficacy and safety. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01749540 and #NCT02268409.

Headache in beta-thalassemia: An Italian multicenter clinical, conventional MRI and MR-angiography case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: A strikingly increased headache prevalence was recently noted in Sri Lankan beta-thalassemia patients, raising several concerns regarding long-term neurological involvement in this condition. METHODS: We interviewed on headache occurrence and characteristics 102 Italian beta-thalassemia patients and 129 healthy controls. 3T-MRI, MR-angiography, MR-venography, cognitive and psychiatric findings were considered. RESULTS: Headache was diagnosed in 39/102 (38.2%) beta-thalassemia patients without significant phenotype-related differences and in 51/129 (39.5%) controls. Patients and controls did not differ significantly regarding episode number (5.9 ± 6.2 vs 5.4 ± 4.4 days/month), subjective severity-score (6.8 ± 1.4 vs 7.1 ± 1.3), age-at-onset (24.3 ± 13.0 vs 19.5 ± 9.6 years) and headache-subtype rate. No main demographic, clinical or laboratory data was associated with headache but female gender. Headache was not associated with white matter lesions (number or maximal diameter), intracranial aneurysms, intracranial artery stenoses or venous sinus thrombosis. Cognitive and psychiatric evaluations were worse in beta-thalassemia, however, headache did not correlate with full-scale Intelligence Quotient (75.4 ± 18.0 vs 76.7 ± 15.3, with and without headache, respectively) or Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores (29.1 ± 2.7 vs 28.5 ± 3.4). CONCLUSIONS: Among Italian beta-thalassemia patients, headache does not seem to be more common or severe than in the general population. In addition, patients with headache do not seem to present increased conventional MRI, MR-angiography and cognitive/psychiatric changes.

A study of the geographic distribution and associated risk factors of leg ulcers within an international cohort of sickle cell disease patients: the CASiRe group analysis.

Vasculopathy is a hallmark of sickle cell disease ultimately resulting in chronic end organ damage. Leg ulcer is one of its sequelae, occurring in ~ 5-10% of adult sickle cell patients. The majority of leg ulcer publications to date have emanated from single center cohort studies. As such, there are limited studies on the geographic distribution of leg ulcers and associated risk factors worldwide. The Consortium for the Advancement of Sickle Cell Research (CASiRe) was formed to improve the understanding of the different phenotypes of sickle cell disease patients living in different geographic locations around the world (USA, UK, Italy, Ghana). This cross-sectional cohort sub-study of 659 sickle cell patients aimed to determine the geographic distribution and risk factors associated with leg ulcers. The prevalence of leg ulcers was 10.3% and was associated with older age, SS genotype, male gender, and Ghanaian origin. In fact, the highest prevalence (18.6%) was observed in Ghana. Albuminuria, proteinuria, increased markers of hemolysis (lower hemoglobin, higher total bilirubin), lower oxygen saturation, and lower body mass index were also associated with leg ulceration. Overall, our study identified a predominance of leg ulcers within male hemoglobin SS patients living in sub-Saharan Africa with renal dysfunction and increased hemolysis.

Brain functional impairment in beta-thalassaemia: the cognitive profile in Italian neurologically asymptomatic adult patients in comparison to the reported literature.

Cognitive involvement in beta-thalassaemia is strikingly controversial and poorly studied in adulthood. This multicentre prospective study investigated 74 adult neurologically-asymptomatic beta-thalassaemia patients (mean-age 34·5 ± 10·3 years; 53 transfusion-dependent [TDT], 21 non-transfusion dependent [NTDT]) and 45 healthy volunteers (mean-age 33·9 ± 10·7 years). Participants underwent testing with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and multiparametric brain 3T-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for parenchymal, vascular and iron content evaluation. Patients had lower Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) than controls (75·5 ± 17·9 vs. 97·4 ± 18·1, P < 0·0001) even after correction for education level. Compared to TDT, NTDT showed a trend of higher FSIQ (P = 0·08) but a similar cognitive profile at WAIS-subtests. FSIQ correlated with total and indirect bilirubin (P < 0·0001 and P = 0·002, respectively); no correlation was found with splenectomy, intracranial MRI/magnetic resonance-angiography findings, brain tissue iron content or other disease-related clinical/laboratory/treatment data. FSIQ did not correlate with BPRS scores, although the latter were higher among patients (28·74 ± 3·1 vs. 27·29 ± 4·8, P = 0·01) mainly because of increased depression and anxiety levels. Occupation rate was higher among controls (84·4% vs. 64·9%, P = 0·004) and correlated with higher FSIQ (P = 0·001) and education level (P = 0·001). In conclusion, Italian adult beta-thalassaemia patients seem to present a characteristic cognitive profile impairment and an increased rate of psychological disorders with possible profound long-term socio-economic consequences.

No evidence of increased cerebrovascular involvement in adult neurologically-asymptomatic ß-Thalassaemia. A multicentre multimodal magnetic resonance study.

