[Perinatal maternal suicide: How to prevent?] / Suicide maternel périnatal : comment prévenir ?

The sixth report of the National Confidential Survey on Maternal Deaths provides insights into the frequency, risk factors, causes, adequacy of care, and preventability of maternal deaths occurring in 2013-2015 in France. The method developed ensures an exhaustive identification and a confidential analysis of maternal deaths. It was organized in three steps. 1) All deaths occurring during pregnancy or up to 1 year after its end, whatever the cause or mode of termination, being considered 2) A pair of volunteer assessors (midwives, gyneco-obstetricians, anesthesiologists, psychiatrists) was in charge of collecting the information (history of the woman, course of her pregnancy, circumstances of the event that led to the death and management); 3) Review and classification of deaths by the National Committee of Experts on Maternal Mortality which made a collective judgment on the cause of death, on the adequacy of the care provided, and on what could been done to avoid the death depending on the existence of circumstances that could have prevented the fatal outcome. The operation of the committee has been enriched by new resources to further explore these cases. Specifically, a module of the survey questionnaire, the recruitment of psychiatrists whose contribution allows relevant documentation of the suicides, and the participation of a psychiatrist as an associate expert for the analysis of the appropriateness of the management and the variable determining factors of these cases. Suicide becomes one of the two main causes of maternal mortality, (the other cause being cardiovascular pathologies), with 35 suicides on the triennium among the 262 maternal deaths, that is to say 13.4 % of maternal deaths, about 1 per month. In this population, the average age of women who died by suicide was 31.4years. The majority of the women were born in France, 68 % were prima parous, and in 9 % of cases suicide followed a twin pregnancy. Psychiatric history was known in 33.3 % of the suicidal mothers, and 30.3 % had a history of psychiatric care that was unknown to the maternity team.43 % of the women had psychosocial vulnerability factors, a history of violence, and eviction from the home and/or financial difficulties. In 23 % of the cases, the time of occurrence of these suicides was within the first 42days postpartum, and in 77 % between 43 days and one year after birth with a median delay of 126days. Only one suicide occurred during pregnancy. Maternal suicides were mostly violent deaths. Suboptimal care was present in 72 % of cases, where 91 % of potentially preventable deaths related to a lack of multidisciplinary management and/or inadequate interaction between the patient and the health care system. Among these potentially avoidable deaths, we were able to distinguish: women whose psychiatric pathology was known and for whom multidisciplinary management was not optimal, and women whose psychiatric pathology was not known or was not present - for whom it was rather a matter of a failure to detect and identify the signs, particularly by obstetric care providers or general emergency services. Based on the analysis of the cases, strong messages were identified, with the aim of optimizing management: - The screening by structured questioning of psychiatric history from the moment of registration in the maternity ward, repeated at each consultation throughout the pregnancy. - The reassessment of the psychological and somatic state through an early postnatal interview at one month; - The identification of warning symptoms, with screening tools for depression. If necessary, a further recourse to the psychologist and/or psychiatrist of the maternity hospital, organisation of a home hospitalization, and a private midwife to provide a link in the pre- and postpartum period. This, in addition to the earliest possible care in the PMI (Maternal and Infantile Protection, of the French social care system), appointments with mental health professionals,and the link with the attending physician; - The implementation of a coordinated care pathway in case of a known psychiatric pathology with pre conception counselling. This includes a multidisciplinary collaboration, an adaptation of psychotropic treatment, management of comorbidities referral to specialized perinatal psychopathology teams, prenatal meeting with the pediatrician of the maternity hospital, anticipation of the birth, postpartum and discharge options, liaison sheet established for the organization of the delivery and postpartum, and a regular written transmissions between the intervening parties throughout the care; - The generalization of medico-psycho-social staffs, in maternity wards, for all situations identified as at risk. In addition to the need for training and increased awareness on psychological issues during the perinatal period and on the different pathologies encountered by adult mental health professionals and front-line workers, it is necessary to encourage the development of resources in the country. Particularly, joint child psychiatrist-adult psychiatrist consultations at the territorial level, responsible for being resource contacts for maternity wards and local care professionals, as well as the promotion of case pathway referrals.

