Correlation between lesion location and dysphagia characteristics in post-stroke patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation between lesion location and swallowing function characteristics in post-stroke dysphagia (PSD) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 133 PSD. The patients were divided into supratentorial and infratentorial stroke groups. We compared the measurements in the videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) with 3ml and 5 ml of diluted and thickened barium liquid data between supratentorial and brainstem stroke groups. We further compared the difference of VFSS measurements between patients with left hemispheric or right hemispheric lesions (further divided into unilateral hemispheric cortical and subcortical subgroups) and brianstem leison stroke group.To explore the lesion location's effect on different bolus volume, the VFSS measurements of 3ml and 5ml in each subgroups were compared respectively. The measurements of VFSS included the oral transit time, soft palate elevation duration, hyoid bone movement duration (HMD), UES opening duration, pharyngeal transit duration (PTD), stage of ansition duration, and laryngeal closure duration (LCD), the upper esophageal sphincter opening (UESO), hyoid bone superior horizontal displacement, and hyoid bone anterior horizontal displacement. General swallowing function was assessed using the Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) and Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS). We performed the paired t-test, Spearman's correlation, and Kruskal-Wallis test analysis to characterize the parameters among the groups. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were assessed in the final analysis. The HMD (p = 0.019), PTD (p = 0.048) and LCD (p = 0.013) were significantly different between the supratentorial and brainstem lesion groups in 5ml volume. The HMD was significantly different (p = 0.045) between the left cortical and brainstem lesion groups. Significant differences in the HMD (p = 0.037) and LCD (p = 0.032) between the left subcortical and brainstem lesion groups were found in 5ml volume bolus. There was no group different when taking the 3ml volume bolus. Regarding the relationship between food bolus volume and swallowing functions, only the UESO demonstrated a significant difference in the subcortical lesion of the right hemisphere (p = 0.0032) compared the 3 ml and 5 ml volume bolus. The PTD demonstrated a moderate correlation with the PAS scores (r = 0.38, p = 0.0044). The HMD (r = 0.32, p = 0.018) and LCD (r = 0.29, p = 0.039) demonstrated weak correlations with the PAS scores. We did not identify any correlation between the VFSS parameters and FOIS scores in each subgroup level. CONCLUSION: The PSD with brainstem lesion shows more sever dysfunction in the pharyngeal phases. The left hemisphere was engaged in both the oral and pharyngeal phases. Lesions in the bilateral cortical, subcortical, and brainstem regions may impair sensory input.

[Virtual screening for components in Chicory combined with CNT2 target based on molecular docking].

To virtual screen the compound of Chicory combined with the concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (CNT2) in molecular docking technology.The homology model of hCNT2 was produced, and then the Vina software was employed to virtual screen the Chicory compound combined with CNT2. Compared with 7,8,3'-trihydroxyflavone, a CNT2 inhibitors, 23 score higher chicory compounds were hit.Meanwhile, the ten top compounds have been revealed that play important role in decrease the uric level. The bioactivity to CNT2 needs to be investigatedin experiment. CNT2 may be a potential target of chicory, which decreases the absorption of purine nucleoside in intestinal tract.

Relationship between High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprints and Uric Acid-Lowering Activities of Cichorium intybus L.

This study aimed to explore the spectrum-effect relationships between high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints and the uric acid-lowering activities of chicory. Chemical fingerprints of chicory samples from ten different sources were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and then investigated by similarity analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis. Pharmacodynamics experiments were conducted in animals to obtain the uric acid-lowering activity information of each chicory sample. The spectrum-effect relationships between chemical fingerprints and the uric acid-lowering activities of chicory were established by canonical correlation analysis. The structures of potential effective peaks were identified by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that a close correlation existed between the spectrum and effect of chicory. Aesculin, chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid, isochlorogenic acid A/B/C and 13,14-seco-stigma5(6),14(15)-diene-3α-ol might be the main effective constituents. This work provides a general model of the combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and uric acid-lowering activities to study the spectrum-effect relationships of chicory, which can be used to discover the principle components responsible for the bioactivity.

