Community health action and COVID-19 in Barcelona neighbourhoods: responses and challenges.

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated pre-existing social, economic and political inequalities. The evidence describes the use of community engagement approaches to support appropriate COVID-19 prevention and control measures. We aimed to delve deeper into the community response to COVID-19 in Barcelona neighbourhoods with different pre-existing levels of development of community health action (CHA). A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted in six Barcelona neighbourhoods with different types of CHAs. The sample included 37 in-depth interviews with community agents with good knowledge of the territory. The content analysis focused on three dimensions: symbolic (conceptions motivating action), substantive (the content and resources of the action) and operational (interactions between agents). Regardless of their CHA typology, all neighbourhoods responded to the needs generated by the pandemic. Symbolic: strong-CHA development, characterized by well-established participatory structures, facilitated responses to the crisis. In medium-CHA neighbourhoods, the emergency exacerbated previous tensions. In emerging-CHA neighbourhoods, previous participatory structures, although not health-specific, favoured the coordination of responses. Substantive: technology influenced the way CHA activities were conducted. Operative: in the strong-CHA neighbourhood, new participants were able to join previous participatory structures. In medium-CHA neighbourhoods, power dynamics hindered coordination. In conclusion, strong CHA can play a key role in addressing the adverse consequences of social and health crisis. Empowering citizens and communities should be a primary objective of public policy that integrates the 'health-in-all-policies' approach. This approach entails allocating public resources to strengthen the role of community action and power.

Fidelity of implementation of Reptes, an alcohol and cannabis selective prevention program for youngsters.

OBJECTIVE: Implementation fidelity is a key dimension in process evaluation but has been scarcely studied. Reptes is a selective alcohol and cannabis use prevention program performed in vulnerable young people (16-21 years) from different educational and leisure settings. The study aimed to describe the components of this program, its implementation fidelity, and satisfaction among participants and facilitators. METHOD: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Implementation fidelity was assessed in terms of adherence, dose, participant responsiveness, and quality of the intervention through self-reports completed by 15 facilitators and self-administered questionnaires by 99 youth from the 15 groups completing the program. RESULTS: 70.7% of the groups performed 30 of the 43 planned activities with high use of various teaching methods, except for Information and Communication Technology resources. Fidelity implementation was above 70%. 2/3 groups completed an acceptable intervention and 1/3 completed a qualified intervention. Satisfaction was higher than 7. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show high implementation fidelity and satisfaction compared with those from similar studies.

[Personality traits associated with the substance consumption in young people in a context of vulnerability]. / Rasgos de la personalidad asociados al consumo de sustancias en jóvenes en contexto de vulnerabilidad.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the patterns of alcohol and cannabis consumption, and their associated factors, in young people aged 16 and 21 in a context of vulnerability. METHOD: Cross-sectional study based on a pre-test questionnaire from an evaluation study, administered to a convenience sample of 365 young people from Social Guarantee Programs (SGP), or who attended activities of community entities from disadvantaged neighborhoods in Barcelona. Dependent variables were experimental, regular, and problematic alcohol and cannabis consumption, while independent variables were impulsivity, sensation seeking, expectations, and beliefs regarding drug use, social skills, and contextual variables. Associations were established using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: The prevalence of intensive alcohol consumption (24.2% for binge drinking and 33.3% for binge drinking) and experimental (51.1%) and problematic cannabis use (12.9%) was higher in SGP students than entity youth. Likewise, they presented higher scores on the impulsivity scales, sensation seeking, expectations and beliefs favorable to alcohol consumption. In general, the prevalence of experimental alcohol consumption was higher in girls than in boys. Regular binge drinking was associated with intense sensations seeking (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.06; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.01-1.12), while attending SGP was associated with problematic cannabis use (aOR: 2.73; 95%CI: 1.26-5.89). Positive expectations to alcohol and cannabis use were associated with problematic substance use. CONCLUSION: Individual risk, linked to the higher risk trajectories of SGP students, is associated with a higher problematic consumption of alcohol and cannabis than in young people from community entities exposed to an environmental risk of high frequency of consumption.

Social Factors Associated with the Effectiveness of a Spanish Parent Training Program-An Opportunity to Reduce Health Inequality Gap in Families.

