The characteristics of users of an online screening tool for children and adolescents with intellectual disability and of those being screened.

Screening tools can help with the identification of intellectual disability, but little is known about who uses them. This study analysed anonymous information from 2691 users of an evidence-based, online, intellectual disability screening questionnaire for children and adolescents (CAIDS-Q) to explore the characteristics of the users and of those being screened. The users were split almost equally between parents/family members (48.6%) and professionals (49.9%), with the majority (63.8%) of the latter group being health staff. Significant differences in the characteristics of the children being screened were found, according to whether the user was a parent/family member or a professional, with the overall pattern suggesting that professionals screened children with greater complexity of needs, but about whom less was known. The screened children had a range of areas of difficulties that are common to those with intellectual disability. Implications for practice are discussed.

Pessary management practices for pelvic organ prolapse among Australian health care practitioners: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Vaginal pessaries are a low-cost, effective treatment for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and an alternative to surgery. Whilst traditionally pessary management (PM) has been provided by medical professionals, particularly gynaecologists, recent international studies found other professionals, including physiotherapists and nurses, may be involved. It is unknown which health care practitioners (HCPs) provide PM for POP in Australia or the distribution of services. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study design, a self-reported electronic survey investigated Australian HCPs providing PM for POP. Purposive and snowball sampling targeted HCPs, professional organisations and health care facilities. Descriptive statistics described PM in relation to HCP professional profile, PM provision and geographical location. RESULTS: There were 536 respondents (324 physiotherapists, 148 specialists, 33 general practitioners (GPs) and 31 nurses providing PM. Most worked within metropolitan regions (n = 332, 64%), 140 (27%) in rural, 108 (21%) in regional and 10 (2%) in remote areas. Most worked privately (n = 418, 85%), 153 (46%) worked publicly and 85 (17%) in both. Ring pessaries were most commonly used, followed by cube and Gellhorn. HCPs reported variable training in PM, and 336 (69%) had no mandatory workplace competency standard; however, 324 (67%) wanted further training. Women travelled long distances to access services. CONCLUSIONS: Doctors, nurses and physiotherapists provided PM in Australia. HCPs had variable training and experience in PM, with rural and remote HCPs particularly wanting further training. This study highlights the need for accessible PM services, standardised and competency-based training for HCPs, and governance structures ensuring safe care.

Association between pelvic pain bothersomeness and pain sensitivity: A community-based cross-sectional study of young adult females in the Raine Study.

OBJECTIVE: Pelvic pain has been associated with augmented nociceptive processing, but large studies controlling for multiple potential confounding factors are lacking. This study investigated the association between pelvic pain bothersomeness and pain sensitivity in young adult women, accounting for potential confounding factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Community-dwelling sample. POPULATION: The Raine Study Gen2-22 year follow-up (n = 475). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The experience of bothersomeness related to pelvic pain was determined from a question in the Urogenital Distress Inventory short form. Pain sensitivity was measured using pressure pain and cold pain thresholds. Potential confounding factors included ethnicity, marital status, highest level of education, income, waist-hip ratio, level of activity, sleep quality, smoking, comorbidity history, C-reactive protein level, musculoskeletal pain experience and psychological distress. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-two women (76.2%) reported no pelvic pain bothersomeness, 74 (15.6%) reported mild pelvic pain bothersomeness and 39 (8.2%) reported moderate-severe pelvic pain bothersomeness. After adjusting for marital status (and test site), moderate-severe pelvic pain bothersomeness was associated with a lower pressure pain threshold (i.e. greater pressure pain sensitivity) (coefficient -51.46, 95% CI -98.06 to -4.86, p = 0.030). After adjusting for smoking, moderate-severe pelvic pain bothersomeness was also associated with a higher cold pain threshold (i.e. greater cold pain sensitivity) (coefficient 4.35, 95% CI 0.90-7.79, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests augmented nociceptive processing as a contributing factor in pelvic pain bothersomeness for some women. Thorough assessment of women who present clinically with pelvic pain should consider pain sensitivity as a potential contributing factor to their presentation.