[Maternal deaths due to infections in France 2013-2015]. / Mortalité maternelle par infection en France 2013­2015.

Over the 2013-2015 period, maternal mortality due to infections accounted for 10 % of direct maternal deaths and 13 % of indirect maternal deaths. Among the 21 deaths from infection, and compared to the last triennium, maternal deaths from genital infection doubled with 11 deaths during the 2013-2015 period. This included 6 cases of puerperal toxic shock syndrome, 4 of which due to Streptococcus A, and 5 cases of sepsis caused by intrauterine infection due to Gram-Negative Bacillus. Indirect maternal deaths due to infections from extragenital sources represented 10 deaths in this triennium, including four influenza infections and three infectious complications of an immunosuppressive state (uncontrolled HIV infection for two patients and CMV encephalitis during an immunosuppressive treatment for one patient). Of these 21 deaths by infectious causes, 6 direct maternal deaths and 9 indirect maternal deaths were considered preventable. The most common preventable factors were those related to medical management (13 times): diagnostic failure or delayed diagnosis leading to a delayed medical treatment, absence of influenza vaccination. The other contributory factors were related to the organization of healthcare (delayed transfer, lack of communication between clincians) as well as factors related to patient social vulnerability.

[Maternal deaths due to suicide in France 2013-2015]. / Mortalité maternelle par suicide en France 2013­2015.

Pregnancy represents a period of significant psychological vulnerability for women. During the perinatal period, twenty percent of them would present with mental disorders ranging from anxiety to depression. In those with pre-existing mental illness, the risk of acute decompensation is significant. For this reason, the World Health Organization recommends classifying suicides occurring during pregnancy and up to one-year post-partum as maternal deaths. Thus, between 2013 and 2015, 35 maternal suicides occurred in France, representing a maternal mortality ratio of 1:4 per 100,000 live births (95% CI: 1.0-2.0). By constituting 13.4% of all maternal deaths for the period, this group is the one of the 2 leading causes of maternal mortality. A total of 23% occurred in the first 42 days post-partum, and 77% between 43 days and one year after birth. 33.3% of the suicidal mothers had a known psychiatric history and 30.3% had a history of psychiatric care, unknown to obstetrical teams. Non-optimal care was present in 72% of cases with 91 % of suicides were potentially preventable, preventability factors beinga lack of multidisciplinary care and inadequate interaction between the patient and the care system. Strong messages were drawn from the analysis of these cases to optimize care: improve knowledge of the psychiatric history from the time of enrolment in maternity units, improve the identification of warning symptoms and the use of the psychologist and/or psychiatrist, set up a specific care pathway and multidisciplinary collaboration in case of known psychiatric disease.

Multifaceted intervention to decrease the rate of severe postpartum haemorrhage: the PITHAGORE6 cluster-randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Decreasing the prevalence of severe postpartum haemorrhages (PPH) is a major obstetrical challenge. These are often considered to be associated with substandard initial care. Strategies to increase the appropriateness of early management of PPH must be assessed. We tested the hypothesis that a multifaceted intervention aimed at increasing the translation into practice of a protocol for early management of PPH, would reduce the incidence of severe PPH. DESIGN: Cluster-randomised trial. POPULATION: 106 maternity units in six French regions. METHODS: Maternity units were randomly assigned to receive the intervention, or to have the protocol passively disseminated. The intervention combined outreach visits to discuss the protocol in each local context, reminders, and peer reviews of severe incidents, and was implemented in each maternity hospital by a team pairing an obstetrician and a midwife. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the incidence of severe PPH, defined as a composite of one or more of: transfusion, embolisation, surgical procedure, transfer to intensive care, peripartum haemoglobin decrease of 4 g/dl or more, death. The main secondary outcomes were PPH management practices. RESULTS: The mean rate of severe PPH was 1.64% (SD 0.80) in the intervention units and 1.65% (SD 0.96) in control units; difference not significant. Some elements of PPH management were applied more frequently in intervention units-help from senior staff (P = 0.005), or tended to - second-line pharmacological treatment (P = 0.06), timely blood test (P = 0.09). CONCLUSION: This educational intervention did not affect the rate of severe PPH as compared with control units, although it improved some practices.

