Biotin anchored nanostructured lipid carriers for targeted delivery of doxorubicin in management of mammary gland carcinoma through regulation of apoptotic modulator.

Mammary gland tumour has the highest incidence rate and mortality in women, worldwide. The present study envisaged a molecularly targeted nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) for doxorubicin (Dox) delivery capable of inducing cellular apoptosis in mammary gland tumour. NLCs were prepared utilizing Perilla frutescens oil (54-69% ω3-fatty acid) as liquid lipid to enhance entrapment of Dox through molecular ion pairing. Biotin decorated NLCs (b-Dox-NLCs) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The b-Dox-NLCs showed particle size of 105.2 ± 3.5 nm, zeta potential -35 ± 2 mV, entrapment 99.15 ± 1.71%, drug content 19.67 ± 2.6 mg.g-1, biotin content 5.85 ± 0.64 µg.g-1 and drug release 98.67 ± 2.43% (facilitated by acidic microenvironment) respectively. MTT assay and Flow cytometric analysis revealed higher anti-proliferative capability of b-Dox-NLCs to force apoptosis in MCF-7 cell line vis-à-vis marketed Dox, evidenced by reactive oxygen species level and mitochondrial membrane potential mediated apoptosis. Enhanced antitumor targeting, therapeutic safety and efficacy was exhibited by b-Dox-NLCs, as investigated through tumour volume, animal survival, weight variation, cardiotoxicity and biodistribution studies in 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced mammary gland tumour. Immunoblotting assay demonstrated b-Dox-NLCs downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins, i.e. bcl-2, MMP-9 while upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins, i.e. caspase-9, p16 and BAX. The experimental results suggest that biotinylated ω3-fatty acid augmented NLCs loaded with Dox are capable of inducing programmed cell death in mammary tumour and can be utilized as safe and effective delivery system with enhanced potential for mammary gland carcinoma therapy.

In vitro and in silico molecular interaction of multiphase nanoparticles containing inositol hexaphosphate and jacalin: Therapeutic potential against colon cancer cells (HCT-15).

Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is a natural constituent found in almost all cereals and legumes. It is known to cause numerous antiangiogenic manifestations. Notwithstanding its great potential, it is underutilized due to the chelation and rapid excretion from the body. Jacalin is another natural constituent obtained from seeds of jackfruit and can target disaccharides overexpressed in tumor cells. The current study was in-quested to develop and evaluate a surface-modified gold nanoparticulate system containing IP6 and jacalin which may maximize the apoptotic effect of IP6 against HCT-15 cell lines. IP6 loaded jacalin-pectin-gold nanoparticles (IJP-GNPs) were developed through reduction followed by incubation method. The developed formulation was tested for various in vitro and in silico studies to investigate its potential. HCT-15 cells when exposed to IJP-GNP resulted in significant apoptotic effects in dose as well as time-dependent manner, as measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, micronucleus, and reactive oxygen species assay. IJP-GNP displayed cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. To further explore the mechanism of chemoprevention, in silico studies were performed. The docking results revealed that the interactive behavior of IP6, P-GNP, and jacalin could target and inhibit the tumor formation activity, supported by in vitro studies. Taken together, all the findings suggested that IP6 loaded nanoparticles may increase the hope of future drug delivery strategy for targeting colon cancer.

Critical appraisal of serum phenytoin variation with patient characteristics in a North Indian population.

CONTEXT: Phenytoin (PHT) is one of the frontrunner drugs used as monotherapy in the management of epilepsy. It is also one of the most common drugs causing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The aim of this study was to study the relationship between serum PHT levels and the age, gender, dosage and genetic polymorphisms in a North Indian population. This knowledge will help in devising drug dosage schedules in various sub-groups of patients as well as in reducing its ADRs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data of 6224 patients from 1998 to 2009 receiving PHT alone for greater than (>) 4 weeks was performed. Patients suspected of being non-compliant, being overdosed or having a hepatic or renal disorder were excluded from the study. Two thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were divided into three groups: children (1-18 years), adults (19-60 years) and elderly (>60 years). RESULTS: There was a male preponderance (80%) in all the groups. A significant difference was found in the mean dose between children and adults as well as between children and elderly (P = 0.00). Also, there was a significant difference in the mean concentration and dose ratio between children and adults (P = 0.00). However, a negative correlation was observed between the daily dose and dose ratio (r = -0.36, P = 0.00) that was highest (r = -0.58, P = 0.00) in the elderly. There was a significant gender difference in the mean dose in both children (P = 0.03) and adults (P = 0.00), whereas the mean concentration differed in adults only. Every fifth patient was an intermediate metabolizer (IM) (CYP2C9FNx011/FNx013) and showed higher steady state drug levels (>17 mg/L) compared with extensive metabolizers (EMs) (<12 mg/L). The genetic difference between IM and EM was more prevalent in the dose ratio at maintenance dose, with a mean ± SD of 4.041 ± 1.288 mg/L/mg/kg in nine patients carrying the CYP2C9FNx011/FNx013 genotype compared with 2.145 ± 0.817 mg/L/mg/kg in 26 patients carrying the CYP2C9FNx011/FNx011 genotype (P = 0.00). CONCLUSION: North Indian female children and male adults frequently attain a higher serum concentration with the same dose when compared to the other groups. Absence of poor metabolizers may be responsible for a lower number of cases exhibiting toxicity in our population; however, this needs elucidation in a larger number of patients.