The relationship between symptom severity, bother and psychological factors in women with pelvic organ prolapse: A cross-sectional observational study.

AIM: The primary aim is to explore the relationship between symptom severity and prolapse bother in women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). The secondary aim is to determine the association between psychological variables and prolapse bother. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted via online surveys assessing POP bother (visual analog scale for bother), POP symptom severity (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Vaginal Symptoms), and psychological measures of depression and anxiety (Kessler psychological distress scale [K-10]), catastrophizing (modified pain catastrophizing scale [mPCS]), and self-efficacy (modified pain self-efficacy questionnaire [mPSEQ]) in women with self-reported POP. Symptom severity, bother and psychological variables were analyzed using linear regression. RESULTS: Seventy-six women with a mean (SD) age of 42.8 (14.57) years were included in analysis. A moderate to strong positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.449, p < 0.001) was found between symptom severity and POP bother. Prolapse bother and psychological variables were moderately correlated, where increased K-10 scores (R2 = 0.230, p = 0.001), higher mPCS scores (R2 = 0.460, p < 0.001), and lower mPSEQ scores (R2 = 0.460, p < 0.001) were associated with increased POP bother. Moderate and severe catastrophizing was associated with significantly higher POP bother, with mean POP bother scores of 7.861 ± 0.45 (p < 0.001) and 8.652 ± 0.45 (p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION: A moderate positive relationship between POP bother and symptom severity was found, with greater psychological distress and lower self-efficacy associated with increasing POP bother. Women presenting with POP should be screened for psychological factors to guide management.

The use of an implementation science theoretical framework to inform the development of a region wide Positive Behavioural Support Workforce Development approach.

BACKGROUND: Concern about the poor care of some people with an intellectual disability has highlighted the need for systemic, large-scale interventions to develop a skilled workforce. METHOD: We outline how an implementation science theoretical model informed the development of a region-wide Positive Behavioural Support (PBS) Workforce Development (WFD) approach. RESULTS: We provide an example of the application of the model in practice and demonstrate how this enabled us to understand the competencies and development needs of the workforce; engage effectively with stakeholders; and develop, deliver and evaluate a PBS WFD model. CONCLUSION: The application of the model helped us to identify, prioritise, and address the multiple and complex factors that were relevant to the implementation of the PBS WFD approach.

What is the total impact of an obstetric anal sphincter injury? An Australian retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Most data on obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) reflect short-term (< 12 months) or much longer term (> 10 years) impact. This study aimed to collate the extent of medium-term symptomology (1-6 years) and observe the effect on future birth choices to evaluate the cumulative impact of OASI in affected women. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of women affected by OASI completed a questionnaire covering bowel symptomology, sexual function, life impact and future birth choices. A custom-created adverse composite outcome for OASI incorporating effects on daily life, flatal/fecal incontinence and sexual function (OASIACO) was used as a threshold score to identify women with high levels of symptoms. RESULTS: Of 265 eligible and contactable women, 210 questionnaires were received (response rate 79%) at a mean of 4 years post-OASI. More than half (54%) experienced an OASIACO. A forceps birth (p = 0.03) or more severe grade of tear (p = 0.03) was predictive of OASIACO. One hundred one women had further children, with 48% reporting their delivery choices were impacted, 32% electing a cesarean delivery and 26% shifting to private care. Eighty women (40%) had not given birth again, and 29 (36%) of these indicated their OASI influenced this decision. CONCLUSIONS: The total impact of an OASI on women affected is substantial. More than half experience ongoing symptoms and close to half report an impact on their future birth choices. It follows there would be a consequential load on the healthcare sector, and improved management and prevention programs should be implemented.

