ABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Patients often experience a significant degree of knee pain following total knee replacement (TKR). To alleviate this pain, nerve blocks may be performed such as the adductor canal block (ACB). However, ACBs are unable to relieve pain originating from the posterior region of the knee. A new type of nerve block known as the IPACK block may be used in conjunction with ACBs as it is designed to inhibit nerve branches innervating this area. In this article, we examine the rationale behind the IPACK procedure, how it is performed, and clinical trials examining its efficacy. RECENT FINDINGS: 5 of the 7 clinical trials examined in this article showed the IPACK + ACB block to show superior efficacy in treating pain following TKR compared to other blocks. These blocks included PMDI+ACB, SPANK+ACB, PAI+ACB, ACB alone, and SCAB. 2 of the 7 clinical trials showed the IPACK + ACB to be less effective in managing patients pain following TKR compared to other blocks which included the CACB and 4 in 1 block. In most instances, the IPACK + ACB showed superior efficacy in managing patients' pain following TKR when compared to other types of nerve blocks. This was determined by measuring usage of opioids, reported postoperative pain, and length of hospital stays following TKR. Thus, we suppose the IPACK block may be used in conjunction with the ACB to effectively reduce patient's pain following TKR.
Subject(s)
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee , Nerve Block , Pain Management , Pain, Postoperative , Humans , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/adverse effects , Nerve Block/methods , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Pain Management/methods , Acute Pain/drug therapy , Acute Pain/etiology , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Etizolam is a thienodiazepine derivative which produces an anxiolytic effect similar to benzodiazepines such as alprazolam (Xanax). Like classic benzodiazepines, etizolam has a high affinity towards the GABAA receptor, and allosterically potentiates the effects of GABA resulting in neuronal hyperpolarization related to chloride influx. When taken in therapeutic doses, etizolam produces a similar effect to Xanax. Counterfeit Xanax tablets contain variable amounts of etizolam. Tablets with high amounts of etizolam can cause toxicity if ingested, especially when combined with other substances. When toxic symptoms occur in patients, they may include severe sedation, unconsciousness, and depression of the medullary respiratory center. In this regard, there is the potential for death. Additionally, the rise in fake Xanax tablets containing etizolam and other counterfeit medications has been exacerbated by the difference in regulations regarding these substances in different countries as well as the illegal drug trade. Healthcare providers may also play a role through the over- or underprescribing of certain medications. Thus, in order to combat the rise in counterfeit medications such as fake Xanax, international cooperation, regulation, and enforcement of laws pertaining to the manufacture, prescription, and distribution of these substances are needed.