[Molecular docking analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibition by constituents of cichory].

Human xanthine oxidase is considered to be a target for therapy of hyperuricemia. Cichorium intybus is a Chinese plant medicine which widely used in Xinjiang against various diseases. In order to screen the inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from C. intybus and to explore main pharmacological actions of cichory a compound collection of C. intybus was built via consulting related references about chemical research on cichory. The three-dimensional crystal structure of xanthine oxidase (PDB code: 1N5X) from Protein Data Bank was downloaded.. Autodock 4.2 was employed to screen the inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from cichory 70 compounds were found to possess quite low binding free energy comparing with TEI (febuxostat). C. intybus contains constituents possessing potential inhibitive activity against xanthine oxidase. It can explain the main pharmacological actions of cichory which can significantly lower the level of serum uric acid.

Therapeutic strategies targeting the NLRP3­mediated inflammatory response and pyroptosis in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (Review).

Ischemic stroke poses a major threat to human health. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) need to be further clarified, and the associated treatment approaches require exploration. The NOD­like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome serves an important role in causing CIRI, and its activation exacerbates the underlying injury. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome triggers the maturation and production of the inflammatory molecules IL­1ß and IL­18, as well as gasdermin­D­mediated pyroptosis and CIRI damage. Thus, the NLRP3 inflammasome may be a viable target for the treatment of CIRI. In the present review, the mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the intense inflammatory response and pyroptosis induced by CIRI are discussed, and the therapeutic strategies that target the NLRP3­mediated inflammatory response and pyroptosis in CIRI are summarized. At present, certain drugs have already been studied, highlighting future therapeutic perspectives.

Physical frailty, genetic predisposition, and incident dementia: a large prospective cohort study.

Physical frailty and genetic factors are both risk factors for increased dementia; nevertheless, the joint effect remains unclear. This study aimed to investigated the long-term relationship between physical frailty, genetic risk, and dementia incidence. A total of 274,194 participants from the UK Biobank were included. We applied Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate the association between physical frailty and genetic and dementia risks. Among the participants (146,574 females [53.45%]; mean age, 57.24 years), 3,353 (1.22%) new-onset dementia events were recorded. Compared to non-frailty, the hazard ratio (HR) for dementia incidence in prefrailty and frailty was 1.396 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.294-1.506, P < 0.001) and 2.304 (95% CI, 2.030-2.616, P < 0.001), respectively. Compared to non-frailty and low polygenic risk score (PRS), the HR for dementia risk was 3.908 (95% CI, 3.051-5.006, P < 0.001) for frailty and high PRS. Furthermore, among the participants, slow walking speed (HR, 1.817; 95% CI, 1.640-2.014, P < 0.001), low physical activity (HR, 1.719; 95% CI, 1.545-1.912, P < 0.001), exhaustion (HR, 1.670; 95% CI, 1.502-1.856, P < 0.001), low grip strength (HR, 1.606; 95% CI, 1.479-1.744, P < 0.001), and weight loss (HR, 1.464; 95% CI, 1.328-1.615, P < 0.001) were independently associated with dementia risk compared to non-frailty. Particularly, precise modulation for different dementia genetic risk populations can also be identified due to differences in dementia risk resulting from the constitutive pattern of frailty in different genetic risk populations. In conclusion, both physical frailty and high genetic risk are significantly associated with higher dementia risk. Early intervention to modify frailty is beneficial for achieving primary and precise prevention of dementia, especially in those at high genetic risk.

N6022 attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced microglia ferroptosis by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation and inhibiting the GSNOR/GSTP1 axis.