Help-seeking behaviour for pelvic floor dysfunction in women over 55: drivers and barriers.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to identify drivers of and barriers to help-seeking behaviour of older women with pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) living independently in Australia . METHODS: Women aged ≥55 years were recruited to this cross-sectional study during July and August 2016. Bladder, bowel, pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and sexual dysfunction were assessed with the Australian Pelvic Floor Questionnaire (APFQ). Drivers and barriers were based on the Barriers to Incontinence Care Seeking Questionnaire. Univariate analyses were used to assess any significant relationships between PFD, age, education level, self-reported PFD, barriers and drivers. RESULTS: Of the 376 study participants [mean, standard deviation (SD) age 68.6 (10.5) years], 67% reported symptoms of PFD and 98.7% scored >0 on the APFQ. Women were more likely to seek help if they scored higher on the APFQ (p < 0.001). The main barrier to seeking help was the perception that PFD was a normal part of ageing (22.4%). Of those who did seek help (50%), the main factor was increased level of symptom bother (51.4%). There was no difference in age or education level between women who did and did not seek help. CONCLUSION: Women are more likely to seek help for PFD if scoring higher on the APFQ or symptoms are becoming more bothersome. They are less likely to seek help if they view their symptoms as normal. Future direction should be taken to raise awareness of normal pelvic floor function as well as the availability of help for PFD.

Urogenital symptoms: prevalence, bother, associations and impact in 22 year-old women of the Raine Study.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Urogenital symptoms are prevalent in older women, but there is little data available on the prevalence, bother, impact and associations with low back pain (LBP), obesity, parity, mental health (MH) and quality of life (QOL) in young women. Our aim was to determine the prevalence, bother and impact of urogenital symptoms and to explore associations with LBP, obesity, parity, MH and QOL in 22 year-old women. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional evaluation using data collected from 588 women in the Raine Study, a pregnancy cohort in which participants have been regularly followed up from birth until 22 years. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, univariate comparisons and linear regression models. RESULTS: Prevalence of urogenital symptoms were stress urinary incontinence (SUI) 6.3%, mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) 11.5%, leakage of drops 5.8%, urge urinary incontinence (UUI) 5.3%, bothersome urinary frequency 41.5%, difficulty emptying 11.8% and urogenital pain 22.9%. Urinary frequency, MUI, difficulty emptying and urogenital pain were most bothersome, whilst difficulty emptying and urogenital pain were associated with greatest impact. Urinary frequency, SUI, leakage of drops, difficulty emptying and urogenital pain were associated with current LBP and LBP ever. Difficulty emptying and urogenital pain were associated with chronic LBP. Urogenital symptoms were not associated with obesity or parity. Women with urogenital symptoms had significantly poorer scores on the Mental Component Score of the Short Form Health Survey (SF)-12 and all aspects of the Depression Anxiety Stress Score. CONCLUSIONS: Urogenital symptoms are prevalent in young women, bothersome for some and are associated with LBP, poorer MH and reduced QOL.

Should women with incontinence and prolapse do abdominal curls?

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Urinary incontinence (UI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) occur in 30-50 % of women. It is proposed that increases in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) caused by high-intensity activities may contribute to symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction. There is a lack of consensus as to the type of activity restrictions that may be necessary in this population. The objective was to determine the change in IAP (cm H20) during abdominal curl and cough in patients with UI and POP attending urodynamic evaluation. METHODS: In this exploratory descriptive study, 30 women with diagnosed POP and/or UI were recruited. IAP was measured by multichannel cystometry whilst participants performed three abdominal curls and three maximal coughs. RESULTS: Participants were aged 29-80 (mean 56.2) years, and mean ± standard deviation (SD) body mass index (BMI) was 29.9 (5.2) kg/m(-2). All participants had UI and 12 had POP in addition to UI. IAP increased significantly from rest to abdominal curl and cough (19.6-50.3 and 78.4, respectively; p < 0.001). Greater pressures were generated in the women with POP than in those with UI only (p = 0.02). There were large variations in change in pressure between participants (1.67-159.66 for cough; 4-81.67 for abdominal curl). CONCLUSION: The large variability in IAP generated during abdominal curl and cough suggests some current recommendations may be unnecessarily restrictive in some women but important in others. Advice for women with pelvic floor dysfunction undertaking tasks that increase IAP needs to be individualized.