Multi-factorial causes jeopardize brain integrity in ß-thalassaemia. Intracranial parenchymal and vascular changes have been reported among young ß-thalassaemia patients but conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are contradictory making early MRI and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)/venography monitoring a matter of debate. This study prospectively investigated 75 neurologically asymptomatic ß-thalassaemia patients (mean-age 35·2 ± 10·7 years; 52/75 transfusion-dependent; 41/75 splenectomised) using a 3T magnetic resonance scanner; clinical, laboratory and treatment data were also collected. White matter ischaemic-like abnormalities, intracranial artery stenoses, aneurysms and sinus venous thrombosis were compared between patients and 56 healthy controls (mean-age 33·9 ± 10·8 years). No patient or control showed silent territorial or lacunar strokes, intracranial artery stenoses or signs of sinus thrombosis. White matter lesions were found both in patients (35/75, 46·7%) and controls (28/56, 50·0%), without differences in terms of number (4·0 ± 10·6 vs. 4·6 ± 9·1, P = 0·63), size and Fazekas' Score. Intracranial aneurysms did not differ between patients and controls for incidence rate (7/75, 9·3% vs. 5/56, 8·9%), size and site. Vascular and parenchymal abnormality rate did not differ according to treatments or clinical phenotype. According to this study, asymptomatic ß-thalassaemia patients treated according to current guidelines do not seem to carry an increased risk of brain and intracranial vascular changes, thus weakening recommendations for regular brain MRI monitoring.

No increased cerebrovascular involvement in adult beta-thalassemia by advanced MRI analyses.

Beta-thalassemia-related anemia and chronic hypercoagulative state are supposed to cause cumulative cerebrovascular damage with consequent parenchymal/vascular changes and functional impairment. However, recent conventional MRI/MR-angiography investigations failed to show an increased cerebrovascular involvement in beta-thalassemia patients managed according to current treatment guidelines, in spite of significantly decreased full-scale IQ scores. We therefore investigated those patients and controls by means of advanced quantitative MRI analyses (based on magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor imaging) searching for signs of possible cerebrovascular injuries undetected by conventional MRI/MR-angiography. The 3 T-MRI study protocol included diffusion tensor imaging and 3D-multi-echo FLASH sequences for magnetization transfer analysis. Whole-brain voxel-based analyses showed that magnetization transfer, fractional anisotropy, and mean, radial and axial diffusivity do not differ between healthy controls and beta-thalassemia patients (considered as a whole group or as distinct transfusion dependent and non-transfusion dependent subgroups). No correlation emerged between all the considered MRI metrics and cognitive findings (full-scale IQ) or the main clinical and laboratory data. According to our findings, adult neurologically-asymptomatic beta-thalassemia patients (regardless of clinical severity) do not seem to present an increased disease-related cerebrovascular vulnerability compared to healthy controls downsizing the need of regular brain MRI monitoring, at least when the current treatment guidelines are followed.

Long-term improvement in cardiac magnetic resonance in ß-thalassemia major patients treated with deferasirox extends to patients with abnormal baseline cardiac function.

The management of iron overload in thalassemia has changed dramatically since the implementation of magnetic resonance imaging, which allows detection of preclinical iron overload and prevention of clinical complications. This study evaluated the effect of deferasirox (DFX), the newest once-daily oral chelator, on cardiac function, iron overload and cardiovascular events over a longer follow up in a "real world" setting. Longitudinal changes in cardiac magnetic resonance T2*, cardiac function parameters and cardiovascular clinical events were assessed in a cohort of 98 TM patients exposed to DFX for a mean of 6.9 years (range 1.8-11.6 years). No cardiac death or incident heart failure occurred. Cardiac T2* significantly increased (+2.6 ± 11.9 msec; P = 0.035) in the whole population, with a significantly greater increase (+11.6 ± 15.5 msec, P = 0.019) in patients with cardiac iron overload (T2* <20 ms). A significant improvement in left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (from 50.6 ± 6 to 60.2 ± 5; P = 0.001) was observed in 11 (84.6%) out of 13 patients who normalized cardiac function (LVEF >56%). Arrhythmias were the most frequent cardiac adverse event noted but none led to DFX discontinuation. Our data indicate that DFX is effective in maintaining cardiac iron level in the normal range and in improving cardiac iron overload. No heart failure or cardiac death was reported over this longer observation up to 12 years. For the first time, a DFX-induced improvement in LVEF was observed in a subgroup of patients with abnormal cardiac function at baseline, a preliminary observation which deserves further evaluation.

Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection with direct-acting antiviral drugs is safe and effective in patients with hemoglobinopathies.

Progression of liver fibrosis in patients with hemoglobinopathies is strongly related to the severity of iron overload and the presence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Effective iron chelation therapy and HCV infection eradication may prevent liver complications. The European Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines recommend interferon-free regimens for the treatment of HCV infection in patients with hemoglobinopathies. However, data regarding the use of direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) in this patient population are few. This observational study evaluated the safety and efficacy of therapy with DAAs in an Italian cohort of patients with hemoglobinopathies, chronic HCV infection and advanced liver fibrosis. Between March 2015 and December 2016, 139 patients received DAAs and completed 12 weeks of follow up after the end of treatment for the evaluation of sustained virological response (12SVR). The 12SVR (93.5%) was comparable with that typically observed in cirrhotic patients without hemoglobinopathies. Three patients died during the period of observation of causes unrelated to DAAs. One patient did not achieve a virological response and five (3.6%) relapsed during 12 weeks of follow-up after the end of therapy. In addition, patients showed significant reductions in serum ferritin at 12 weeks to levels similar to those observed in a control group of 39 patients with thalassemia major without HCV infection, who adhered to chelation therapy and had no overt iron overload. In conclusion, the use of DAAs appears to be safe and effective in patients with hemoglobinopathies and advanced liver disease due to HCV.