Stroke poses a significant risk of mortality, particularly among the elderly population. The pathophysiological process of ischemic stroke is complex, and it is crucial to elucidate its molecular mechanisms and explore potential protective drugs. Ferroptosis, a newly recognized form of programmed cell death distinct from necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy, is closely associated with the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. N6022, a selective inhibitor of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), is a "first-in-class" drug for asthma with potential therapeutic applications. However, it remains unclear whether N6022 exerts protective effects in ischemic stroke, and the precise mechanisms of its action are unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether N6022 mitigates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by reducing ferroptosis and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Accordingly, we established an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) cell model and a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) mouse model to mimic cerebral I/R injury. Our data, both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrated that N6022 effectively protected against I/R-induced brain damage and neurological deficits in mice, as well as OGD/R-induced BV2 cell damage. Mechanistically, N6022 promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, enhancing intracellular antioxidant capacity of SLC7A11-GPX4 system. Furthermore, N6022 interfered with the interaction of GSNOR with GSTP1, thereby boosting the antioxidant capacity of GSTP1 and attenuating ferroptosis. These findings provide novel insights, showing that N6022 attenuates microglial ferroptosis induced by cerebral I/R injury through the promotion of Nrf2 nuclear translocation and inhibition of the GSNOR/GSTP1 axis.

PICALM Variation Moderates the Relationships of APOE ɛ4 with Alzheimer's Disease Cerebrospinal Biomarkers and Memory Function Among Non-Demented Population.

BACKGROUND: APOE ɛ4 and PICALM are established genes associated with risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous study indicated interaction of PICALM with APOE ɛ4 in AD patients. OBJECTIVE: To explore whether PICALM variation could moderate the influences of APOE ɛ4 on AD pathology biomarkers and cognition in pre-dementia stage. METHODS: A total of 1,034 non-demented participants (mean age 74 years, 56% females, 40% APOE ɛ4 carriers) were genotyped for PICALM rs3851179 and APOE ɛ4 at baseline and were followed for influences on changes of cognition and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD markers in six years. The interaction effects were examined via regression models adjusting for age, gender, education, and cognitive diagnosis. RESULTS: The interaction term of rs3851179×APOE ɛ4 accounted for a significant amount of variance in baseline general cognition (p = 0.039) and memory function (p = 0.002). The relationships of APOE ɛ4 with trajectory of CSF Aß42 (p = 0.007), CSF P-tau181 (p = 0.003), CSF T-tau (p = 0.001), and memory function (p = 0.017) were also moderated by rs3851179 variation. CONCLUSIONS: APOE ɛ4 carriers experienced slower clinical and pathological progression when they had more protective A alleles of PICALM rs3851179. These findings firstly revealed the gene-gene interactive effects of PICALM with APOE ɛ4 in pre-dementia stage.

[Metabolomic study of flower buds of Tussilago farfara in different development stages by GC-MS].

OBJECTIVE: Plant metabolomics combined with GC-MS was used to investigate metabolic fingerprinting of Tussilago farfara at different growth stages. METHOD: Dried Samples were extracted by two-phase solvent system to obtain polar and nonpolar parts, which were subjected to GC-MS analysis. Metabolites were identified by NIST data base search and comparison with the authentic standards. The data were introduced into SIMCA-P 11.0 software package for multivariate analysis after pretreatment. RESULT: Fifty-four metabolites were identified, including 35 polar metabolites and 19 nonpolar compounds. The score plot for PCA showed clear separation of the different development stages of flower buds of T. farfara, showing a trend of gradual change. Samples of October, November, December were in close proximity on the plot, indicating that the metabolome of these three periods was similar, samples from September (early development) and March (after flowering) were far away, showing big chemical differences. Content comparison results of some representative metabolites reveals that, the content of proline, lysine and linoleic acid increased gradually to the highest in the medium term, but sharply decreased to the lowest after flowering; the content of malic acid and citric acid were the lowest in the medium term; sucrose content decreased gradually, and then reached the lowest level after blooming. CONCLUSION: It is obvious that metabolites of the early development and flowering stage were quite different with those of the traditional harvest time, suggesting that they can not be used as traditional medicine. This study will provide a research basis for harvest time determination and bioactive compounds of T. farfara.