Stress urinary incontinence is highly prevalent in recreationally active women attending gyms or exercise classes.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in recreationally active women attending gyms or exercise classes. METHODS: Data were collected on the frequency and severity of incontinence and the prevalence of SUI risk factors; screening for PFM dysfunction in a fitness appraisal; symptom modification strategies; knowledge of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) exercises and the Pelvic Floor First (PFF) initiative. Three hundred and sixty-one women aged 18-83 who attended exercise classes or gyms in Western Australia were surveyed. RESULTS: Nearly half (49.3 %) of participants reported SUI, the majority of whom slight or moderate leakage. Ninety-six per cent reported at least one SUI risk factor, with the mean being 2.7 (SD = 1.4). Almost all women surveyed had heard of PFM exercises (97.2 %), but only 15.2 % of participants were screened for PFM dysfunction in a fitness appraisal. Forty-three per cent reported that a fitness instructor cued PFM activation during a workout. Less than 1 in 10 (9.7 %) of the women surveyed had heard about the PFF initiative. CONCLUSION: Urinary incontinence is common in women attending gyms or exercise classes, but is rarely screened for. More education is required to encourage fitness leaders to screen exercise participants and to provide PFM-'friendly" modifications.

Transabdominal ultrasound to assess pelvic floor muscle performance during abdominal curl in exercising women.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to assess pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function using transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) in women attending group exercise classes. Specific aims were to: (1) identify the ability to perform a correct elevating PFM contraction and (2) assess bladder-base movement during an abdominal curl exercise. METHODS: Ninety women participating in group exercise were recruited to complete a survey and TAUS assessment performed by two qualified Continence and Women's Health physiotherapists with clinical experience in ultrasound scanning. The assessment comprised three attempts of a PFM contraction and an abdominal curl exercise in crook lying. Bladder-base displacement was measured to determine correct or incorrect activation patterns. RESULTS: Twenty-five percent (n = 23) of women were unable to demonstrate an elevating PFM contraction, and all women displayed bladder-base depression on abdominal curl (range 0.33-31.2 mm). Parous women displayed, on average, significantly more bladder-base depression than did nulliparous women [15.5 (7.3) mm vs 11.4 (5.8) mm, p < 0.009). Sixty percent (n = 54) reported stress urinary incontinence (SUI). There was no association between SUI and the inability to perform an elevating PFM contraction (p = 0.278) or the amount of bladder-base depression with abdominal curl [14.1 (7.6) mm SUI vs 14.2 (6.7) mm non-SUI]. CONCLUSIONS: TAUS identified that 25 % of women who participated in group exercise were unable to perform a correctly elevating PFM contraction, and all depressed the bladder-base on abdominal curl. Therefore, exercising women may be at risk of PFM dysfunction when performing abdominal curl activities.

Changing the system by changing the workforce: employing consumers to increase access, cultural diversity, and engagement.

Services to families have traditionally been delivered in a medical model. This presents challenges including workforce shortages, lack of cultural diversity, lack of training in strength-based work, and difficulty in successfully engaging and retaining families in the therapy process. The system of care (SOC) effort has worked to establish formal roles for caregivers in SOC to improve services. This paper provides an example of one community's efforts to change the SOC by expanding the roles available to caregivers in creating systems change. It describes the model developed by Communities of Care (CoC), a SOC in Central Massachusetts, and its evolution over a 10 year period. First person accounts by system partners, caregivers hired into professional roles as well as a family receiving services, demonstrate how hiring caregivers at all levels can change systems and change lives, not only for those being served but for the caregiver/professionals doing the work. It also demonstrates, however, that change at the system level is incremental, takes time, and can be fleeting unless an ongoing effort is made to support and sustain those changes.

