Transcriptomic dysregulation and autistic-like behaviors in Kmt2c haploinsufficient mice rescued by an LSD1 inhibitor.

Recent studies have consistently demonstrated that the regulation of chromatin and gene transcription plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Among many genes involved in these pathways, KMT2C, encoding one of the six known histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferases in humans and rodents, was identified as a gene whose heterozygous loss-of-function variants are causally associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the Kleefstra syndrome phenotypic spectrum. However, little is known about how KMT2C haploinsufficiency causes neurodevelopmental deficits and how these conditions can be treated. To address this, we developed and analyzed genetically engineered mice with a heterozygous frameshift mutation of Kmt2c (Kmt2c+/fs mice) as a disease model with high etiological validity. In a series of behavioral analyses, the mutant mice exhibit autistic-like behaviors such as impairments in sociality, flexibility, and working memory, demonstrating their face validity as an ASD model. To investigate the molecular basis of the observed abnormalities, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of their bulk adult brains and found that ASD risk genes were specifically enriched in the upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), whereas KMT2C peaks detected by ChIP-seq were significantly co-localized with the downregulated genes, suggesting an important role of putative indirect effects of Kmt2c haploinsufficiency. We further performed single-cell RNA sequencing of newborn mouse brains to obtain cell type-resolved insights at an earlier stage. By integrating findings from ASD exome sequencing, genome-wide association, and postmortem brain studies to characterize DEGs in each cell cluster, we found strong ASD-associated transcriptomic changes in radial glia and immature neurons with no obvious bias toward upregulated or downregulated DEGs. On the other hand, there was no significant gross change in the cellular composition. Lastly, we explored potential therapeutic agents and demonstrate that vafidemstat, a lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitor that was effective in other models of neuropsychiatric/neurodevelopmental disorders, ameliorates impairments in sociality but not working memory in adult Kmt2c+/fs mice. Intriguingly, the administration of vafidemstat was shown to alter the vast majority of DEGs in the direction to normalize the transcriptomic abnormalities in the mutant mice (94.3 and 82.5% of the significant upregulated and downregulated DEGs, respectively, P < 2.2 × 10-16, binomial test), which could be the molecular mechanism underlying the behavioral rescuing. In summary, our study expands the repertoire of ASD models with high etiological and face validity, elucidates the cell-type resolved molecular alterations due to Kmt2c haploinsufficiency, and demonstrates the efficacy of an LSD1 inhibitor that might be generalizable to multiple categories of psychiatric disorders along with a better understanding of its presumed mechanisms of action.

Distinct lactate metabolism between hepatocytes and myotubes revealed by live cell imaging with genetically encoded indicators.

The process of glycolysis breaks down glycogen stored in muscles, producing lactate through pyruvate to generate energy. Excess lactate is then released into the bloodstream. When lactate reaches the liver, it is converted to glucose, which muscles utilize as a substrate to generate ATP. Although the biochemical study of lactate metabolism in hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells has been extensive, the spatial and temporal dynamics of this metabolism in live cells are still unknown. We observed the dynamics of metabolism-related molecules in primary cultured hepatocytes and a skeletal muscle cell line upon lactate overload. Our observations revealed an increase in cytoplasmic pyruvate concentration in hepatocytes, which led to glucose release. Skeletal muscle cells exhibited elevated levels of lactate and pyruvate levels in both the cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix. However, mitochondrial ATP levels remained unaffected, indicating that the increased lactate can be converted to pyruvate but is unlikely to be utilized for ATP production. The findings suggest that excess lactate in skeletal muscle cells is taken up into mitochondria with little contribution to ATP production. Meanwhile, lactate released into the bloodstream can be converted to glucose in hepatocytes for subsequent utilization in skeletal muscle cells.