Study of variables affecting critical value notification in a laboratory catering to tertiary care hospital.

During post-analytical phase, critical value notification to responsible caregiver in a timely manner has potential to improve patient safety which requires cooperative efforts between laboratory personnel and caregivers. It is widely accepted by hospital accreditors that ineffective notification can lead to diagnostic errors that potentially harm patients and are preventable. The objective of the study was to assess the variables affecting critical value notification, their role in affecting it's quality and approaches to improve it. In the present study 1,187 critical values were analysed in the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory catering to tertiary care hospital for neuropsychiatric diseases. During 25 months of study period, we evaluated critical value notification with respect to clinical care area, caregiver to whom it was notified and timeliness of notification. During the study period (25 months), the laboratory obtained 1,279 critical values in clinical chemistry. The analytes most commonly notified were sodium and potassium (20.97 & 20.8 % of total critical results). Analysis of critical value notification versus area of care showed that critical value notification was high in ICU and emergency area followed by inpatients and 64.61 % critical values were notified between 30 and 120 min after receiving the samples. It was found that failure to notify the responsible caregiver in timely manner represent an important patient safety issue and may lead to diagnostic errors. The major area of concern are notification of critical value for outpatient samples, incompleteness of test requisition forms regarding illegible writing, lack of information of treating physician and location of test ordering and difficulty in contacting the responsible caregiver.

Role of intervention on laboratory performance: evaluation of quality indicators in a tertiary care hospital.

Quality in laboratory has huge impact on diagnosis and patient management as 80-90% of all diagnosis is made on the basis of laboratory tests. Monitoring of quality indicators covering the critical areas of pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical phases like sample misidentification, sample rejection, random and systemic errors, critical value reporting and TATs have a significant impact on performance of laboratory. This study was conducted in diagnostic laboratories receiving approximately 42,562 samples for clinical chemistry, hematology and serology. The list of quality indicators was developed for the steps of total testing process for which errors are frequent and improvements are possible. The trend was observed for all the QI before and after sensitisation of the staff over the period of 12 months. Incomplete test requisition form received in the lab was the most poor quality indicator observed (7.89%), followed by sample rejection rate (4.91%). Most significant improvement was found in pre- and post-analytical phase after sensitisation of staff but did not have much impact on analytical phase. Use of quality indicators to assess and monitor the quality system of the clinical laboratory services is extremely valuable tool in keeping the total testing process under control in a systematic and transparent way.

Pectin-encrusted gold nanocomposites containing phytic acid and jacalin: 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in Wistar rats, PI3K/Akt, COX-2, and serum metabolomics as potential targets.

Phytic acid (PA) has momentous chemotherapeutic potential. Due to the chelate formation and rapid elimination, it is not popular in cancer treatment. The present work was inquested to develop a surface-modified nanoformulation of PA which prevents its speedy elimination and maximizes chemotherapeutic action. Chloroauric acid was reduced with pectin to produce pectin-gold nanoparticles (PGNPs). PGNPs were incubated with PA and jacalin for drug loading and surface modifications, respectively, to form PA-loaded jacalin-pectin-gold nanoparticles (PA-J-PGNPs). Formulation(s) were assessed for various pharmaceutical/pharmacological parameters. To validate the efficacy against colon carcinogenesis, formulation(s) were assessed in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-treated Wistar rats. DMH treatment distorted colonic architecture, oxidative, and hemodynamic parameters, which were favorably restored by PA-J-PGNP administration. To further confirm our deliberations, formulation(s) were also examined against DMH-altered metabolic changes and expression of markers pertaining to cellular proliferation, which was reinstated by PA-J-PGNPs. Our findings establish PA formulation(s) as a promising approach for suppression of colon carcinogenesis.

