ABSTRACT
During December 2015-January 2016, the American Samoa Department of Health (ASDoH) detected through surveillance an increase in the number of cases of acute febrile rash illness. Concurrently, a case of laboratory-confirmed Zika virus infection, a mosquito-borne flavivirus infection documented to cause microcephaly and other severe brain defects in some infants born to women infected during pregnancy (1,2) was reported in a traveler returning to New Zealand from American Samoa. In the absence of local laboratory capacity to test for Zika virus, ASDoH initiated arboviral disease control measures, including public education and vector source reduction campaigns. On February 1, CDC staff members were deployed to American Samoa to assist ASDoH with testing and surveillance efforts.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Population Surveillance , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology , American Samoa/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Zika Virus/isolation & purification , Zika Virus Infection/diagnosisABSTRACT
The objectives of the study were to describe the mode of circulation (endemic or epidemic) of human leptospirosis in various Pacific island states and territories by identifying predominant Leptospira serogroups and the most probable routes of human exposure, and to recommend a feasible laboratory strategy for leptospirosis in the Pacific. From September 2003 to December 2005, 263 leptospirosis suspect patients were recruited by public practitioners on 11 Pacific islands, using the WHO case definition. Diagnosis was confirmed using a three-level serology algorithm and a regional laboratory network. Sixty-nine leptospirosis cases were identified from seven islands: Futuna, Raiatea and the Marquesas Islands where outbreaks were apparent, and Vanuatu, Fiji, Palau and Wallis where sporadic cases indicated at least the presence of the disease. Most patients were men aged 17-40 years. The infection appeared to occur during the course of normal daily activities more often than following specific professional exposure. The dominant presumptive serogroups were Icterohaemorrhagiae and Australis, highly suggestive of a rodent reservoir. This study confirms the widespread presence of leptospirosis in the Pacific region. It should help in the implementation of local leptospirosis control plans and highlights the role of on-site laboratory confirmation.