The effect of education regarding treatment guidelines for schizophrenia and major depressive disorders on psychiatrists' hypnotic medication prescribing behavior: a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: To examine whether the "Effectiveness of Guideline for Dissemination and Education in psychiatric treatment (EGIUDE)" project affects the rate of prescriptions of hypnotic medication and the type of hypnotic medications prescribed among psychiatrists, for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder in Japan. METHODS: The EGUIDE project is a nationwide prospective study of evidence-based clinical guidelines for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder in Japan. From 2016 to 2021, clinical and prescribing data from patients discharged from hospitals participating in the EGUIDE project were used to examine hypnotic medication prescriptions The prescribing rate of hypnotics and the prescribing rate of each type of hypnotic (benzodiazepine receptor agonist, nonbenzodiazepine receptor agonist, melatonin receptor agonist, and orexin receptor antagonist) were compared among patients who had been prescribed medication by psychiatrists participating in the EGUIDE project and patients who had been prescribed medication by nonparticipating psychiatrists. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of the EGUIDE project on the prescription of hypnotic medications. RESULTS: A total of 12,161 patients with schizophrenia and 6,167 patients with major depressive disorder were included. Psychiatrists participating in the EGUIDE project significantly reduced the rate of prescribing hypnotic medication and benzodiazepine receptor agonists for both schizophrenia (P < 0.001) and major depressive disorder (P < 0.001) patients. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate the educational effects of guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders on psychiatrists in terms of prescribing hypnotic medications to patients. The EGUIDE project may play an important role in reducing hypnotic medication prescription rates, particularly with respect to benzodiazepine receptor agonists. The results suggest that the EGUIDE project may result in improved therapeutic behavior.

Functional and behavioral effects of de novo mutations in calcium-related genes in patients with bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder is a common mental illness occurring in approximately 1% of individuals and requires lifelong treatment. Although genetic factors are known to contribute to this disorder, the genetic architecture has not yet been completely clarified. Our initial trio-based exome sequencing study of bipolar disorder showed enrichment of de novo, loss-of-function (LOF) or protein-altering mutations in a combined group with bipolar I and schizoaffective disorders, and the identified de novo mutations were enriched in calcium-related genes. These findings suggested a role for de novo mutations in bipolar disorder. The validity of these statistical associations will be strengthened if the functional impact of the mutations on cellular function and behavior are identified. In this study, we focused on two de novo LOF mutations in calcium-related genes, EHD1 and MACF1, found in patients with bipolar disorder. We first showed that the EHD1 mutation resulted in a truncated protein with diminished effect on neurite outgrowth and inhibited endocytosis. Next, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to establish two knock-in mouse lines to model the in vivo effects of these mutations. We performed behavioral screening using IntelliCage and long-term wheel running analysis. Ehd1 mutant mice showed higher activity in the light phase. Macf1 mutant mice showed diminished attention and persistence to rewards. These behavioral alterations were similar to the phenotypes in previously proposed animal models of bipolar disorder. These findings endorse the possible role of de novo mutations as a component of the genetic architecture of bipolar disorder, which was suggested by the statistical evidence.

Combination Psychotropic Use for Schizophrenia With Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics and Oral Antipsychotics: A Nationwide Real-World Study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Although several guidelines recommend monotherapy with antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia, patients who receive long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) are frequently treated with oral antipsychotics (OAPs). In the present study, we investigated the detailed use of psychotropic medications among patients throughout Japan with schizophrenia who received LAIs or OAPs. METHODS: The present study used data from the project for the Effectiveness of Guidelines for Dissemination and Education in psychiatric treatment from 94 facilities in Japan. The LAI group included patients who received any LAI, and the non-LAI group included patients who took only OAP medications at discharge. The participants of this study were 2518 schizophrenia patients (263 in the LAI group and 2255 in the non-LAI group) who received inpatient treatment and had prescription information at discharge between 2016 and 2020. RESULTS: This study revealed significantly higher rates of polypharmacy antipsychotics, number of antipsychotics, and chlorpromazine equivalents in the LAI group than in the non-LAI group. In contrast, the LAI group showed lower rate of concomitant use of hypnotic and/or antianxiety medication than the non-LAI group. CONCLUSIONS: Presenting these real-world clinical results, we want to encourage clinicians to keep monotherapy in mind for the treatment of schizophrenia, especially by reducing concomitant use of antipsychotics in the LAI group and reducing hypnotic and/or antianxiety medication in the non-LAI group.