Bladder and bowel symptoms following imprisonment in West Australian female prisons.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the presence of bladder and bowel symptoms in women recently imprisoned in Western Australian prisons, specifically; stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence, faecal incontinence, nocturia, nocturnal enuresis and constipation and the impact on the quality of life (QOL). DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Over a 12-month period 29 women, recently released from Western Australia's female prisons, were surveyed using a questionnaire previously validated for the prison population. The Short Form King's Health Questionnaire and a modified version of the Manchester Health Questionnaire were used to assess the effects of these symptoms on QOL. FINDINGS: Of those surveyed only one respondent reported having no bladder or bowel symptoms following release from prison. Trends assessed by Chi-square analysis suggest women imprisoned for any period of time are more likely to develop both bladder and bowel symptoms which persist after release back into the community. A history of substance or alcohol abuse is often concurrent with the presence of symptoms. QOL scores are also lower for those reporting either bladder or bowel symptoms affecting total scores and the domains of both activities of daily living and mental health. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Women imprisoned for any length of time developed bladder and bowel symptoms which had a negative impact on their QOL. Larger studies need to be conducted to investigate these trends and whether small changes in conservative measures can influence outcomes.

How Might We Screen for Psychological Factors in People With Pelvic Pain? An e-Delphi Study.

OBJECTIVE: Persistent pelvic pain (PPP) is a complex condition often influenced by psychological factors that can alter treatment outcomes. These factors are potentially modifiable; however, currently there is no instrument to screen for them. The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) which psychological factors should be screened in individuals with PPP, and (2) the most appropriate statements to represent these psychological factors. METHODS: The study used a focus group design followed by an electronic-Delphi (e-Delphi) process. A focus group consisting of 8 experts was conducted to determine the relevant psychological factors to screen. These results informed round 1 of the e-Delphi process, consisting of a panel of 14 pain/pelvic pain experts. The e-Delphi process consisted of 3 rounds of online surveys and 2 teleconference discussions to establish consensus on the most appropriate statement to screen for each of the psychological factors. RESULTS: The focus group identified 13 relevant psychological factors. During the e-Delphi process, relevant screening statements were assessed using a 100-point allocation system. Experts could reword and suggest new statements. Statements were assessed for consensus and stability and were eliminated as the rounds progressed if they met the exclusion criteria. At the termination of round 3, there were 15 statements remaining. CONCLUSION: The final list of 15 statements will assist clinicians in screening for psychological factors and is an important step for clinicians in providing psychologically informed care to people with PPP. Future research should determine the psychometric properties of the statements to determine their clinical utility as a questionnaire. IMPACT: This study has refined a list of statements to help screen for psychological factors in individuals with PPP. Developed robustly using an e-Delphi method, this list is an important first step forward for clinicians to provide psychologically informed care to these individuals.

Maternal folate and other vitamin supplementation during pregnancy and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the offspring.

The Australian Study of Causes of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children (Aus-ALL) was designed to test the hypothesis, raised by a previous Western Australian study, that maternal folic acid supplementation during pregnancy might reduce the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Aus-ALL was a national, population-based, multicenter case-control study that prospectively recruited 416 cases and 1,361 controls between 2003 and 2007. Detailed information was collected about maternal use of folic acid and other vitamin supplements before and during the index pregnancy. Data were analyzed using logistic regression, adjusting for matching factors and potential confounders. A meta-analysis with the results of previous studies of folic acid supplementation was also conducted. We found weak evidence of a protective effect of maternal folate supplementation before pregnancy against risk of childhood ALL, but no evidence for a protective effect of its use during pregnancy. A meta-analysis including this and 2 other studies, but not the study that raised the hypothesis, also found little evidence that folate supplementation during pregnancy protects against ALL: the summary odds ratios (ORs) for folate supplementation were 1.06 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77-1.48] with reference to no folate supplementation and 1.02 (95% CI: 0.86-1.20) with reference to no vitamin supplementation. For vitamin supplementation in general, the summary OR from a meta-analysis of 5 studies-including Aus-ALL-was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73-0.94). Vitamin supplementation in pregnancy may protect against childhood ALL, but this effect is unlikely to be large or, if real, specifically due to folate.

Reconsideration of pelvic floor muscle training to prevent and treat incontinence after radical prostatectomy.