Predictive and explanatory themes of NOAEL through a systematic comparison of different machine learning methods and descriptors.

No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is an identified dose level which used as a point of departure to infer a safe exposure limit of chemicals, especially in food additives and cosmetics. Recently, in silico approaches have been employed as effective alternatives to determine the toxicity endpoints of chemicals instead of animal experiments. Several acceptable models have been reported, yet assessing the risk of repeated-dose toxicity remains inadequate. This study established robust machine learning predictive models for NOAEL at different exposure durations by constructing high-quality datasets and comparing different kinds of molecular representations and algorithms. The features of molecular structures affecting NOAEL were explored using advanced cheminformatics methods, and predictive models also communicated the NOAEL between different species and exposure durations. In addition, a NOAEL prediction tool for chemical risk assessment is provided (available at: https://github.com/ifyoungnet/NOAEL). We hope this study will help researchers easily screen and evaluate the subacute and sub-chronic toxicity of disparate compounds in the development of food additives in the future.

Early-Life Risk Factors for Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in Later Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Early-life environment is related to childhood brain development and cognitive function in later life. However, the associations of early-life risk factors with dementia and cognitive impairment were still controversial. OBJECTIVE: Our study aims to investigate early-life risk factors for dementia and cognitive impairment. METHODS: PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched to identify prospective cohort and retrospective case-control studies exploring early-life factors for dementia and cognitive impairment. Pooled effect estimates for each factor were calculated by random-effect model. RESULTS: Thirty-seven studies with 46,727 participants were included. The pooled results indicated significant associations of dementia with food deficiency (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1. 22-3.44), low education level (RR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.60-2.02), and shorter leg length (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.07-1.32). Other potential risk factors identified in the systematic review include rural residence, number of siblings, history of head trauma, early parental death or re-marriage, and poor learning ability. CONCLUSION: Early-life factors, including education level, leg length, history of childhood head trauma, family-related factors and learning ability, were associated with the risk of dementia and cognitive impairment in later life. Further high-quality longitudinal studies are needed to verify the causality between early-life risk factors and dementia and cognitive impairment.

Effects of stocking density on growth performance, growth regulatory factors, and endocrine hormones in broilers under appropriate environments.

Stocking density is an important environment factor that affects the development of poultry farming, which has caused widespread concern. This study was carried out to determine the effects of stocking density on growth performance, growth regulatory factors, and endocrine hormones in broilers under appropriate environments. A total of 144 Arbor Acres male broilers (BW 1000 ± 70 g) were randomly divided into low stocking density (LSD; 6.25 birds/m2), medium stocking density (MSD; 12.50 birds/m2), and high stocking density (HSD; 18.75 birds/m2) groups, with 6 replicates in each group, and raised in 3 environmental chambers (same size) from 29-day-old to 42-day-old, respectively. The trial period lasted for 14 D with 21 ± 1°C and 60 ± 7% relative humidity, wind speed < 0.5 m/s, ammonia level<5 ppm. The results indicated that average daily food intake and average daily gain in HSD group showed significantly lower than other 2 groups (P < 0.05). Besides, the HSD group significantly reduced breast muscle yield, tibial length, tibial width, and tibial weight of broilers (P < 0.05). The HSD group increased the mRNA expression level of myostatin, and reduced the mRNA expression levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and myogenic determination factor 1 (P < 0.05). The HSD group significantly reduced the expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in tibial growth plate (P < 0.05). The HSD group increased the serum corticosterone levels of broilers (P < 0.05), and decreased the serum IGF-1 and thyroxine (T4) levels of broiler chickens (P < 0.05) than other stocking density groups. Moreover, the serum alkaline phosphatase levels were decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing stocking density, whereas there were no significant effects on the serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in 3 groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, under appropriate environments HSD reduced the growth performance of broilers and this negative effect was likely associated with decreased growth of muscle and bone.