Change of prescription for patients with schizophrenia or major depressive disorder during admission: real-world prescribing surveys from the effectiveness of guidelines for dissemination and education psychiatric treatment project.

BACKGROUND: Polypharmacy of additional psychotropics alongside the main treatment drug (antipsychotics in schizophrenia and antidepressants in major depressive disorder) is common in Japan. Our goal is to align psychotropic prescription in Japan with international standards, while reducing the differences between facilities. To achieve this goal, we aimed to compare prescriptions at the time of hospital admission and discharge. METHODS: Data on prescriptions at admission and discharge from 2016 to 2020 were collected. We divided the patients into four groups: (1) mono_mono group, monotherapy of the main drug at admission and discharge; (2) mono_poly group, monotherapy at admission and polypharmacy at discharge; (3) poly_poly group, polypharmacy at admission and discharge; and (4) poly_mono group, polypharmacy at admission and monotherapy at discharge. We compared the changes in dosage and number of psychotropics among the four groups. RESULTS: For both schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, the patients who received monotherapy with the main drug at admission were likely to receive main drug monotherapy at discharge and vice versa. For schizophrenia, the polypharmacy was prescribed more often in the mono_poly group than that in the mono_mono group. The prescription was not changed at all for more than 10% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: It is critical to avoid a polypharmacy regimen to ensure that guideline-compliant treatment is provided. We expect higher rates of monotherapy with the main drug after the EGUIDE lectures. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study protocol was registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network Registry (UMIN000022645).

Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on the use of anxiolytics and sleep medications: a propensity score-matched analysis.

AIM: We investigated the association of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with anxiolytic and sleep medication use in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SZ). METHODS: This nationwide observational study analyzed data from 3483 MDD inpatients and 6663 SZ inpatients. Patients with MDD and SZ were classified into those who underwent ECT during hospitalization and those who did not. A propensity score-matching method was performed to adjust for preadmission characteristics and clinical information, which were expected bias between the two groups. Rates of anxiolytic and sleep medication use at discharge were compared in the matched sample. RESULTS: 500 MDD patients were assigned to both groups. In the matched MDD sample, the rate of anxiolytic and sleep medication use at discharge was significantly lower in the ECT group than in the non-ECT group (64.9% vs. 75.8%, P = 1.7 × 10-4 ). In the ECT group, the rate of anxiolytic and sleep medication use at discharge was significantly lower than that prior to admission (64.9% vs. 73.2%, P = 1.2 × 10-14 ). 390 SZ patients were allocated. In the matched SZ sample, the ECT group was not significantly different from the non-ECT group in the rate of anxiolytics and sleep medications use at discharge (61.3% vs. 68.2%, P = 4.3 × 10-2 ). In the ECT group, the rate of anxiolytics and sleep medications use at discharge was significantly lower than that before admission (61.3% vs. 70.5%, P = 4.4 × 10-4 ), although this was not the primary outcome. CONCLUSION: Reduction of anxiolytic and sleep medication use may be considered positively when ECT is indicated for treatment of MDD.

Effect of education regarding treatment guidelines for schizophrenia and depression on the treatment behavior of psychiatrists: A multicenter study.