Urinary incontinence is common after radical prostatectomy. Pelvic floor muscle training provides a plausible solution. Although early trials provided promising results, systematic reviews have questioned the efficacy of this intervention. A major consideration is that most clinical trials in men have applied principles developed for pelvic floor muscle training for stress urinary incontinence in women, despite differences in anatomy between sexes and differences in the mechanisms for continence/incontinence. Literature regarding continence control in men has been conflicting and often based on erroneous anatomy. New understanding of continence mechanisms in men, including the complex contribution of multiple layers of striated pelvic floor muscles, and detailed consideration of the impact of radical prostatectomy on continence anatomy and physiology, have provided foundations for a new approach to pelvic floor muscle training to prevent and treat incontinence after prostatectomy. An approach to training can be designed to target the pathophysiology of incontinence. This approach relies on principles of motor learning and exercise physiology, in a manner that is tailored to the individual patient. The aims of this review are to consider new understanding of continence control in men, the mechanisms for incontinence after radical prostatectomy, and to review the characteristics of a pelvic floor muscle training program designed to specifically target recovery of continence after prostatectomy.

Diabetes and Chronic Pancreatitis: Considerations in the Holistic Management of an Often Neglected Disease.

Diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis (CP) or type 3cDM refers to a brittle form of diabetes and is often characterised by hypoglycaemic episodes, erratic glycaemic control, and impaired quality of life. It differs from other forms of diabetes and is typically characterised by concurrent pancreatic endocrine and exocrine insufficiency which can present as malabsorption and nutritional deficiencies. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and the practicalities of diagnosis, screening, and management of this condition.

Trends in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Western Australia, 1960-2006.

Increases in the incidence of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been reported in some countries, while other reports from similar geographical regions have indicated stable rates. The reasons for the discrepancies have been debated in the literature, with the focus on whether the observed increases are "real" or an artifact resulting from improvements in diagnosis, case ascertainment and population coverage over time. We used population-based data from Western Australia to investigate trends in the incidence of childhood ALL between 1960 and 2006. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) and rate ratios (indicating annual percent change) were estimated using Poisson regression. Between 1960 and 2006, the ASR was 3.7 per 100,000 person-years, with an annual percent increase of 0.40% (95% CI: -0.20, 1.00). Between 1982 and 2006, the ASR was 3.8, with an annual percent increase of 0.80% (95% CI = -0.70 to 2.30). This increased to 1.42% (95% CI: -0.30, 3.0) when a sensitivity analysis was undertaken to assess the effect of excluding the final 2 years of data. Annual increases of 3.7% (95% CI: -0.50, 8.00) among children aged 5-14 years, and of 3.10% (95% CI: 0.50, 5.70) in girls, were observed for this latter period. These results were supported by national Australian incidence data available for 1982-2003. There may have been a small increase in the incidence of ALL since 1982 among girls and older children, but an overall increase appears unlikely. No impact of folate supplementation or fortification is apparent.

Healthy adults can more easily elevate the pelvic floor in standing than in crook-lying: an experimental study.

QUESTIONS: Are there any differences in the displacement and endurance of an elevating voluntary pelvic floor muscle contraction in standing and in crook-lying? Are there any differences in these variables between males and females in either test position? DESIGN: An experimental study. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-five nulliparous female and 20 male participants aged 23 years (SD 3) with no symptoms of urinary incontinence or low back pain. INTERVENTION: Voluntary pelvic floor muscle contraction was measured in both standing and crook-lying. OUTCOME MEASURES: Transabdominal ultrasound was used to measure the displacement (mm) and endurance (s) of pelvic floor elevation. RESULTS: Displacement was greater in standing than in crook-lying (mean difference 2.6 mm, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.7). There was no difference between males and females (mean difference 1.3 mm, 95% CI 0.5 to 3.2). Similarly, endurance of pelvic floor elevation was longer in standing than in crook-lying (mean difference 17.3 s, 95% CI 12.2 to 22.4). Again there was no difference between males and females (mean difference 0.5 s, 95% CI 9.3 to 8.3). CONCLUSION: Standing was found to be a more effective position for achieving and sustaining an elevation of the pelvic floor compared to crook-lying, regardless of sex, and this should be taken into account when assessing and training pelvic floor muscle contraction.