[Audipog perinatal network. Part 1: principal perinatal health indicators, 2004-2005]. / Réseau sentinelle Audipog 2004-2005. Partie 1 : résultats des principaux indicateurs périnatals.

OBJECTIVE: To present the principal perinatal indicators for 2004-2005, based on data from the Audipog sentinel network. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The database for 2004 and 2005 covers 71,406 pregnancies from 86 maternity units throughout the year. We constructed a random subsample each year by including only the births occurring during a single month for each maternity ward. Our study therefore analyzes 6987 pregnancies in 2004 and 7648 pregnancies in 2005. RESULTS: The number of women working during pregnancy increased between 2004 and 2005 (62.3% versus 66.3%) (p=0.0008) as did the percentage with a postsecondary education (35.1% versus 41.9%) (p<0.0001). The percentage of amniocenteses declined (10.4% versus 7.9%) (p<0.0001). Use of prenatal care improved: more women had prenatal visits before week 14 (30.5% versus 33.9%) (p=0.0002), and fewer women had no prenatal care at all (1.1% versus 0.4%) (p=0.0003). The percentage of preterm deliveries was 6.4% in 2004 and 7% in 2005 (p=0.14) and the percentage of induced preterm deliveries was 37% in 2004 and 41.2% in 2005 (p=0.18). The cesarean rate was essentially stable (19 and 19.2%) and the rate of instrumental intervention in vaginal deliveries fell from 13.1% in 2004 to 11.2% in 2005 (p=0.0015). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The rates of cesarean and of preterm deliveries remained stable between 2004 and 2005, but the rate of induced preterm deliveries rose. These indicators are consistent with trends that began earlier.

[Audipog perinatal network 2004-2005. Part 2: assessment of medical practices]. / Réseau Sentinelle Audipog 2004-2005. Partie 2 : évaluation des pratiques professionnelles.

OBJECTIVE: To describe specific clinical practices in France in 2004-2005 based on data from the Audipog sentinel network. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The database for 2004 and 2005 covers 71406 pregnancies from 86 maternity units throughout the year. We constructed a random subsample each year by including only the births occurring during a single month for each maternity ward. Our study therefore analyzes 6987 pregnancies in 2004 and 7648 pregnancies in 2005. RESULTS: Among the very preterm (<33 weeks of gestation) infants from multiple pregnancies, 77.4% were born in level 3 hospitals in 2000-2001, and only 44.9% in 2004-2005 (p<0.0001). Among the very preterm infants from singleton pregnancies, the percentage born in level 3 maternity hospitals rose between 1996-1997 and 2004-2005 (55% versus 73%; p=0.001). The rate of corticosteroid therapy before delivery among very preterm infants did not change significantly between 2000 and 2005 (p=0.58). The cesarean rate rose from 14% in 1994 to 20.0% in 2005. The percentage of actively managed third stages of labor increased from 1994-1995 to 2005 (6.2% versus 31.3%). Fewer episiotomies were performed: 56% in 1994-1995 and 41.3% in 2005. Exclusive breast-feeding rose from 51.2% in 2000-2001 to 58.5% in 2005 (p<0.0001). Early discharge increased between 1994-1995 and 2005 (p<0.0001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Indicators monitoring implementation of some of the national clinical practice guidelines have improved slightly over time, although most often before the publication of these guidelines.

[Medical practice assessment: an introduction]. / Introduction à l'évaluation des pratiques professionnelles.

Medical practice assessment is mandatory in France. The goal of this article is to explain to perinatal care providers the concept and the process, which do not seem simple, given the multitude of possible ways to evaluate and validate its medical practices. Concrete examples help to illustrate the process. French regulations now link medical practice assessment with continuing medical education (CME) for physicians. While certification is voluntary, a practice assessment conducted during hospital certification processes and during CME is required for all French physicians.