AIM: This study aims to examine the real-world effectiveness of education regarding clinical guidelines for psychiatric disorders using 'the Effectiveness of guidelines for dissemination and education in psychiatric treatment (EGUIDE)' project. METHODS: The EGUIDE project is a nationwide prospective implementation study of two clinical practice guidelines, i.e., the Guideline for Pharmacological Therapy of Schizophrenia and the Treatment Guidelines for Major Depressive Disorders, in Japan. Between 2016 and 2019, 782 psychiatrists belonging to 176 hospitals with psychiatric wards participated in the project and attended lectures on clinical practice guidelines. The proportions of guideline-recommended treatments in 7405 patients with schizophrenia and 3794 patients with major depressive disorder at participating hospitals were compared between patients under the care of psychiatrists participating in the project and those not participating in the project. Clinical and prescribing data on the patients discharged from April to September each year from participating hospitals of the project were also analyzed. RESULTS: The proportions of three quality indicators (antipsychotic monotherapy regardless of whether other psychotropics medication, antipsychotic monotherapy without other psychotropics and no prescription of anxiolytics or hypnotics) for schizophrenia were higher among participating psychiatrists than among nonparticipating psychiatrists. As similar results were obtained in major depressive disorder, the effectiveness of the project for the dissemination of guideline-recommended treatment has been replicated. CONCLUSION: This strategy of providing education regarding the clinical guidelines for psychiatric disorders was effective in improving the treatment-related behavior of psychiatrists. The use of this education-based strategy might contribute to resolving the mental health treatment gap.

Safety and Clinical Benefits of Laryngeal Closure in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

This study evaluated the safety of laryngeal closure and post-surgical changes in swallowing function of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and proposed an appropriate surgical strategy for patients with ALS. Clinical and surgical data of 26 consecutive patients with ALS who underwent laryngeal closure at Nagoya University Hospital in Japan between 2003 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Changes in swallowing functions were evaluated before and approximately 1 month post-surgery using Neuromuscular Disease Swallowing Status Scale (NdSSS), and Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS). The median operation time was 126 min (range, 51-163 min), and the median intraoperative blood loss was 20 mL (range, 0-88 mL). Among the 26 ALS patients who underwent laryngeal closure, grade 1 (mild) complications occurred in three patients (12%); however, no severe complications were observed. After surgery, 25 patients (96%) maintained the swallowing function and only one patient (4%) had deteriorating NdSSS and FOIS scores. No patients were referred to our hospital due to severe aspiration pneumonia after the surgery. Two patients did not require a feeding tube after the surgery and returned to oral intake. Laryngeal closure may be a safe surgical procedure for preventing chronic aspiration and may also maintain swallowing function of patients with ALS. Further multicenter prospective studies using the gold standard videofluoroscopic swallowing examination are required to support our findings.

Real-world predictors of divorce among outpatients with bipolar disorder: sex differences and clinical implications.

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by recurring episodes of mania and depression and is known to cause social impairment. Additionally, it has been revealed that bipolar disorder increases the risk of divorce and loss of family member support, which can worsen the prognosis. However, there is limited evidence regarding the predictive factors of divorce among patients with bipolar disorder in real-world settings. METHODS: This study utilized an observational approach and involved psychiatrists from 176 member clinics of the Japanese Association of Neuro-Psychiatric Clinics. They were requested to conduct a retrospective review of medical records and complete a questionnaire focused on patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The data collection period for baseline patient characteristics spanned from September to October 2017. Next, we investigated the incidence of divorce over a 2-year period, ranging from baseline to September to October 2019. RESULTS: A total of 1071 outpatients with bipolar disorder were included in the analysis, and 2.8% (30/1071) experienced divorce during the first 2 years of observation. The incidence of divorce in this population was considerably higher than that in the general Japanese population. Binomial logistic regression analysis confirmed that a younger baseline age and lower BMI values were statistically significant predictors of divorce occurrence for all study participants. The predictors of divorce were then examined separately by sex. The results revealed that for men, a younger age at baseline and having bipolar I disorder compared to bipolar II disorder were statistically significant predictors of divorce. In contrast, for women, having a lower BMI and using anxiolytics emerged as statistically significant predictors of divorce. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, a younger baseline age and lower BMI values were statistically significant predictors of divorce in patients with bipolar disorder. Notably, the predictors of divorce varied significantly between men and women. These findings provide important insights from a family perspective regarding social support for individuals with bipolar disorder in real-world clinical settings.