Parent training programs (PTPs) have been used extensively in Anglo-Saxon countries, but less so in Southern Europe. Several characteristics of families have been linked to effective parenting and positive development of children, but few studies have examined the social determinants of the effectiveness of PTPs. The Parenting Skills Program for families (PSP) is a PTP from Spain. This study aimed to identify the social characteristics (sex, age, country of birth, marital status, educational level, and employment status) of parents that determine the success of the PSP in relation to social support, parenting skills, parental stress, and negative behaviors among children. A quasi-experimental study with a prepost design with no control group was used. We conducted a survey before (T0) and after the intervention (T1). Sample size was 216. We fit multiple logistic regression models. Parenting skills increased more among parents with a lower educational level. Parents' stress decreased more among parents who had a lower educational level, were unemployed, and were men. Social support increased among parents who were younger, unemployed, or non-cohabiting. We found no significant differences in the effect on children's negative behaviors according to the social factors evaluated. The PSP is effective for socioeconomically diverse families, but the success differs according to the parents' social profile. Unlike most previous studies, the results were better among more socially disadvantaged people, highlighting the potential of this kind of intervention for reducing the social inequality gap between groups.

Effectiveness of a parent-training program in Spain: reducing the Southern European evaluation gap.

OBJECTIVE: We implemented and evaluated the Parenting Skills Program for families in Spain 1) to examine differences in parenting skills, social support, children's behaviours and parental stress pre, immediately post and six months post intervention and 2) to identify mechanisms by which the intervention is related to changes in the four outcomes examined. METHODS: Quasi-experimental study design with pre (T0), post (T1), a follow-up (T2) and no control group, complemented by a qualitative study was used. The outcome variables were social support, parenting skills, parental stress and children's behaviours. 216 parents completed pre and post questionnaire and 130 parents the follow-up questionnaire. 39 professionals and 34 parents participated in 17 interviews and 5 discussion groups. RESULTS: Compared with T0, all four outcomes improved significantly at T1. 76% of the participants improved parenting skills and 61% social support. 56% reduced children's negative behaviours and 66% parental stress. All outcomes maintained this significant improvement at T2. Parents and professionals describe different changes in parents' parenting skills, stress and social support after participation in the PSP, and in their children's behaviours. Some subcategories emerged after analysing parents' and professionals' discourses. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes positive parenting effects on participants of a parent-training program in Spain, which is a country where implementation and evaluation of these kind of interventions is an incipient issue.

Arterial irrigation of the head and neck of the pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758).

The pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) is a medium-sized deer that weighs 20-40 kg. Historically, it was a widely distributed species that occupied a wide range of open habitats, including pastures, pampas, and Brazilian savanna. However, it is currently considered to be a species at risk of extinction. Anatomical descriptions of the arterial supply are very useful when working with exotic mammals. Knowledge of the locations, the distribution pattern, and the anatomical relationships of the arteries is required when performing any intervention. The objective of this research was to describe the normal arterial distribution pattern in the head and neck of this species. The divisions of the common carotid arteries, to which branches of the vertebral arteries are attached, irrigate the head and cranial parts of the neck. The arterial distribution pattern in the head and neck of the pampas deer was found to be similar to that described for other cervids and bovines but showed important differences from that for the ovine. The pampas deer had a bicarotid trunk, in contrast to other cervids. With regard to domestic animals, the lack of a fully developed internal carotid artery and the marked presence of a linguofacial trunk mean that it resembles the arterial distribution described for bovines.

[What works in selective prevention of alcohol and cannabis use among vulnerable young people?] / ¿Qué funciona en la prevención selectiva del consumo de alcohol y cánnabis en jóvenes vulnerables?

OBJECTIVE: Selective prevention tackle vulnerable factors associated to problem consumption and social exclusion. There are few effective programs in our context. Study aims were first to identify selective programs of alcohol and cannabis consumption for youths between 16-21, and second, to review intervention, evaluation and effects quality. METHODS: MEDLINE, PubMed, Google academics, EDDRA, SAMHSA, PBE and recommendations of PND were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were: 1) English/ Spanish programs, 2) publications <10 years, 3) target population 16- 21 years old 4) alcohol/ cannabis psicoeducational or socioeducational programs, 5) selective or selective/indicated programs and 6) evaluated programs. The description and quality of the intervention, its evaluation methods, and the presentation of its effects were assessed according to 20 criteria emerged from different recommendations. RESULTS: Fourteen programs followed the inclusion criteria, 10 of followed minimum quality intervention and evaluation criteria, however only 5 shown significant effects. Effective programs tackled negative emotions associated to consumption, promoted skills to cope it and reduce frequency of alcohol consumption, but rarely cannabis consumption. CONCLUSIONS: There are few selective prevention programs, and different studies shown that they have intervention or evaluation weaknesses, but mostly about program effects. The most effective are: PreVenture, The Climate Schools: Alcohol and Cannabis Course, Programa TND, Keepin' it REAL and Weekend is coming.