[Preterm premature rupture of membranes: CNGOF Guidelines for clinical practice - Short version]. / Rupture prématurée des membranes avant terme : recommandations pour la pratique clinique du CNGOF ­ Texte court.

OBJECTIVE: To determine management of women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). METHODS: Bibliographic search from the Medline and Cochrane Library databases and review of international clinical practice guidelines. RESULTS: In France, PPROM rate is 2 to 3% before 37 weeks of gestation (level of evidence [LE] 2) and less than 1% before 34 weeks of gestation (LE2). Prematurity and intra-uterine infection are the two major complications of PPROM (LE2). Compared to other causes of prematurity, PPROM is not associated with an increased risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity, except in case of intra-uterine infection, which is associated with an augmentation of early-onset neonatal sepsis (LE2) and of necrotizing enterocolitis (LE2). PPROM diagnosis is mainly clinical (professional consensus). In doubtful cases, detection of IGFBP-1 or PAMG-1 is recommended (professional consensus). Hospitalization of women with PPROM is recommended (professional consensus). There is no sufficient evidence to recommend or not recommend tocolysis (grade C). If a tocolysis should be prescribed, it should not last more than 48hours (grade C). Antenatal corticosteroids before 34 weeks of gestation (grade A) and magnesium sulfate before 32 weeks of gestation (grade A) are recommended. Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended (grade A) because it is associated with a reduction of neonatal mortality and morbidity (LE1). Amoxicillin, 3rd generation cephalosporins, and erythromycin in monotherapy or the association erythromycin-amoxicillin can be used (professional consensus), for 7 days (grade C). However, in case of negative vaginal culture, early cessation of antibiotic prophylaxis might be acceptable (professional consensus). Co-amoxiclav, aminosides, glycopetides, first and second generation cephalosporins, clindamycin, and metronidazole are not recommended for antibiotic prophylaxis (professional consensus). Outpatient management of women with clinically stable PPROM after 48hours of hospitalization is a possible (professional consensus). During monitoring, it is recommended to identify the clinical and biological elements suggesting intra-uterine infection (professional consensus). However, it not possible to make recommendation regarding the frequency of this monitoring. In case of isolated elevated C-reactive protein, leukocytosis, or positive vaginal culture in an asymptomatic patient, it is not recommended to systematically prescribe antibiotics (professional consensus). In case of intra-uterine infection, it is recommended to immediately administer an antibiotic therapy associating beta-lactamine and aminoside (grade B), intravenously (grade B), and to deliver the baby (grade A). Cesarean delivery should be performed according to the usual obstetrical indications (professional consensus). Expectative management is recommended before 37 weeks of gestation in case of uncomplicated PPROM (grade A), even in case of positive vaginal culture for B Streptococcus, provided that an antibiotic prophylaxis has been prescribed (professional consensus). Oxytocin and prostaglandins are two possible options to induce labor in case of PPROM (professional consensus). CONCLUSION: Expectative management is recommended before 37 weeks of gestation in case of uncomplicated PPROM (grade A).

[Maternal deaths related to social vulnerabilities. Results from the French confidential enquiry into maternal deaths, 2010-2012]. / Mortalité maternelle chez les femmes en situation de précarité. Résultats de l'ENCMM, France 2010­2012.

The theme of deprivation is new for the ENCMM. In view of the perceived increase in the number of maternal deaths that may be related to a deprivation situation, we sought to understand the main dimensions that could contribute to maternal death in this context, in order to propose a definition. The selection of cases made a posteriori is mainly based on a qualitative judgment. Between 2010 and 2012, among the deaths evaluated by the CNEMM, one or more elements related to social vulnerability were identified in 8.6% of the cases (18 deaths). The direct criteria used were the concepts of "deprivation" or "social difficulties", difficulties of housing, language barriers and isolation. The absence of prenatal care was retained as an indirect marker. We excluded cases where psychiatric pathology and/or addiction were predominant. Of the 18 cases identified with deprivation factors, death was considered "unavoidable" in 2 cases (11%), "certainly avoidable" or "possibly avoidable" in 13 cases (72%). In 3 cases (17%), avoidability could not be determined. Avoidability was related to the content and adequacy of care in 11 cases out of 13 (85%) and the patient's interaction with the health care system in 10 of 18 cases (56%). The analysis of maternal deaths among women in precarious situations points out that the link between socio-economic deprivation and poor maternal health outcomes potentially includes a specific risk of maternal death.

