Bacteriocin-Producing Escherichia coli Q5 and C41 with Potential Probiotic Properties: In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies.

Commensal bacteriocin-producing Escherichia coli are of interest for possible use as probiotics to selectively control the spread of pathogenic bacteria. Here, we evaluated the biosafety and efficacy of two new bacteriocin-producing E. coli strains, Q5 (VKM B-3706D) and C41 (VKM B-3707D), isolated from healthy farm animals. The genomes of both strains were sequenced, and genes responsible for the antagonistic and colonization abilities of each strain were identified. In vitro studies have shown that both strains were medium-adhesive and demonstrated antagonistic activity against most enteropathogens tested. Oral administration of 5 × 108 to 5 × 1010 colony-forming units of both strains to rats with drinking water did not cause any disease symptoms or side effects. Short-term (5 days) oral administration of both strains protected rats from colonization and pathogenic effects of a toxigenic beta-lactam-resistant strain of E. coli C55 and helped preserve intestinal homeostasis. Taken together, these in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data indicate that both strains (and especially E. coli Q5) can be potentially used for the prevention of colibacillosis in farm animals.

The "vestibular neuromatrix": A proposed, expanded vestibular network from graph theory in post-concussive vestibular dysfunction.

Convergent clinical and neuroimaging evidence suggests that higher vestibular function is subserved by a distributed network including visuospatial, cognitive-affective, proprioceptive, and integrative brain regions. Clinical vestibular syndromes may perturb this network, resulting in deficits across a variety of functional domains. Here, we leverage structural and functional neuroimaging to characterize this extended network in healthy control participants and patients with post-concussive vestibular dysfunction (PCVD). Then, 27 healthy control subjects (15 females) and 18 patients with subacute PCVD (12 female) were selected for participation. Eighty-two regions of interest (network nodes) were identified based on previous publications, group-wise differences in BOLD signal amplitude and connectivity, and multivariate pattern analysis on affective tests. Group-specific "core" networks, as well as a "consensus" network comprised of connections common to all participants, were then generated based on probabilistic tractography and functional connectivity between the 82 nodes and subjected to analyses of node centrality and community structure. Whereas the consensus network was comprised of affective, integrative, and vestibular nodes, PCVD participants exhibited diminished integration and centrality among vestibular and affective nodes and increased centrality of visual, supplementary motor, and frontal and cingulate eye field nodes. Clinical outcomes, derived from dynamic posturography, were associated with approximately 62% of all connections but best predicted by amygdalar, prefrontal, and cingulate connectivity. No group-wise differences in diffusion metrics or tractography were noted. These findings indicate that cognitive, affective, and proprioceptive substrates contribute to vestibular processing and performance and highlight the need to consider these domains during clinical diagnosis and treatment planning.

2021 Top Images in Radiology: Radiology In Training Editors' Choices.

Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Increasing and disparate use of neuroimaging for adults and children with non-traumatic headaches in the US emergency departments: Opportunities for improvement.

BACKGROUND: Optimization of neuroimaging practices for headache is considered a national priority; however, nationwide patterns and predictors of neuroimaging use for headache in the US emergency departments (EDs) are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To analyze temporal neuroimaging utilization trends for adults and children with non-traumatic headache in the US EDs and identify factors predictive of neuroimaging use in this patient population. METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional study using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Emergency Department Sample database for administrative encounter-level data analysis of a nationwide group of adult and pediatric patients with primary diagnosis of headache (ICD-9CM codes 784.0x, 339.xx, 346.xx) visited the US EDs between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2014. Temporal trends and independent predictors of neuroimaging use (e.g., patient and hospital characteristics, primary payment sources) were determined. RESULTS: In 2006-2014, a weighted group of 18,146,302 patients with a primary diagnosis of non-traumatic headache visited US EDs. Advanced neuroimaging utilization increased from 18.6% (n = 350,777) to 34.8% (n = 756,895) in the total group, from 18.8% (n = 314,646) to 36.5% (n = 698,080) in the adult subgroup (+94.1%), and from 16.9% (n = 36,131) to 22.0% (n = 58,815) (+30.2%) in the pediatric subgroup (+87.0%) between 2006 and 2014. The strongest predictors of higher neuroimaging utilization were hospital location in the Northeast (OR 3.17, 95% CI 2.67-3.76) or South (OR 2.42, 95% CI 2.03-2.88) regions. Lower utilization of imaging was associated with weekend ED visits (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.92-0.93), female gender (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.81-0.83), and Medicare, Medicaid, or self-pay (vs. private insurance) encounters. CONCLUSION: Neuroimaging utilization in patients with headache in US EDs nearly doubled in 2006-2014, and was used in 34.8% of all ED encounters in 2014. Utilization was higher and increased at faster rates for adults than children. In US EDs, imaging for headache is preferentially performed on commercially insured and male patients, at urban hospitals, in certain geographic regions, and on weekdays, raising concerns regarding disparate imaging use.