Identification of a regulatory pathway of L-phenylalanine-induced GLP-1 secretion in the enteroendocrine L cells.

Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is one of incretin hormone and is secreted when enteroendocrine L cells sense saccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids. Some amino acids have been shown to promote GLP-1 secretion from small intestinal enteroendocrine L cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that L-phenylalanine, a potent trigger of GLP-1 secretion, causes GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine L cells has not been elucidated. In this study, we used live-cell imaging to clarify the pathway by which L-phenylalanine activates enteroendocrine L cells. The results showed that L-phenylalanine was sensed by Gq-coupled receptor GPR142 and caused an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In addition, L-phenylalanine was taken up directly into the cell via Na+-dependent amino acid transporter, causing membrane depolarization and enhancing GLP-1 secretion. In summary, enteroendocrine L cells may regulate blood glucose levels in the body by detecting L-phenylalanine in the lumen and secreting GLP-1 via GPR142 and Na+-dependent amino acid transporters.

Clozapine Treatment Is Associated With Higher Prescription Rate of Antipsychotic Monotherapy and Lower Prescription Rate of Other Concomitant Psychotropics: A Real-World Nationwide Study.

BACKGROUND: Although clozapine is effective for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), the rate of clozapine prescription is still low. Whereas antipsychotic monotherapy is recommended in clinical practice guidelines, the rate of antipsychotic polypharmacy is still high. There is little evidence on whether a clozapine prescription influences changes in the rate of monotherapy and polypharmacy, including antipsychotics and other psychotropics. We therefore hypothesized that the rate of antipsychotic monotherapy in patients with TRS who were prescribed clozapine would be higher than that in patients with schizophrenia who were not prescribed clozapine. METHODS: We assessed 8306 patients with schizophrenia nationwide from 178 institutions in Japan from 2016 to 2019. We analyzed the psychotropic prescription data at discharge in patients diagnosed with TRS and with no description of TRS (ND-TRS) based on the diagnosis listed in the discharge summary. RESULTS: The rate of antipsychotic monotherapy in the TRS with clozapine group (91.3%) was significantly higher than that in the TRS without clozapine group (45.9%; P < 2.0 × 10-16) and the ND-TRS without clozapine group (54.7%; P < 2.0 × 10-16). The rate of antipsychotic monotherapy without any other concomitant psychotropics in the TRS with clozapine group (26.5%) was significantly higher than that in the TRS without clozapine group (12.6%; P = 1.1 × 10-6) and the ND-TRS without clozapine group (17.0%; P = 5.9 × 10-6). CONCLUSIONS: Clozapine prescription could be associated with a high rate of antipsychotic monotherapy. Patients will benefit from the correct diagnosis of TRS and thus from proper clozapine prescription.

Comparative connectivity correlates of dystonic and essential tremor deep brain stimulation.

The pathophysiology of dystonic tremor and essential tremor remains partially understood. In patients with medication-refractory dystonic tremor or essential tremor, deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the thalamus or posterior subthalamic area has evolved into a promising treatment option. However, the optimal DBS targets for these disorders remains unknown. This retrospective study explored the optimal targets for DBS in essential tremor and dystonic tremor using a combination of volumes of tissue activated estimation and functional and structural connectivity analyses. We included 20 patients with dystonic tremor who underwent unilateral thalamic DBS, along with a matched cohort of 20 patients with essential tremor DBS. Tremor severity was assessed preoperatively and approximately 6 months after DBS implantation using the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale. The tremor-suppressing effects of DBS were estimated using the percentage improvement in the unilateral tremor-rating scale score contralateral to the side of implantation. The optimal stimulation region, based on the cluster centre of gravity for peak contralateral motor score improvement, for essential tremor was located in the ventral intermediate nucleus region and for dystonic tremor in the ventralis oralis posterior nucleus region along the ventral intermediate nucleus/ventralis oralis posterior nucleus border (4 mm anterior and 3 mm superior to that for essential tremor). Both disorders showed similar functional connectivity patterns: a positive correlation between tremor improvement and involvement of the primary sensorimotor, secondary motor and associative prefrontal regions. Tremor improvement, however, was tightly correlated with the primary sensorimotor regions in essential tremor, whereas in dystonic tremor, the correlation was tighter with the premotor and prefrontal regions. The dentato-rubro-thalamic tract, comprising the decussating and non-decussating fibres, significantly correlated with tremor improvement in both dystonic and essential tremor. In contrast, the pallidothalamic tracts, which primarily project to the ventralis oralis posterior nucleus region, significantly correlated with tremor improvement only in dystonic tremor. Our findings support the hypothesis that the pathophysiology underpinning dystonic tremor involves both the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network and the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical network. Further our data suggest that the pathophysiology of essential tremor is primarily attributable to the abnormalities within the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network. We conclude that the ventral intermediate nucleus/ventralis oralis posterior nucleus border and ventral intermediate nucleus region may be a reasonable DBS target for patients with medication-refractory dystonic tremor and essential tremor, respectively. Uncovering the pathophysiology of these disorders may in the future aid in further improving DBS outcomes.