[Maternal deaths due to infectious cause, results from the French confidential enquiry into maternal deaths, 2010-2012]. / Mortalité maternelle par infection, résultats de l'ENCMM, France 2010­2012.

Over the period 2010-2012, maternal mortality from infectious causes accounted for 5% of maternal deaths by direct causes and 16% of maternal deaths by indirect causes. Among the 22 deaths caused by infection occurred during this period, 6 deaths were attributed to direct causes from genital tract origin, confirming thus the decrease in direct maternal deaths by infection during the last ten years. On the contrary, indirect maternal deaths by infection, from extragenital origin, doubled during the same period, with 16 deaths in the last triennium, dominated by winter respiratory infections, particularly influenza: the 2009-2010 influenza A (H1N1) virus pandemic was the leading cause of indirect maternal mortality by infection during the studied period. The main infectious agents involved in maternal deaths from direct causes were Streptococcus A, Escherichia Coli and Clostridium perfringens: these bacterias were responsible for toxic shock syndrome, severe sepsis, secondary in some cases to cellulitis or necrotizing fasciitis. Of the 6 deaths due to direct infection, 4 were considered avoidable because of inadequate management: delayed or missed diagnosis, delayed or inadequate initiation of a specific medical and/or surgical treatment. Of the 16 indirect maternal deaths due to infection causes, the most often involved infectious agents were influenza A (H1N1) virus and Streptococcus pneumonia with induced purpura fulminans: the absence of influenza vaccination during pregnancy, delayed diagnosis and emergency initiation of a specific treatment, were the main contributory factors to these deaths and their avoidability in 70% of the cases analyzed.

[Observational study of a social device for women in precarious situations during pregnancy and post-partum]. / Étude observationnelle d'un dispositif d'aide aux femmes en situation de précarité pendant la grossesse et le post-partum.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of the Regional experimental accompanying nutrition and breast-feeding for pregnant women (PRENAP) 75 social device on the duration of postpartum hospitalization and breast-feeding for pregnant women in precarious situation. METHODS: A retrospective observational study took place between November 2013 and May 2015 in a type III Parisian maternity. Comparison of sociodemographic, perinatal and postpartum characteristics of women in precarious situations (no stable housing and no social care or universal medical coverage or state medical aid) was done according to whether they were included in the system PRENAP or not. RESULTS: Over the study period, 344 (4.6%) women in precarious situations gave birth in this maternity. Among these women, the women included in the PRENAP system were more frequently in a very unfavorable social situation than those who were not included. The inclusion in the PRENAP device did not reduce the hospitalization in post-partum. Breast-feeding was chosen more frequently by the women included in the PRENAP device. CONCLUSION: The PRENAP device seems to favor the use of breast-feeding, but is not associated with a diminution of the hospitalization time in post-partum. This social device, which seems to be beneficial in terms of social and medical support for women in precarious situations, deserves to be evaluated prospectively.

[Oxytocin administration during spontaneous labour: Guidelines for clinical practice. Guidelines short text]. / Recommandations pour l'administration d'oxytocine au cours du travail spontané. Texte court des recommandations.