Vascular anomalies of the head and neck: diagnosis and treatment.

Vascular malformations and vascular tumors comprise the two specific subsets of vascular anomalies that arise as a result of disorganized angiogenesis and neoplasm, respectively. Malformations are separate entities from vascular tumors (e.g., hemangiomas) and are recognized by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) as such. Vascular malformations are classified into four main groups: simple, combined, anomalies of major vessels, and those associated with other vascular anomalies. Vascular tumors are neoplastic growths of blood vessels and are morphologically and molecularly distinct from malformations but can arise in the head and neck and have syndromic association. Head and neck vascular anomalies are not uncommon in the pediatric population and require special care in the workup, diagnostic imaging and clinical care. The purpose of this manuscript is to discuss the diagnosis and management of the most common intracranial and extracranial vascular malformations and tumors in the head and neck in children and adolescents.

Added Value From Abbreviated Brain MRI in Children With Headache.

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to describe implementation of an abbreviated brain MRI protocol for use in children with primary headache and to present an experience with the adaptation of the protocol in practice, work flow integration, and effects on sedation use. CONCLUSION. The abbreviated brain MRI protocol reduced the need for sedation for 74% of the study sample. Use of this protocol in this particular patient population continues, but further validation is required before its use is expanded to other pediatric populations.

Radiology Reading Room Huddles: Our Initial Experience.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to adapt the safety, methods, equipment, supplies, and associates, termed "S-MESA," communication tool from daily management huddles and implement it in radiology reading rooms to address the complexities of daily communications. We collected data on huddle logistics and perceived value from radiologists at an academic institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We constructed a 16-item survey composed of multiple-choice questions (single answer and multiple answers), statements requiring Likert scale ratings (from 1 [strongly disagree] to 5 [strongly agree]), and items requiring free text responses. The survey was distributed to 244 radiologists. Answers were collected over a 6-week period. RESULTS. The response rate was 41% (101/244). The majority of huddles were performed sometimes (59%) or daily or nearly daily (25%), and most lasted 5 minutes or less (83%), which was perceived as "just right" (87.5%). The components discussed more frequently in the huddle were availability (33.5%) and time goals (27%). Task review (19%) and miscellaneous (14%) were not as common. Huddles were valued for facilitating communication and better organizing the workday. CONCLUSION. Reading room huddles are feasible and perceived as useful. Moving forward, we are planning to integrate reading room huddles with multitier system huddles and include items that are of specific interest to radiology trainees.

Imaging of Children With Nontraumatic Headaches.

OBJECTIVE: Headache in children is a common symptom and often is worrisome for clinicians and parents because of the breadth of possible underlying significant abnormalities, including meningitis, brain neoplasms, and intracranial hemorrhage. For this reason, many children with headaches undergo neuroimaging. Most neuroimaging studies performed of children with headaches have normal findings but may lead to significant downstream effects, including unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation or sedation, as well as unnecessary cost to the health care system. In this article, we review the current evidence and discuss the role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis and management of pediatric headaches, with a special focus on tools that may aid in increasing the rate of positive findings, such as classification systems, algorithms, and red flag criteria. CONCLUSION: Many tools exist that can help in improving the appropriateness of neuroimaging in pediatric headache. The main issues that remain to be addressed include scientific proof of safety and validity of these tools and clarity regarding the risks, benefits, and cost-effectiveness of CT versus MRI in various clinical settings and scenarios.