OBJETIVO: La prevención selectiva aborda los factores de vulnerabilidad asociados al consumo problemático y a la exclusión social. Existen pocos programas en nuestro entorno que sean efectivos. Los objetivos del estudio fueron primero identificar programas de prevención selectiva del consumo de alcohol/cannabis para jóvenes de 16 a 21 años y segundo, revisar la calidad de la intervención, la evaluación y los efectos generados. METODOS: Se revisaron las bases de datos MEDLINE, PubMed, Google académico, EDDRA, SAMHSA, PBE y las recomendaciones del Plan Nacional de Drogas. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: 1) programas en español/inglés, 2) publicaciones <10 años, 3) población diana 16- 21 años 4) programas psicoeducativos o socioeducativos de alcohol/cánnabis, 5) de prevención selectiva o selectiva/indicada y 6) que estuvieran evaluados. La descripción de las intervenciones y su calidad, sus métodos de evaluación y la presentación de los resultados y su eficacia fueron valorados de acuerdo a 20 criterios surgidos de diferentes recomendaciones. RESULTADOS: Catorce de los programas evaluados cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, 10 de ellos cumplieron los criterios de calidad mínimos respecto a la intervención y la evaluación, pero sólo 5 mostraron resultados. Los programas efectivos abordaron las emociones negativas asociadas al consumo, trabajando las habilidades para afrontarlo, y consiguieron reducir la frecuencia del consumo de alcohol, pero raramente de cánnabis. CONCLUSIONES: Existen pocos programas de prevención selectiva y diversos trabajos muestran las debilidades en la calidad de la intervención o la evaluación, pero sobre todo respecto a los efectos que generan. Los más efectivos han resultado ser PreVenture, The Climate Schools: Alcohol and Cannabis Course, Programa TND, Keepin' it REAL y Saluda al fin de semana.

Radial shape discrimination testing for new-onset neovascular age-related macular degeneration in at-risk eyes.

We investigated the performance of the handheld radial shape discrimination (hRSD) test in detecting the development of neovascular AMD (nAMD) in a prospective, longitudinal, observational study. Patients diagnosed with unilateral nAMD, with no nAMD in the other eye (the study eye, SE), completed the hRSD test on consecutive, routine clinic visits up to a maximum of 12, or until they were diagnosed with nAMD in the SE based on slit-lamp biomicroscopy and spectral-domain OCT assessment, with fluorescein angiography confirmation. Masked grading was carried out to confirm the diagnosis of nAMD, and to ensure no cases of nAMD were missed. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to explore the diagnostic performance of the hRSD test relative to clinical diagnosis. Data were available from 179 patients of whom 19 (10.6%; "converters") developed nAMD in the SE. The mean hRSD threshold at conversion was -0.47 (95% CI -0.38 to -0.55) logMAR compared to -0.53 (-0.50 to -0.57) logMAR in 160 non-converters. hRSD threshold in the converters began to decline 190 days before diagnosis of nAMD. The ROC curve demonstrated that at an hRSD cut-off of -0.60 logMAR, sensitivity was 0.79 (0.54-0.94) with a specificity of 0.54 (0.46-0.62); positive and negative predictive values were 0.16 and 0.96 respectively. We conclude that the hRSD test has moderate sensitivity for detecting the earliest stages of nAMD in the at-risk fellow eyes of patients with unilateral nAMD, compared to clinical diagnosis. Given its relative inexpensiveness, ease of use and the inherent connectivity of the platforms it can be presented on, it may have a role in early detection of nAMD in the population at large.

[Community prioritization in Barcelona Salut als Barris program]. / La priorización comunitaria en el programa Barcelona Salut als Barris.

Prioritizing corresponds to the process of selecting and managing health needs identified after diagnosing the community's health needs and assets. Recently, the health needs assessment has been reinforced with the community perspective, providing multiple benefits: it sensitizes and empowers the community about their health, encourages mutual support among its members and promotes their importance by making them responsible for the process of improving their own reality. The objective of this paper is to describe the prioritization of Barcelona Salut als Barris, a community health strategy led by the Barcelona Public Health Agency to promote equity in health in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods of the city.