Complete mitochondrial genome of Zebra tilapia, Tilapia buttikoferi.

We determined the complete mitochondrial genome of Tilapia buttikoferi, which was 16,577 bp in length with an A + T content of 53.0%, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and a complete control region. The gene arrangement was similar to that of typical fishes. The total base composition of the mitogenome was 25.6% T, 30.8% C, 27.4% A and 16.2% G. Of the 13 protein-coding genes, 12 genes start with an ATG codon, except for COX1 with GTG. Seven (ND1, ND2, COX1, ATPase8, ATPase6, ND4L and ND6) used TAA or AGA as the termination codon, whereas six (COX2, COX3, ND3, ND4, ND5 and cyt b) had incomplete stop codon T. Its control region was atypical in being short at 861 bp, and contained TACAT motif and one microsatellite-like region (TA)7. This mitogenome sequence data may be useful for phylogenetic and systematic analyses within the family Cichlaidae.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the ocellate river stingray (Potamotrygon motoro).

We determined the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Potamotrygon motoro from South American freshwater stingrays. The total length of P. motoro mitogenome is 17,448 bp, which consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and a control region, with the genome organization and gene order being identical to that of the typical vertebrate. The overall nucleotide composition is 32.3% A, 24.4% T, 30.5% C and 12.8% G. These data will provide useful molecular information for phylogenetic relationships within the family Potamotrygonidae species.

[Electronic spectra of triphenodioxazines dyes by modified PPP-MO method].

The triphenodioxazines dyes have good colour and luster, excellent colour fastness to light, and strong painted. They are used as the dyes and pigment extensively, and also be used as the photoelectronic transformation, laser dyes and far-infrared anti-radiation material. The colour and constitution of triphenodioxazines dyes were evaluated by means of the modified PPP-SCF-MO method with variable R, beta approximation. The calculated wavelengths of maximum absorption are in good agreement with experimental results. It was found that there exists a good correlated relationship between the wavenumber of fluorescence maximum nu fl and the calculated fluorescence emission energy delta Efl, as nu fl = 11.6837 delta Efl + 3.3485(k.cm-1), r = 0.9547. The relationship between structure of molecular and properties of electronic spectra has been discussed.

Silencing of FABP3 leads to apoptosis-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and stimulates Wnt signaling in zebrafish.

Fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3, also termed heart-type fatty acid binding protein) is a member of the intracellular lipid-binding protein family that may be essential in fatty acid transport, cell growth, cellular signaling and gene transcription. Previously, we demonstrated that FABP3 was involved in apoptosis-associated congenital cardiac malformations; however, its mechanism of regulation remains unclear. Apoptosis has increasingly been considered to be important in cardiac development. In the present study, a zebrafish model was used to investigate the involvement of FABP3­morpholino (MO)-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac development. During the early stages of cardiac development, injection of FABP3­MO into zebrafish resulted in significant impairment in cardiac development and promoted the rate of apoptosis which was correlated with significant dysfunction of the mitochondria. For example, the ATP content was markedly decreased at 24 and 48 h post-fertilization (pf), reactive oxygen species production was significantly enhanced at 24 and 48 h pf and the mitochondrial DNA copy number was reduced at 24, 48 and 72 h pf. Additionally, Nkx2.5 expression was upregulated in FABP3-MO zebrafish, and Wnt signaling molecules (Wnt1, Wnt5 and Wnt11) were also highly expressed in FABP3-MO zebrafish at 24, 48 and 72 h pf. In conclusion, the results indicated that FABP3 knockdown exhibited significant toxic effects on cardiac development and mitochondrial function, which may be responsible for the knockdown of FABP3-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis was one of the mechanisms underlying this effect, and was correlated with the activation of Wnt signaling. These studies identified FABP3 as a candidate gene underlying the etiology of congenital heart defects.