Neuroimaging experience in pediatric Horner syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Horner syndrome in children is rare. The frequency and spectrum of malignancy as the cause of Horner syndrome in children remains unclear. Also unclear is whether the imaging work-up should include the entire oculo-sympathetic pathway or should be more targeted. In addition, the value of cross-sectional angiographic imaging in Horner syndrome is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To review imaging pathology in a cohort of children with Horner syndrome at a major academic pediatric medical center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed a 22-year period of CT and MR imaging studies in children with a clinical diagnosis of Horner syndrome referred for imaging. RESULTS: We found 38 patients who fulfilled study criteria of Horner syndrome and 6/38 had relevant imaging findings: 2/6 etiologies were neoplastic (congenital neuroblastoma and central astrocytoma), 1/6 had a vascular abnormality (hypoplastic carotid artery), 1/6 had maldevelopment (Chiari I malformation), and 2/6 had inflammatory/traumatic etiology (viral cervical lymphadenopathy, post jugular vein cannulation). There was a similar number of congenital and acquired pathologies. The malignancies were found at any level of the oculosympathetic pathway. CONCLUSION: There are treatable causes, including malignancies, in children presenting with Horner syndrome, which justify imaging work-up of the entire oculosympathetic pathway, unless the lesion level can be determined clinically.

Beach litter composition, distribution patterns and annual budgets on Novaya Zemlya archipelago, Russian Arctic.

Beached macrolitter (>2,5 cm) abundance and composition in the Russian (Eastern) part of the Barents Sea and the adjacent part of the Kara Sea was assessed for 2021-2023. Average densities of beach litter on the coasts are 675 items/100 m and 37 kg/100 m (0.27 items/m2 and 0.015 kg/m2). Annual litter budgets for Cape Zhelaniya beaches are 0.49 items/m2 per year and 0.023 kg/m2 per year. The northernmost tip of Novaya Zemlya is shown to be a beach litter accumulation hot-spot on Novaya Zemlya archipelago, where litter is brought by surface currents and trapped by sea ice margins. Up to 80 % of beached marine macrolitter is made of plastics, originating from vessels. A certain accumulation strip of a beach was identified (14 m - 27.5 m distance from the waterline), and significance of the beach backshore was shown in litter accumulation. Beach litter accounting methodologies on the Arctic beaches are discussed.

Young Professionals in Neuroradiology: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions.

The Young Professionals Committee of the American Society of Neuroradiology identifies and serves the interests of young professionals in neuroradiology, defined as those still in training or within 5 years of its completion. Being a young professional is an exciting, dynamic, and demanding stage of one's professional career. As the landscape of neuroradiology practice changes, new opportunities and challenges occur for those in the early stage of their career. It is important to recognize and support the needs of young professionals because an investment in their professional development is an investment in the future of our specialty. In this article, we aimed to address the most notable developments relevant to current and future young professionals in neuroradiology as well as highlight the work done by the Young Professionals Committee of the American Society of Neuroradiology in serving the needs of these young professionals, focusing on early neuroradiology engagement, flexible work arrangements, private practice, social media, artificial intelligence, and international collaborations.

Interference Requirements of Type III CRISPR-Cas Systems from Thermus thermophilus.

Among the diverse prokaryotic adaptive immunity mechanisms, the Type III CRISPR-Cas systems are the most complex. The multisubunit Type III effectors recognize RNA targets complementary to CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs). Target recognition causes synthesis of cyclic oligoadenylates that activate downstream auxiliary effectors, which affect cell physiology in complex and poorly understood ways. Here, we studied the ability of III-A and III-B CRISPR-Cas subtypes from Thermus thermophilus to interfere with plasmid transformation. We find that for both systems, requirements for crRNA-target complementarity sufficient for interference depend on the target transcript abundance, with more abundant targets requiring shorter complementarity segments. This result and thermodynamic calculations indicate that Type III effectors bind their targets in a simple bimolecular reaction with more extensive crRNA-target base pairing compensating for lower target abundance. Since the targeted RNA used in our work is non-essential for either the host or the plasmid, the results also establish that a certain number of target-bound effector complexes must be present in the cell to interfere with plasmid establishment. For the more active III-A system, we determine the minimal length of RNA-duplex sufficient for interference and show that the position of this minimal duplex can vary within the effector. Finally, we show that the III-A immunity is dependent on the HD nuclease domain of the Cas10 subunit. Since this domain is absent from the III-B system the result implies that the T. thermophilus III-B system must elicit a more efficient cyclic oligoadenylate-dependent response to provide the immunity.