Fidelity of implementation of Reptes, an alcohol and cannabis selective prevention program for youngsters / Fidelidad de implementación de Reptes, un programa de prevención selectiva del consumo juvenil de alcohol y cánnabis

Objective: Implementation fidelity is a key dimension in process evaluation but has been scarcely studied.Reptes is a selective alcohol and cannabis use prevention program performed in vulnerable young people(16-21 years) from different educational and leisure settings. The study aimed to describe the componentsof this program, its implementation fidelity, and satisfaction among participants and facilitators.Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Implementation fidelity was assessed interms of adherence, dose, participant responsiveness, and quality of the intervention through self-reportscompleted by 15 facilitators and self-administered questionnaires by 99 youth from the 15 groups com-pleting the program.Results: 70.7% of the groups performed 30 of the 43 planned activities with high use of various teachingmethods, except for Information and Communication Technology resources. Fidelity implementation wasabove 70%. 2/3 groups completed an acceptable intervention and 1/3 completed a qualified intervention.Satisfaction was higher than 7.Conclusions: Our results show high implementation fidelity and satisfaction compared with those fromsimilar studies.(AU)

Objetivo: La fidelidad en la implementación es una dimensión clave en el proceso de evaluación, pero hasido escasamente estudiada. Reptes es un programa de prevención selectiva del consumo de alcohol ycánnabis dirigido a jóvenes vulnerables (16-21a ˜nos) de diferentes espacios educativos y de ocio y tiempolibre. El estudio pretende describir los componentes de este programa, su fidelidad de implementacióny la satisfacción de los/las participantes y los/las facilitadores/as.Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. La fidelidad de implementación fue valorada enclave de adherencia, dosis, capacidad de respuesta de los/las participantes y calidad de la interven-ción a través de los informes autocumplimentados por los/las 15 facilitadores/as del programa y loscuestionarios autocompletados por los/las 99 jóvenes de los 15 grupos que completaron el programa.Resultados: El 70,7% de los grupos realizaron 30 de las 43 actividades planificadas, con un uso elevado delas estrategias de aprendizaje, excepto para los recursos basados en las tecnologías de la información yla comunicación. La fidelidad de implementación se situó por encima del 70%. Dos tercios de los gruposcompletaron una intervención aceptable y un tercio completó una intervención cualificada. La satisfacciónse situó por encima de 7.Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados muestran una alta fidelidad en la implementación y la satisfacción encomparación con estudios similares.(AU)

[Evaluation a parenting skills pilot programme from a public health perspective]. / Evaluación de un programa piloto promotor de habilidades parentales desde una perspectiva de salud pública.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the process and the results of the pilot phase of the Parenting skills development programme for families (PSP), an evidence-based strategy to promote positive parenting skills in socio-educational and community settings. METHODS: Before-after quasi-experimental design without a control group for the evaluation of the pilot phase of the PSD carried out in Barcelona (Spain) between October 2011 and June 2013. Eleven groups were established with the participation of 128 parents and 28 professionals. The intervention consisted of 10 or 11 sessions. Information was collected through questionnaires for parents and in-depth individual or group interviews for professionals. Parenting skills were identified through a questionnaire with six dimensions. The situation before the intervention (T0) and immediately after (T1) was compared. RESULTS: In T1 the number of participants decreased to 83 (retention=64.8%). Participants showed a high level of satisfaction with different dimensions of the program. On a maximum score of 10, the satisfaction of professionals was 8.7. Several key aspects and areas for improvement were identified for the future of the intervention. The quantitative analysis revealed improvements in all parenting skills dimensions and these improvements were consistent with the results of the qualitative analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the pilot phase of this program suggest that a universal intervention on parenting skills can improve wellbeing among parents.

Performance, usability and comparison of two versions of a new macular vision test: the handheld Radial Shape Discrimination test.