OBJECTIVES: To define the different stages of spontaneous labour. To determine the indications, modalities of use and the effects of administering synthetic oxytocin. And to describe undesirable maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with the use of synthetic oxytocin. METHOD: A systematic review was carried out by searching Medline database and websites of obstetrics learned societies until March 2016. RESULTS: The 1st stage of labor is divided in a latence phase and an active phase, which switch at 5cm of cervical dilatation. Rate of cervical dilatation is considered as abnormal below 1cm per 4hour during the first part of the active phase, and below 1cm per 2hours above 7cm of dilatation. During the latent phase of the first stage of labor, i.e. before 5cm of cervical dilatation, it is recommended that an amniotomy not be performed routinely and not to use oxytocin systematically. It is not recommended to expect the active phase of labor to start the epidural analgesia if patient requires it. If early epidural analgesia was performed, the administration of oxytocin must not be systematic. If dystocia during the active phase, an amniotomy is recommended in first-line treatment. In the absence of an improvement within an hour, oxytocin should be administrated. However, in the case of an extension of the second stage beyond 2hours, it is recommended to administer oxytocin to correct a lack of progress of the presentation. If dynamic dystocia, it is recommended to start initial doses of oxytocin at 2mUI/min, to respect at least 30min intervals between increases in oxytocin doses delivered, and to increase oxytocin doses by 2mUI/min intervals without surpassing a maximum IV flow rate of 20mUI/min. The reported maternal adverse effects concern uterine hyperstimulation, uterine rupture and post-partum haemorrhage, and those of neonatal adverse effects concern foetal heart rate anomalies associated with uterine hyperstimulation, neonatal morbidity and mortality, neonatal jaundice, weak suck/poor breastfeeding latch and autism. CONCLUSION: The widespread use of oxytocin during spontaneous labour must not be considered as simply another inoffensive prescription without any possible deleterious consequences for mother or foetus. Conditions for administering the oxytocin must therefore respect medical protocols. Indications and patient consent have to be report in the medical file.

[Perinatal care for extremely preterm infants. Considerations of the "risks in pregnancy" department]. / Prise en charge de la prématurité extrême. Réflexions du département hospitalo-universitaire (DHU) « risques et grossesse ¼.

Decisions regarding whether to initiate or forgo intensive care for extremely premature infants are often based on gestational age alone. However, other factors also affect the prognosis for these patients and must be taken into account. After a short review of these factors, we present the thoughts and proposals of the Risks and Pregnancy department. The proposals are to limit emergency decisions, to better take into account other factors than gestational age and prenatal predicted fetal weight in assessing the prognosis, to introduce multidisciplinary consultation in the evaluation and proposals that will be discussed with the parents, and to separate prenatal steroid therapy from decision-making regarding whether or not to administer intensive care.

Fact or fiction? A longitudinal study of play and the development of reflective functioning.

In Fonagy and Target's (1996, 2000) developmental model of mentalization, play is theorized as a precursor of later mentalization and reflective function (RF); however, the relationship between play and later mentalization and RF has yet to be empirically tested. These processes are particularly important in the context of trauma, but an empirical model of the relationships among mentalization, play, and trauma is currently lacking. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine whether children's capacity to engage in pretend play, to symbolize, and to make play narratives was associated with later RF in those children. Thirty-nine sexually abused children and 21 nonabused children (aged 3 to 8) participated in the study. The Children's Play Therapy Instrument was used to assess children's free play. Three years after the play assessment, children's RF was assessed using the Child Attachment Interview, coded with the Child and Adolescent Reflective Functioning Scale. Pretend play completion was associated with later other-understanding. Play was also found to mediate the relationship between sexual abuse and children's later mentalization regarding others. These findings are consistent with Fonagy and Target's emphasis on the role of pretend play in the development of a nuanced sense of the qualities of the mind and reality. In sum, the findings lend support to Fonagy and Target's account of playing with reality, and the development of mentalization suggests that it may be more than "fiction." Furthermore, these results suggest that children's ability to create meaningful and coherent play sequences after sexual abuse is associated with the development of a better understanding of their relationships with others. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.

Fetal growth restriction and intra-uterine growth restriction: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians.