ShRNA-mediated gene silencing of AHR promotes the differentiation of P19 mouse embryonic carcinoma cells into cardiomyocytes.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that is activated by environmental contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The AHR affects a variety of processes that are involved in cell growth and differentiation. In this study, we constructed a P19 embryonic carcinoma cell line with AHR gene silencing using the vector-based approach of short hairpin (sh)RNA interference that allows cells to differentiate into cardiac myocytes when treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The expression levels of the cardiac development-specific GATA4 and Nkx2.5 genes were measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Our data showed that the expression levels of the GATA4 and Nkx2.5 genes were increased in the AHR-silenced P19 cells compared with the control groups. Four critical genes (ARNT, CYP1A1, GSK3ß and ß-catenin) expressed in the AHR and in the Wnt signaling pathway were also measured by qPCR. We found that the expression levels of ARNT, CYP1A1 and ß-catenin were suppressed, whereas GSK3ß expression was elevated in the AHR-silenced P19 cells. Therefore, it is possible that the silencing of AHR promotes the differentiation of P19 cells through the AHR and Wnt signal transduction pathway.

Mitochondrial DNA as effective molecular markers for the genetic variation and phylogeny of the family Osteoglossidae.

The present study examined the genetic variation of the family Osteoglossidae from different geographical locations based on the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) and ATPase subunit 6 (ATPase6) genes; we then re-constructed the phylogenetic relationships using the two sequences in combination. The results showed that the partial sequences of mitochondrial ND2 and ATPase6 of the family Osteoglossidae were 813 bp and 669 bp, respectively. A total of 42 species-specific nucleotide positions of the family Osteoglossidae were found to be useful for molecular identification. The sequence variation showed greater differences (8.3%~28.1% for the combined sequences, 8.3%~26.7% for the ND2 gene, and 9.3%~28.7% for the ATPase6 gene) among the different species of Osteoglossidae, and there was a significant association between the genetic difference and geographical location. Phylogenetic analyses using neighbor-joining, Bayesian inference, and maximum parsimony (MP) methods based on the combined sequences of the two genes were able to distinguish the different species and were in agreement with the existing taxonomy based on morphological characters and in association with the geographical distribution among seven species of the family Osteoglossidae.

Integrin-dependent PLC-gamma1 phosphorylation mediates fibronectin-dependent adhesion.

Although integrin engagement initiates signaling events such as focal-adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src kinase activation, the role of phosphoinositide turnover in cell adhesion is less clear. To assess PLC-gamma1 function in this process, Plcg1(-/-) fibroblasts (Null) were compared with the same fibroblasts in which PLC-gamma1 was re-expressed (Null+). Following plating on fibronectin, Null cells displayed a significantly impaired rate of adhesion compared with Null+ cells. This defect was detected at low concentrations of fibronectin; at high fibronectin concentrations, the Null and Null+ cells displayed equivalent adhesion characteristics. The differences were not due to PLC-gamma1-dependent changes in integrin subunit expression, nor was integrin receptor clustering impaired with the absence of PLC-gamma1. Experiments with site-specific antibodies and PLC-gamma1 mutants showed that fibronectin selectively increased phosphorylation of Tyr783 and that mutagenesis of this residue, but not Tyr771 or Tyr1253, abrogated fibronectin-dependent adhesion. The SH2 domains of PLC-gamma1 were also required for maximal adhesion on fibronectin. Adhesion to fibronectin induced PLC-gamma1 tyrosine phosphorylation that was inhibited by a Src-kinase inhibitor, but not an epidermal-growth-factor-receptor kinase inhibitor. Moreover, in cells null for Src family members, but not in cells null for FAK family members, integrin-dependent PLC-gamma1 tyrosine phosphorylation was greatly reduced. Finally, the data demonstrated that PLC-gamma1 co-immunoprecipitated with Src following fibronectin-induced integrin activation, and this association did not depend on FAK expression.