BACKGROUND: Central vision, critical for everyday tasks such as reading and driving, is impacted by age-related changes in the eye and by diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. The detection of changes in macular function is therefore important. The Radial Shape Discrimination (RSD) test measures the threshold at which distortions in a radial frequency pattern can be detected and there is evidence that it is more sensitive to macular pathology than visual acuity (VA). It also provides a more quantitative measure of macular function than the commonly available Amsler grid. Recently, handheld versions of the test (hRSD) in which stimuli are presented on mobile devices (e.g., Apple iPod Touch, iPhone) have been developed. We investigated the characteristics of the hRSD test in healthy participants. METHODS: Data were collected using both three-alternative forced choice (3AFC) and 4AFC versions of the hRSD test, presented on an Apple iPod Touch. For the 3AFC version, data from a single test session were available for 186 (72 male; mean ± SD age 42 ± 17y; range 16-90y) healthy participants. Test-retest data were available for subgroups of participants (intra-session: N = 74; tests approximately 2 months apart: N = 30; tests 39 months apart: N = 15). The 3AFC and 4AFC versions were directly compared in 106 participants who also completed a usability questionnaire. Distance and near VA and Pelli Robson Contrast Sensitivity (CS) data were collected and undilated fundoscopy performed on the majority of participants. RESULTS: Mean (±SD) 3AFC hRSD threshold was -0.77 ± 0.14 logMAR, and was statistically significantly correlated with age (Pearson r = 0.35; p < 0.001). The linear regression of hRSD threshold on age had a slope of +0.0026 compared to +0.0051 for near VA (which also correlated with age: r = 0.51; p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in hRSD thresholds for any of the test-retest subgroups. We also observed no statistically significant difference between 3AFC (-0.82 ± 0.11 logMAR) and 4AFC (-0.80 ± 0.12 logMAR) hRSD thresholds (t = 1.85, p = 0.067) and participants reported excellent test usability with no strong preference expressed between the 3AFC and 4AFC versions of the test. DISCUSSION: The 3AFC hRSD thresholds we report are consistent with a number of previous studies, as is its greater stability in ageing compared to VA. We have also shown that in the absence of pathology, thresholds are stable over short and long timescales. The 4AFC thresholds we have reported provide a baseline for future investigations, and we have confirmed that 3AFC and 4AFC thresholds are similar, providing a basis of comparisons between studies using the different versions. As the hRSD test is easy to use and relatively inexpensive, clinical studies are now required to establish its ability to detect and monitor macular pathologies.

Detection of the Brachyspina mutation in Uruguayan Holstein cows using real time PCR and melting curve analysis / Detecção da mutação da Brachyspina em vacas Holandês Uruguaias usando PCR em tempo real e análise da curva de fusão

ABSTRACT: Brachyspina syndrome (BS) is a rare monogenic autosomal recessive hereditary disorder of the Holstein Fresian breed caused by a deletion of 3.3Kb in the Fanconi anemia complementation group I (FANCI) gene on BTA-21, which leads to a frame-shift and premature stop codon. Some of the consequences of BS are the reduction of the fertility rate and milk production. This study developed a simple, sensitive, rapid cost- effective assay method based on real time PCR and melting curve analysis for the detection of BS carrier animals. Sixty-eight normal homozygous and four heterozygous carrier genotypes were detected and confirmed through traditional PCR- electrophoresis analysis. We concluded that the assay we have developed proved to be a reliable, highly precise and low-cost tool, which could be used to monitor the presence of the BS mutation in uruguayan Holstein breed.

RESUMO: A síndrome de Brachyspina (BS) é um defeito hereditário monogênico autossômico recessivo raro da raça Holstein Friesian causado por uma exclusão de 3,3 KB no gene FANCI localizado no cromossomo bovino 21, o que leva a um deslocamento de quadro e um códon de parada prematuro. Uma consequência da BS é a eficiência de reprodução reduzida e a produção de leite. O objetivo deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento de um método simples, rápido e sensível, baseado em PCR em tempo real e análise da curva de fusão para identificar animais portadores de BS. Sessenta e oito genótipos homozigotos normais e quatro heterozigotos foram detectados e confirmados através da análise tradicional de PCR e electophorese. Concluímos que o novo método é uma ferramenta confiável, altamente precisa e de baixo custo, que poderia ser usado para monitorar a presença da mutação BS na raça Holandês uruguaia.

Assessment of visual distortions in age-related macular degeneration: emergence of new approaches.

AIMS: With the arrival of effective treatments for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD) there is a need to find improved tests that would allow early detection. Ideally, these tests would allow monitoring of vision by patients themselves from home. The aim of this review is to discuss the available evidence for two recently developed vision tests designed for this purpose: the Preferential Hyperacuity Perimeter (PHP) test and the Radial Shape Discrimination (RSD) test. METHODS: Articles that investigated detection of nvAMD were reviewed. The methodology of the clinical evidence, where available, was judged for bias and applicability of the results to the general population using the QUADAS-2 quality assessment tool. RESULTS: The PHP test has proved to be good at detecting nvAMD but many studies assessed in this review were biased in the selection of patients, restricting the results to only those patients who can use the test and produce reliable results. On the other hand the RSD test is a simple test, well accepted by elderly patients with AMD. However, clinical studies to determine its value in the detection of early signs of nvAMD are still required. CONCLUSIONS: To date, more studies have investigated the utility of the PHP test compared with the RSD test for detection of nvAMD. Both tests show promise but further evidence is needed to determine the real generalisability of the PHP test and the sensitivity of the RSD test.