Small for gestational age (SGA) is defined by weight (in utero estimated fetal weight or birth weight) below the 10th percentile (professional consensus). Severe SGA is SGA below the third percentile (professional consensus). Fetal growth restriction (FGR) or intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) usually correspond with SGA associated with evidence indicating abnormal growth (with or without abnormal uterine and/or umbilical Doppler): arrest of growth or a shift in its rate measured longitudinally (at least two measurements, 3 weeks apart) (professional consensus). More rarely, they may correspond with inadequate growth, with weight near the 10th percentile without being SGA (LE2). Birthweight curves are not appropriate for the identification of SGA at early gestational ages because of the disorders associated with preterm delivery. In utero curves represent physiological growth more reliably (LE2). In diagnostic (or reference) ultrasound, the use of growth curves adjusted for maternal height and weight, parity and fetal sex is recommended (professional consensus). In screening, the use of adjusted curves must be assessed in pilot regions to determine the schedule for their subsequent introduction at national level. This choice is based on evidence of feasibility and the absence of any proven benefits for individualized curves for perinatal health in the general population (professional consensus). Children born with FGR or SGA have a higher risk of minor cognitive deficits, school problems and metabolic syndrome in adulthood. The role of preterm delivery in these complications is linked. The measurement of fundal height remains relevant to screening after 22 weeks of gestation (Grade C). The biometric ultrasound indicators recommended are: head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL) (professional consensus). They allow calculation of estimated fetal weight (EFW), which, with AC, is the most relevant indicator for screening. Hadlock's EFW formula with three indicators (HC, AC and FL) should ideally be used (Grade B). The ultrasound report must specify the percentile of the EFW (Grade C). Verification of the date of conception is essential. It is based on the crown-rump length between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation (Grade A). The HC, AC and FL measurements must be related to the appropriate reference curves (professional consensus); those modelled from College Francais d'Echographie Fetale data are recommended because they are multicentere French curves (professional consensus). Whether or not a work-up should be performed and its content depend on the context (gestational age, severity of biometric abnormalities, other ultrasound data, parents' wishes, etc.) (professional consensus). Such a work-up only makes sense if it might modify pregnancy management and, in particular, if it has the potential to reduce perinatal and long-term morbidity and mortality (professional consensus). The use of umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry is associated with better newborn health status in populations at risk, especially in those with FGR (Grade A). This Doppler examination must be the first-line tool for surveillance of fetuses with SGA and FGR (professional consensus). A course of corticosteroids is recommended for women with an FGR fetus, and for whom delivery before 34 weeks of gestation is envisaged (Grade C). Magnesium sulphate should be prescribed for preterm deliveries before 32-33 weeks of gestation (Grade A). The same management should apply for preterm FGR deliveries (Grade C). In cases of FGR, fetal growth must be monitored at intervals of no less than 2 weeks, and ideally 3 weeks (professional consensus). Referral to a Level IIb or III maternity ward must be proposed in cases of EFW <1500g, potential birth before 32-34 weeks of gestation (absent or reversed umbilical end-diastolic flow, abnormal venous Doppler) or a fetal disease associated with any of these (professional consensus). Systematic caesarean deliveries for FGR are not recommended (Grade C). In cases of vaginal delivery, fetal heart rate must be monitored continuously during labour, and any delay before intervention must be faster than in low-risk situations (professional consensus). Regional anaesthesia is preferred in trials of vaginal delivery, as in planned caesareans. Morbidity and mortality are higher in SGA newborns than in normal-weight newborns of the same gestational age (LE3). The risk of neonatal mortality is two to four times higher in SGA newborns than in non-SGA preterm and full-term infants (LE2). Initial management of an SGA newborn includes combatting hypothermia by maintaining the heat chain (survival blanket), ventilation with a pressure-controlled insufflator, if necessary, and close monitoring of capillary blood glucose (professional consensus). Testing for antiphospholipids (anticardiolipin, circulating anticoagulant, anti-beta2-GP1) is recommended in women with previous severe FGR (below third percentile) that led to birth before 34 weeks of gestation (professional consensus). It is recommended that aspirin should be prescribed to women with a history of pre-eclampsia before 34 weeks of gestation, and/or FGR below the fifth percentile with a probable vascular origin (professional consensus). Aspirin must be taken in the evening or at least 8h after awakening (Grade B), before 16 weeks of gestation, at a dose of 100-160mg/day (Grade A).