Assessment of improved buccal permeation and bioavailability of felodipine microemulsion-based cross-linked polycarbophil gel.

The oral bioavailability of felodipine (FEL) is very low, i.e., about 15%. This could be due to low water solubility and hepatic first-pass effect. The objective of the present study was to develop FEL microemulsion-based gel, to bypass the first pass effect, for buccal delivery. The optimized FEL microemulsion (OPT-MEF) was used to prepare buccoadhesive gels, with varying concentrations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E4M and polycarbophil (PCP), and evaluated. The cross-linking of the PCP gelling agent was done by adjusting the pH with a neutralizing agent, triethanolamine (TEA). The formulations, namely drug suspension, OPT-MEF, microemulsion-based buccal gel containing 1% w/v (MEF-E4M1), 2% w/v (MEF-E4M2), and 3% w/v (MEF-E4M3) of HPMC K4M and 1% w/v (MEF-PCP1), 2% w/v (MEF-PCP2), and 3% w/v (MEF-PCP3) of PCP were prepared and optimized on the basis of ex vivo permeation study, mucoadhesion force, and viscosity. The optimized buccal gel (MEF-PCP1) showed significantly higher (p < 0.01) permeation flux (J = 0.44 ± 0.16 mg/cm2/h), when compared with the drug suspension (J = 0.17 ± 0.14 mg/cm2/h). The permeation enhancement ratio of MEF-PCP1 was found to be 2.59 times higher than that of the aqueous suspension of the drug. The texture profile analysis of MEF-PCP1 was performed which showed spreadability (3.2 mJ), extrudability (151.8 mJ), hardness (13.8 g), and adhesiveness (41.0 g), and results indicated good spreadability and adhesiveness. The rheological study revealed the pseudoplastic flow behavior of MEF-PCP1 buccal gel. The Cmax value 9.21 ± 2.88 µg/ml of MEF-PCP1 gel was found to be significantly higher (P < 0.01) compared to the same dose administered by oral route (Cmax value 3.51 ± 1.74 µg/ml). The relative bioavailability (Fr) of the optimized MEF-PCP1 buccal gel was about 397.39% higher than that of oral route. In conclusion, consistent and effective buccal gel containing optimized FEL-loaded microemulsion, with improved buccal permeation and pharmacokinetic parameters was developed successfully to improve the bioavailability of FEL.

Augmented bioavailability of felodipine through an α-linolenic acid-based microemulsion.

The oral bioavailability of felodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist, is about 15%. This may be due to poor water solubility, and a lower intestinal permeability than a BCS class I drug, and hepatic first-pass metabolism of the drug. Many drugs are unpopular due to solubility issues. The goal of this study was to develop and optimize a felodipine-containing microemulsion to improve the intestinal permeability and bioavailability of the drug. The felodipine microemulsions were developed with the selected components, i.e., α-linolenic acid as the oil phase, Tween 80 as a surfactant, and isopropyl alcohol as co-surfactant using Box-Behnken design and characterized for in vitro release and particle size. The optimized felodipine-loaded microemulsion was investigated for physicochemical interaction, surface morphology, intestinal permeability, rheology, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, pharmacodynamic (electrocardiogram and heart rate variability), and pharmacokinetic studies to explore its suitability as a promising oral drug delivery system for the treatment of hypertension. The optimized felodipine-loaded microemulsion showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) at 7.918 × 10-5 cm/s after 1 h, when compared with conventional formulations that are marketed tablet, drug oily solution, and drug emulsion, which showed a maximum Papp of 3.013, 4.428, and 5.335 × 10-5 cm/s, respectively. The optimized felodipine-loaded microemulsion showed biocompatibility and no cytotoxicity. Cellular uptake studies confirmed payload delivery to a cellular site on the J774.A1 cell line. The rheology study of the optimized felodipine-loaded microemulsion revealed Newtonian-type flow behavior and discontinuous microemulsion formation. In pharmacodynamic studies, significant differences in parameters were observed between the optimized felodipine-loaded microemulsion and marketed formulation. The optimized felodipine-loaded microemulsion showed significantly higher (p < 0.01) C max (7.12 ± 1.04 µg/ml) than marketed tablets (2.44 ± 1.03 µg/ml). It was found that AUClast obtained from the optimized felodipine-loaded microemulsion (84.53 ± 10.73 µg h/ml) was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than the marketed tablet (27.41 ± 5.54 µg h/ml). The relative bioavailability (Fr) of the optimized felodipine-loaded microemulsion was about 308.3% higher than that of the marketed formulation. The results demonstrate that the prepared microemulsion is an advanced and efficient oral delivery system of felodipine for the management of hypertension.