Development and field testing of a decision aid to facilitate shared decision making for adults newly diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

BACKGROUND: The number of individuals who are diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during adulthood has increased in recent years. However, there is still no decision aid (DA) to help adults newly diagnosed with ADHD make decisions regarding further treatments. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the development process of a DA for adults newly diagnosed with ADHD and its field testing during the shared decision-making (SDM) process in a clinical setting. METHODS: The development process involved the creation of a DA prototype using the International Patient Decision Aid Standards criteria and revision of the prototype through the stakeholders' reviews. The field testing of the DA compared scores before and after the SDM process on the service users' knowledge scale, decisional conflict scale and the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales. RESULTS: The developed DA contained options of watchful waiting with own coping skills and pharmacological treatment, which consisted of several kinds of drug options. Fifteen adults newly diagnosed with ADHD participated in the field testing. The participant decision-making quality outcomes such as their knowledge and decisional conflict improved after the SDM process. ADHD severity did not change. CONCLUSION: A DA for adults with ADHD was systematically developed following the international criteria. Field testing indicated that the DA could serve as a tool to facilitate the SDM process. Further research on this DA is necessary before its routine implementation. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: During the development process of the DA, the service users who had already been diagnosed with ADHD reviewed the DA prototype and provided feedback, which improved the final version of the DA.

Effect of age and sex on prescriptions for outpatients with bipolar disorder in the MUSUBI study: a cross­sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Childbearing-aged female patients and elderly patients with bipolar disorder need special attention for pharmacological treatments, but current guidelines provide little information on their pharmacological treatment. In particular, the risk/benefit balance of pharmacological treatment for childbearing-aged females with bipolar disorder is a growing concern. Therefore, we aimed to address the effect of age and sex on psychotropic drug prescription for outpatients with bipolar disorder. METHODS: The MUlticenter treatment SUrvey for BIpolar disorder in Japanese psychiatric clinics (MUSUBI) study was conducted, and data on age, sex, and details of pharmacological treatment were collected. RESULTS: A total of 3106 outpatients were included in this study. Among young females (age ≤ 39), 25% were prescribed valproate. There was no significant difference in the frequency and daily dose of valproate prescription for young females among all groups. Valproate prescriptions were significantly less frequent among young males and more frequent among middle-aged males. Lithium prescriptions were significantly less frequent among young females and more frequent among older males (age ≥ 65) and older females. Lamotrigine prescriptions were significantly more frequent among young males and young females and less frequent among older males and older females. Carbamazepine prescriptions were significantly less frequent among young males and more frequent among older males. CONCLUSIONS: Biased information about the risk and safety of valproate and lithium for young females was suggested, and further study to correct this bias is needed. Older patients were prescribed lithium more commonly than lamotrigine. Further studies are needed to determine the actual pharmacotherapy for elderly individuals.