The Functional States of the Participants of a Marine Arctic Expedition with Different Levels of Vitamin D in Blood.

(1) Background: The vitamin D level in blood is one of the markers of the functional reserves of the human body and can contribute to more successful adaptation in the Arctic. (2) Methods: The study involved 38 participants in the project "Arctic Floating University-2021". The determination of vitamin D content was carried out at the beginning of the expedition. A dynamic study was carried out for 20 days in the morning and in the evening. The functional state parameters of the participants were assessed using psychophysiological and questionnaire methods. Statistical methods: Mann-Whitney U-test and correlation analysis. (3) Results: It was found that at the beginning of the expedition, the functional state of participants with more severe vitamin D deficiency is characterized by a shorter average duration of RR intervals (p = 0.050) and reduced SDNN values (p = 0.015). The higher the content of vitamin D, the greater increase in speed (r = 0.510), the higher the increase in projective performance (r = 0.485), and the smaller the increase in projective stress (r = -0.334). Significant relationships between the subjective characteristics of functional states and the vitamin D of participants have not been established. (4) Conclusion: With an increase in the severity of vitamin D deficiency in the blood, the adaptive capabilities of participants decrease during an expedition to the Arctic.

Complete genome sequences of three commensal and two avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from farm animals in Russia.

Farm animals are a natural reservoir of commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli strains with high zoonotic potential. Here, we present five complete genomes of E. coli strains isolated from healthy animals and animals with colisepticemia from farms in Russia. The strains contain diverse virulence-associated and antibiotic resistance genes and multiple plasmids.

Biogeographic Analysis Suggests Two Types of Planktonic Prokaryote Communities in the Barents Sea.

The Barents Sea is one of the most rapidly changing Arctic regions, with an unprecedented sea ice decline and increase in water temperature and salinity. We have studied the diversity of prokaryotic communities using 16S metabarcoding in the western and northeastern parts of the Barents Sea along the Kola Section and the section from Novaya Zemlya to Franz Joseph Land. The hypothesis-independent clustering method revealed the existence of two distinct types of communities. The most common prokaryotic taxa were shared between two types of communities, but their relative abundance was different. It was found that the geographic location of the sampling sites explained more than 30% of the difference between communities, while no statistically significant correlation between environmental parameters and community composition was found. The representatives of the Psychrobacter, Sulfitobacter and Polaribacter genera were dominant in samples from both types of communities. The first type of community was also dominated by members of Halomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Planococcaceae and an unclassified representative of the Alteromonadaceae family. The second type of community also had a significant proportion of Nitrincolaceae, SAR92, SAR11 Clade I, NS9, Cryomorphaceae and SUP05 representatives. The origin of these communities can be explained by the influence of environmental factors or by the different origins of water masses. This research highlights the importance of studying biogeographic patterns in the Barents Sea in comparison with those in the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean prokaryote communities.

Imaging of Inherited Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders.

"Inherited metabolic disorders represent a large group of disorders of which approximately 25% present in neonatal period with acute metabolic decompensation, rapid clinical deterioration, and often nonspecific imaging findings. Neonatal onset signifies the profound severity of the metabolic abnormality compared with cases with later presentation and necessitates rapid diagnosis and urgent therapeutic measures in an attempt to decrease the extent of brain injury and prevent grave neurologic sequela or death. Here, the authors discuss classification and clinical and imaging findings in a spectrum of metabolic and endocrine disorders with neonatal presentation."