Morphological configuration and topography of the brain arterial supply of the one-humped camel ( Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758) / Configuración morfológica y topografía del suministro arterial del encéfalo del camello de una joroba ( Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758)

This study investigated the anatomy of the arteries of the brain, including the arterial circle of the brain, its branches and junctions, in five camel (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758) following intravascular injection of colored latex via common carotid artery. The course and distribution of the arterial supply to the brain was described and morphological analysis was made. The basilar artery contributed to the blood supply of the brain in the camel in contrast to the situation in other Artiodactyla order.

En presente estudio se analizó la anatomía de las arterias del encéfalo en cinco camellos (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758). Después de administrar una inyección intravascular de látex coloreado en la arteria carótida común se estudiaron las arterias incluyendo al círculo arterial del cerebro, sus ramas y uniones. Fueron descritos en detalle el curso y la distribución del suministro arterial al encéfalo y se realizó un análisis morfológico. La arteria basilar contribuyó al suministro de sangre del encéfalo del camello, diferenciando este aspecto en otras especies de Artiodactyla.

Effectiveness of a parent-training program in Spain: reducing the Southern European evaluation gap / Efectividad de un programa de educación parental en España: reducir la brecha en cuanto a evaluación en el sur de Europa

Objective: We implemented and evaluated the Parenting Skills Program for families in Spain 1) to examine differences in parenting skills, social support, children's behaviours and parental stress pre, immediately post and six months post intervention and 2) to identify mechanisms by which the intervention is related to changes in the four outcomes examined. Methods: Quasi-experimental study design with pre (T0), post (T1), a follow-up (T2) and no control group, complemented by a qualitative study was used. The outcome variables were social support, parenting skills, parental stress and children's behaviours. 216 parents completed pre and post questionnaire and 130 parents the follow-up questionnaire. 39 professionals and 34 parents participated in 17 interviews and 5 discussion groups. Results: Compared with T0, all four outcomes improved significantly at T1. 76% of the participants improved parenting skills and 61% social support. 56% reduced children's negative behaviours and 66% parental stress. All outcomes maintained this significant improvement at T2. Parents and professionals describe different changes in parents' parenting skills, stress and social support after participation in the PSP, and in their children's behaviours. Some subcategories emerged after analysing parents' and professionals' discourses. Conclusions: This study describes positive parenting effects on participants of a parent-training program in Spain, which is a country where implementation and evaluation of these kind of interventions is an incipient issue

Objetivo: Se introdujo y evaluó el Programa de Habilidades Parentales para familias a fin de: 1) examinar las diferencias en cuanto a habilidades parentales, apoyo social, comportamientos infantiles y estrés parental preintervención, inmediatamente después y 6 meses después de la intervención, y 2) identificar los mecanismos que explican los cambios generados por la intervención para las cuatro variables examinadas. Método: Estudio cuasiexperimental con pre (T0), post (T1) y seguimiento (T2), sin grupo control, complementado con un estudio cualitativo. Variables: apoyo social, habilidades parentales, estrés parental y comportamientos infantiles. Completaron el cuestionario pre y post 216 padres/madres, y 130 el de seguimiento. Treinta y nueve profesionales y 34 padres/madres participaron en 17 entrevistas y cinco grupos de discusión. Resultados: Comparado con T0, las cuatro variables mejoraron significativamente en T1. El 76% de los participantes mejoraron las habilidades parentales y el 61% el apoyo social. El 56% redujo los comportamientos infantiles negativos y el 66% el estrés parental. Las variables mantuvieron significativa la mejora en T2. Padres/madres y profesionales describieron cambios en las cuatro variables tras participar en el Programa de Habilidades Parentales. Surgieron subcategorías tras el análisis discursivo. Conclusiones: Este estudio describe efectos positivos en la parentalidad de los participantes en un programa de educación parental español, siendo este un país donde la introducción y la evaluación de este tipo de programas son incipientes

Gross anatomy of the male genital organs of the pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758).