The characteristics of discharge prescriptions including pro re nata psychotropic medications for patients with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder from the survey of the "Effectiveness of guidelines for dissemination and education in psychiatric treatment (EGUIDE)" project.

BACKGROUND: Several guidelines recommend monotherapy in pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. The content of regular prescriptions has been reported in several studies, but not enough research has been conducted on the content of pharmacotherapy, including pro re nata (PRN) medications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the content of pharmacotherapy, including PRN medications, and to clarify the relationship with regular prescriptions. METHODS: We used data from the "Effectiveness of Guidelines for Dissemination And Education in psychiatric treatment" (EGUIDE) project to investigate the presence or absence of PRN psychotropic medications at discharge for each drug category. We compared the PRN psychotropic prescription ratio at discharge by diagnosis for each drug category. The antipsychotic monotherapy ratio and no prescription ratio of other psychotropics for schizophrenia at discharge and the antidepressant monotherapy ratio and no prescription ratio of other psychotropics for major depressive disorder at discharge were calculated for each regular prescription, including PRN psychotropic medications, as quality indicators (QIs). Spearman's rank correlation test was performed for QI values of regular prescriptions and the QI ratio between regular prescriptions and prescriptions including PRN medications for each diagnosis. RESULTS: The PRN psychotropic prescription ratio at discharge was 28.7% for schizophrenia and 30.4% for major depressive disorder, with no significant differences by diagnosis. The prescription ratios of PRN antipsychotic medications and PRN antiparkinsonian medications were significantly higher for schizophrenia. The prescription ratios of PRN anxiolytic and hypnotic and PRN antidepressant medications were significantly higher for patients with major depressive disorder. For both schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, the QI was lower for discharge prescriptions, including PRN medications, than for regular prescriptions. QI values for regular prescriptions and the QI ratio were positively correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Considering PRN psychotropic medications, the monotherapy ratio and no prescription ratio of other psychotropics at discharge decreased in pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. A higher ratio of monotherapy and no prescription of other psychotropics on regular prescriptions may result in less concomitant use of PRN psychotropic medications. Further studies are needed to optimize PRN psychotropic prescriptions.

Pallidal Connectivity Profiling of Stimulation-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to identify anatomical regions related to stimulation-induced dyskinesia (SID) after pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and to analyze connectivity associated with SID. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed the clinical and imaging data of PD patients who experienced SID during the monopolar review after pallidal DBS. We analyzed structural and functional connectivity using normative connectivity data with the volume of tissue activated (VTA) modeling. Each contact was assigned to either that producing SID (SID VTA) or that without SID (non-SID VTA). Structural and functional connectivity was compared between SID and non-SID VTAs. "Optimized VTAs" were also estimated using the DBS settings at 6 months after implantation. RESULTS: Of the 68 consecutive PD patients who underwent pallidal implantation, 20 patients (29%) experienced SID. SID VTAs were located more dorsally and anteriorly compared with non-SID and optimized VTAs and were primarily in the dorsal globus pallidus internus (GPi) and dorsal globus pallidus externus (GPe). SID VTAs showed significantly higher structural connectivity than non-SID VTAs to the associative cortex and supplementary motor area/premotor cortex (P < 0.0001). Simultaneously, non-SID VTAs showed greater connectivity to the primary sensory cortex, cerebellum, subthalamic nucleus, and motor thalamus (all P < 0.0004). Functional connectivity analysis showed significant differences between SID and non-SID VTAs in multiple regions, including the primary motor, premotor, and prefrontal cortices and cerebellum. CONCLUSION: SID VTAs were primarily in the dorsal GPi/GPe. The connectivity difference between the motor-related cortices and subcortical regions may explain the presence and absence of SID. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Estimated model of psychotropic polypharmacy for bipolar disorder: Analysis using patients' and practitioners' parameters in the MUSUBI study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to clarify the relevant factors influencing practitioners' methods of prescribing medications for bipolar disorder, in a nation-wide survey in Japan. METHODS: The clinical records of 3130 outpatients with bipolar disorder were consecutively reviewed from 176 psychiatric outpatient clinics. Fifteen parameters, that is, five patients' including five general characteristics (sex, age, education, occupation, and social adjustment), five patients' aspects of mental functioning (onset age, comorbid mental illness, rapid-cycling, psychopathologic severity, and followed-up years), and five practitioners' characteristics (sex, age, specialist experience, clinic standing years, and location), were evaluated. The number of psychotropic drugs (mood stabilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs, anxiolytics, and hypnotics) was used as an index of pharmacotherapy. Converted data from each practitioner-unit were analyzed. RESULTS: Seven factors (patient's social adjustment, patient's psychopathology, patient's comorbid mental disorders, patient's followed-up years, doctor's age, clinic running years, and patient's education years) were correlated to the number of psychotropic drugs. Multiple regression analysis showed that the severity of illness (poor social adjustment, and comorbid mental illness) and an intractable disease course (long followed-up years), were significantly associated with the number of psychotropic drugs. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that patient-related conditions affected psychotropic polypharmacy more strongly than did practitioner-related conditions.