BAL in children: a controlled study of differential cytology and cytokine expression profiles by alveolar cells in pediatric sarcoidosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The development of BAL in children for both research and clinical purposes has been limited so far by the difficulty in establishing reference values. The aim of the study was (1) to define composition of BAL cellular components in control children and to evaluate the ability of these cells to express various cytokines, and (2) to study modifications of differential cytology and BAL cell cytokine responses in children with interstitial lung disorders. POPULATIONS AND METHODS: Two groups were investigated: a control group of 16 children who were concluded to be free of parenchymal lung disease after complete pulmonary investigation, and a group of 11 children with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Differential cytology was evaluated by standard techniques. BAL cell cytokine expression was studied at the level of messenger RNA (mRNA) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. RESULTS: In the control group, differential cell counts appeared to be similar to values reported in adult populations with normal distribution of the data and no influence of age. In this group, no transcripts for interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, and transforming (correction of tranforming) growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) could be detected. In children with sarcoidosis, different profiles of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and TGF-beta expression were individualized which seemed to be related to the activity and/or severity of the disease, IL-6 and TGF-beta mRNA being observed only in the more severe forms. CONCLUSION: These data provide information on BAL cell number and function in children. Characterization of BAL cytokine expression patterns during the course of interstitial lung diseases in children may be of great interest for evaluation of disease activity and/or severity and therefore for planning of therapy.

[Risk factors of postpartum hemorrhage during labor and clinical and pharmacological prevention]. / Facteurs de risques au cours du travail et prévention clinique et pharmacologique de l'hémorragie du post-partum.

Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a major concern in regards to its impact on maternal morbidity and mortality. While established risk factors can be identified among risk factors of PPH during labor after multivariate analysis: prolonged labor, oxytocin stimulation of labor, cesarean section, instrumental delivery, genital lacerations and episiotomy, prolonged third stage of labor, retained placenta; other risk factors are still uncertain: induction of labor, hyperthermia or chorioamniotitis, analgesia or anesthesia, macrosomia, various cesarean section techniques. Isolated identified risk factors have a moderate incidence on PPH, but their cumulation in one patient is a potential high risk. Among active management schemes of third stage of labor for PPH prevention, the most efficient technique seems to be direct injection of oxytocin when the baby's shoulders are delivered, associated with controlled cord traction. If this technique is a must for high-risk patients for PPH, and seems efficient for every patient, a correctly performed procedure requires the presence of a competent professional in addition to the midwife or obstetrician in charge of delivery, and a permanent attention so the length of third stage of labor is shortened. The alternative use of prophylactic misoprostol in the third stage of labor is less effective than injectable uterotonics in reducing PPH, and is associated with more side effects (severe shivering, pyrexia, diarrhea). None of other described prophylactic methods have proved efficiency: early suckling, umbilical blood drainage, oxytocin umbilical vein injection, among others. A decrease in PPH prevalence should be obtained by particular attention on data from the early postpartum period, active diffusion of effective prophylactic techniques, and an appropriate choice in regards to each delivery unit organization.

[Frequency, causes and risk factors of postpartum haemorrhage: a population-based study in 106 French maternity units]. / Incidence, étiologies et facteurs de risque de l'hémorragie du post-partum : étude en population dans 106 maternités françaises.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence, to describe the aetiology and to identify the risk factors of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Prospective study conducted in 106 French maternity units of six perinatal networks between December 2004 and November 2006. PPH was defined by a blood loss superior to 500 mL or necessitating an examination of the uterus, or a peripartum haemoglobin drop superior to 2 g/dL. Severe PPH was defined by at least one of these criteria : peripartum haemoglobin drop superior or equal to 4 g/dL, embolization, conservative surgical procedure, hysterectomy, transfusion, transfer to intensive care or death. RESULTS: The incidence of PPH was 6.4% [CI 95% 6.3-6.5] with variations between maternity units from 1.5% to 22.0%; incidence of severe PPH was 1.7% [CI 95% 1.6-1.8] with variations between units from 0% to 4%. Atony was the main aetiology of PPH, whatever the mode of delivery and severity. The risk factors identified were those classically described in the literature. CONCLUSION: In these six French perinatal networks, in 2005-2006, the PPH profile was characterized by an incidence of severe forms higher than previous population-based estimates from other countries. This suggests a more frequent aggravation of PPH and the implication of inadequate PPH management.