To describe the macroscopic anatomy of the genital organs of the male pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), organs from ten animals found dead in a captive breeding station were dissected. The unpigmented scrotum was located in the inguinal region near the body, and was covered by the thighs. In the investments of the testicles the dartos tunic was greatly developed. The cremaster muscle was located dorsocaudal to the testicle, and was divided caudally into three bundles of fibers. The right testicle was significantly heavier than the left, and there was a positive relationship between body weight and the weight of both testicles. The tail of the epididymis, ventrally located, had a caudal portion attached to the caudal extremity of the testicles by the proper ligament of the testicles, and a portion elongated free caudally located. The deferent duct was located caudomedially to the corresponding testicle. The accessory genital glands were the ampullary glands, vesicular glands, and a small pars disseminata of the prostate. The penis was fibroelastic, without sigmoid flexure, with a thick albuginea. The retractor penis muscle was very long, and ended in the distal part of the penis near the rudimentary glans. The general disposition of the male genital organs of the pampas deer were similar to that of other ruminants, with some differences, such as size and location of the testicles, the absence of the sigmoid flexure of the penis, and fewer accessory genital glands.

Aspectos macroanatómicos del corazón del carpincho ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris ) / Macroanatomical characteristics of the heart of the carpincho ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris )

RESUMEN: La información disponible sobre el aparato cardiovascular del carpincho (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) es escasa. El objetivo general de este estudio fue describir la anatomía cardíaca de esta especie. Se utilizaron 6 animales adultos y 5 neonatos, libres de patologías del aparato cardiovascular. El método de estudio de los animales fue la disección simple. El corazón del carpincho estaba ubicado desde el segundo espacio intercostal hasta la sexta costilla. El ligamento frenicopericárdico unía el pericardio fibroso al esternón y al diafragma. El tubérculo intervenoso era de escaso desarrollo. En la aurícula derecha se encontraban escasos músculos pectinados. Los músculos papilares derechos presentaban entre ellos trabéculas septomarginales. Las trabéculas carnosas presentaban un marcado desarrollo sobre la pared marginal del ventrículo derecho. También había grandes trabéculas carnosas sobre la pared septal, que sin embargo era algo más lisa. Los músculos papilares izquierdos eran dos, situados opuestos uno al otro y sobre la pared septal. Ambos eran simples y emitían cuerdas tendinosas hacia ambas cúspides de la válvula atrioventricular izquierda. Las trabéculas carnosas del ventrículo izquierdo eran menos numerosas. Entre ambos músculos papilares existía una gran trabécula carnosa que ocupaba gran parte de la extensión dorsoventral de la pared septal del ventrículo izquierdo. De ambas arterias coronarias, la arteria coronaria izquierda que surgía del seno coronario izquierdo de la aorta era la más importante, de mayor tamaño y de mayor distribución, encargándose de la irrigación de la mayoría del territorio cardíaco. La rama interventricular paraconal se dirigía por el surco interventricular paraconal y terminaba sobre el margen ventricular derecho anastomosándose con la rama interventricular subsinusal que venía por el surco del mismo nombre. Con otras técnicas, es necesario realizar estudios histológicos, semiológicos y fisiológicos en el corazón de esta especie para entender mejor su anatomía y fisiología.

SUMMARY: The available information on the cardiovascular apparatus of the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is scarce. The general objective of this study was to describe the cardiac anatomy of this species. Six adult animals and five newborns were used; all were free of cardiovascular system pathologies. The method of study of the animals was simple dissection. The heart of the capybara was located from the second intercostal space to the sixth rib. The frenicopericardial ligament attached the fibrous pericardium to the sternum and the diaphragm. The intervenous tubercle was poorly developed. In the right atrium, there were few pectinated muscles. The right papillary muscles had septomarginal trabeculae among them. The carnous trabeculae showed a marked development on the marginal wall of the right ventricle. There were also large, carnous trabeculae on the septal wall, which was somewhat flatter. The left papillary muscles were two, located opposite each other and on the septal wall. Both were simple and sent tendinous cords to both cusps of the left atrioventricular valve. Carnous trabeculae of the left ventricle were less numerous. Between both papillary muscles there was a large carnous trabecula that occupied much of the dorsoventral extension of the septal wall of the left ventricle. Of both coronary arteries, the left coronary artery that emerged from the left coronary sinus of the aorta was the most important, with larger size and greater distribution. The paraconal interventricular branch was directed through the paraconal interventricular groove and terminated on the right ventricular margin anastomosing with the subsinusal interventricular branch that came through the groove of the same name. With other techniques, it is necessary to perform histological, semiological and physiological studies in the heart of this species to better understand its anatomy and physiology.