Sexually Dimorphic Regulation of Behavioral States by Dopamine in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Sex differences in behavior allow animals to effectively mate and reproduce. However, the mechanism by which biological sex regulates behavioral states, which underlie the regulation of sex-shared behaviors, such as locomotion, is largely unknown. In this study, we studied sex differences in the behavioral states of Caenorhabditis elegans and found that males spend less time in a low locomotor activity state than hermaphrodites and that dopamine generates this sex difference. In males, dopamine reduces the low activity state by acting in the same pathway as polycystic kidney disease-related genes that function in male-specific neurons. In hermaphrodites, dopamine increases the low activity state by suppression of octopamine signaling in the sex-shared SIA neurons, which have reduced responsiveness to octopamine in males. Furthermore, dopamine promotes exploration both inside and outside of bacterial lawn (the food source) in males and suppresses it in hermaphrodites. These results demonstrate that sexually dimorphic signaling allows the same neuromodulator to promote adaptive behavior for each sex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mechanisms that generate sex differences in sex-shared behaviors, including locomotion, are not well understood. We show that there are sex differences in the regulation of behavioral states in the model animal Caenorhabditis elegans Dopamine promotes the high locomotor activity state in males, which must search for mates to reproduce, and suppresses it in self-fertilizing hermaphrodites through distinct molecular mechanisms. This study demonstrates that sex-specific signaling generates sex differences in the regulation of behavioral states, which in turn modulates the locomotor activity to suit reproduction for each sex.

Quality of life outcomes after globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation in idiopathic or inherited isolated dystonia: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Several studies reported the beneficial effects of globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation (GPi DBS) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with inherited or idiopathic isolated dystonia. However, the impact of this intervention on physical and mental/psychological domains and the effects over time remain unclear. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review from January 2000 to May 2019 and performed a meta-analysis of HRQoL outcomes based on the Short Form Health Survey-36 (SF-36) after GPi DBS in patients with inherited or idiopathic isolated dystonia to evaluate the effects of DBS on physical and mental QoL. RESULTS: Seven studies comprising 144 patients with dystonia (78, generalised; 34, segmental; and 32, focal cervical) were included in this comprehensive analysis. The mean (SD) age at DBS implantation was 41.0 (11.4) years, and the follow-up period after implantation was 3.2 (3.8) years. The random effects model meta-analysis revealed that both physical and mental domains of SF-36 improved following DBS with a significantly larger effect size for the physical domains (effect size=0.781; p<0.0001) compared with the mental domains (effect size=0.533; p<0.0001). A moderator variable analysis demonstrated that effect sizes for HRQoL improvement were maintained over time. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first meta-analysis that demonstrates significant benefits in HRQoL following DBS in patients with inherited or idiopathic isolated dystonia. The benefits are greater for physical QoL domains compared with mental/psychological QoL. These findings highlight the importance of a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to improve mental/psychological QoL.