¿Qué funciona en la prevención selectiva del consumo de alcohol y cánnabis en jóvenes vulnerables? / What works in selective prevention of alcohol and cannabis use among vulnerable young people?

Fundamentos: La prevención selectiva aborda los factores de vulnerabilidad asociados al consumo problemático y a la exclusión social. Existen pocos programas en nuestro entorno que sean efectivos. Los objetivos del estudio fueron primero identificar programas de prevención selectiva del consumo de alcohol/cannabis para jóvenes de 16 a 21 años y segundo, revisar la calidad de la intervención, la evaluación y los efectos generados. Métodos: Se revisaron las bases de datos MEDLINE, PubMed, Google académico, EDDRA, SAMHSA, PBE y las recomendaciones del Plan Nacional de Drogas. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: 1) programas en español/inglés, 2) publicaciones <10 años, 3) población diana 16- 21 años 4) programas psicoeducativos o socioeducativos de alcohol/cánnabis, 5) de prevención selectiva o selectiva/indicada y 6) que estuvieran evaluados. La descripción de las intervenciones y su calidad, sus métodos de evaluación y la presentación de los resultados y su eficacia fueron valorados de acuerdo a 20 criterios surgidos de diferentes recomendaciones. Resultados: Catorce de los programas evaluados cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, 10 de ellos cumplieron los criterios de calidad mínimos respecto a la intervención y la evaluación, pero sólo 5 mostraron resultados. Los programas efectivos abordaron las emociones negativas asociadas al consumo, trabajando las habilidades para afrontarlo, y consiguieron reducir la frecuencia del consumo de alcohol, pero raramente de cánnabis. Conclusiones: Existen pocos programas de prevención selectiva y diversos trabajos muestran las debilidades en la calidad de la intervención o la evaluación, pero sobre todo respecto a los efectos que generan. Los más efectivos han resultado ser PreVenture, The Climate Schools: Alcohol and Cannabis Course, Programa TND, Keepin' it REAL y Saluda al fin de semana

Background: Selective prevention tackle vulnerable factors associated to problem consumption and social exclusion. There are few effective programs in our context. Study aims were first to identify selective programs of alcohol and cannabis consumption for youths between 16-21, and second, to review intervention, evaluation and effects quality. Methods: MEDLINE, PubMed, Google academics, EDDRA, SAMHSA, PBE and recommendations of PND were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were: 1) English/ Spanish programs, 2) publications <10 years, 3) target population 16- 21 years old 4) alcohol/ cannabis psicoeducational or socioeducational programs, 5) selective or selective/indicated programs and 6) evaluated programs. The description and quality of the intervention, its evaluation methods, and the presentation of its effects were assessed according to 20 criteria emerged from different recommendations. Results: Fourteen programs followed the inclusion criteria, 10 of followed minimum quality intervention and evaluation criteria, however only 5 shown significant effects. Effective programs tackled negative emotions associated to consumption, promoted skills to cope it and reduce frequency of alcohol consumption, but rarely cannabis consumption. Conclusions: There are few selective prevention programs, and different studies shown that they have intervention or evaluation weaknesses, but mostly about program effects. The most effective are: PreVenture, The Climate Schools: Alcohol and Cannabis Course, Programa TND, Keepin' it REAL and Weekend is coming

La priorización comunitaria en el programa Barcelona Salut als Barri / Community prioritization in Barcelona Salut als Barris program

Priorizar es el proceso de selección y ordenación de las necesidades en salud identificadas tras el diagnóstico de necesidades y activos en salud de una comunidad. La valoración de las necesidades en salud se ha reforzado con la perspectiva comunitaria, lo que aporta múltiples beneficios: sensibiliza y empodera a la comunidad sobre su salud, fomenta el apoyo mutuo entre sus integrantes y promueve su protagonismo haciéndola corresponsable del proceso de mejora de su propia realidad. El objetivo de esta nota es describir el modelo de priorización de Barcelona Salut als Barris, estrategia de salud comunitaria liderada por la Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona para promover la equidad en salud en los barrios más desfavorecidos de la ciudad (AU)

Prioritizing corresponds to the process of selecting and managing health needs identified after diagnosing the community's health needs and assets. Recently, the health needs assessment has been reinforced with the community perspective, providing multiple benefits: it sensitizes and empowers the community about their health, encourages mutual support among its members and promotes their importance by making them responsible for the process of improving their own reality. The objective of this paper is to describe the prioritization of Barcelona Salut als Barris, a community health strategy led by the Barcelona Public Health Agency to promote equity in health in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods of the city (AU)