Highly rigid H3.1/H3.2-H3K9me3 domains set a barrier for cell fate reprogramming in trophoblast stem cells.

The placenta is a highly evolved, specialized organ in mammals. It differs from other organs in that it functions only for fetal maintenance during gestation. Therefore, there must be intrinsic mechanisms that guarantee its unique functions. To address this question, we comprehensively analyzed epigenomic features of mouse trophoblast stem cells (TSCs). Our genome-wide, high-throughput analyses revealed that the TSC genome contains large-scale (>1-Mb) rigid heterochromatin architectures with a high degree of histone H3.1/3.2-H3K9me3 accumulation, which we termed TSC-defined highly heterochromatinized domains (THDs). Importantly, depletion of THDs by knockdown of CAF1, an H3.1/3.2 chaperone, resulted in down-regulation of TSC markers, such as Cdx2 and Elf5, and up-regulation of the pluripotent marker Oct3/4, indicating that THDs maintain the trophoblastic nature of TSCs. Furthermore, our nuclear transfer technique revealed that THDs are highly resistant to genomic reprogramming. However, when H3K9me3 was removed, the TSC genome was fully reprogrammed, giving rise to the first TSC cloned offspring. Interestingly, THD-like domains are also present in mouse and human placental cells in vivo, but not in other cell types. Thus, THDs are genomic architectures uniquely developed in placental lineage cells, which serve to protect them from fate reprogramming to stably maintain placental function.

Listeria monocytogenes bacteremia mimicking the systemic metastasis of adrenal cancer: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Listeria monocytogenes is a causative agent of food poisoning and is also known to cause invasive diseases, such as bacteremia, meningitis, and encephalitis, in neonates, elderly and immunocompromised patients. However, the clinical course of a multi-organ disseminated disease secondary to bacteremia has been rarely reported. CASE PRESENTATION: A 76-year-old woman undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatoid arthritis presented to our outpatient clinic with a chief complaint of weight loss. Computed tomography showed a left adrenal mass, enlarged lymph nodes, and multiple intrahepatic nodules. Positron emission tomography demonstrated accumulation of fluorodeoxyglucose F18 in the adrenal mass, lymph nodes, hepatic nodules, and bones, leading to the suspicion of systemic metastasis of adrenal cancer. She subsequently developed a fever. Blood culture results led to the diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes bacteremia. Percutaneous needle biopsy of the adrenal lesion revealed no malignant findings. After extended treatment with antimicrobial agents, the fever resolved, along with the disappearance of the systemic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: This case shows that listeriosis can lead to lesions in the adrenal gland, which can exhibit clinical presentation that is difficult to differentiate from malignancy on imaging studies.

Oleic acid up-regulates myosin heavy chain (MyHC) 1 expression and increases mitochondrial mass and maximum respiration in C2C12 myoblasts.

Skeletal muscle is divided into type 1 and type 2 fibers. Type 1 fibers are rich in mitochondria, have high oxidative metabolism, and are resistant to fatigue. Muscle-specific overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)δ drastically increases the number of type 1 fibers. We focused on oleic acid, an omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid, as a factor that activates PPARδ. In this study, we examined the effects of oleic acid on the muscle fiber type of C2C12 myotubes and its relationship with PPARδ. Our results showed that oleic acid treatment increased the levels of myosin heavy chain (MyHC)1, a known type 1 fiber marker, as well as mitochondrial mass and maximum respiration in C2C12 cells. To confirm the relationship between PPARδ activation and oleic acid-induced MyHC1 increase, we examined the effects of oleic acid in PPARδ knockdown C2C12 myoblasts. We found that oleic acid supplementation increased the mRNA expression of MyHC1 in PPARδ-knockdown C2C12 cells. Our data suggest that oleic acid increases type 1 fiber levels in C2C12 myotubes in a PPARδ-independent manner.

Risk for prolonged hospitalization and mortality in aged community acquired pneumonia patients: a retrospective study in Japan.

The present study aimed to reveal; i) risk for prolonged hospitalization and mortality in aged community acquired pneumonia patients, and ii) whether swallowing ability was related to re-hospitalization. The present retrospective study included 92 patients older than 75 years hospitalized with community acquired pneumonia in Takagi Hospital between April 2017 and March 2018. The patients were classified into 3 groups; discharged within 17 days (group I): hospitalized more than 18 days (group II): died during the hospitalization (group III). Swallowing ability was evaluated if available. Univariate analysis indicated males and body mass index (BMI) in group I (n = 24) were higher than group II (n = 46). Group III (n = 22) had low serum albumin, low BMI, and severe disease progression compared with group I. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that group II BMI was lower than group I [odds ratio (OR) = 1.18, p = 0.042]. Group III had lower serum albumin level compared with group I (OR = 81.01, p = 0.025). Diabetes mellitus (p = 0.009), but not swallowing disability, was risk for readmission. Malnutrition represented by low albumin enhanced mortality rate in the pneumonia patients, and low BMI and diabetes mellitus might increase the pneumonia risk.

Analysis of DLL3 and ASCL1 in Surgically Resected Small Cell Lung Cancer (HOT1702).

BACKGROUND: Delta-like protein 3 (DLL3) is a Notch ligand that has an important role in the tumorigenesis of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Recently, rovalpituzumab tesirine (Rova-T), a DLL3-targeted antibody-drug conjugate, has been developed for treating SCLC. DLL3 is a transcriptional target of the achaete-scute homolog-1 (ASCL1) transcription factor, which is involved in pulmonary neuroendocrine cell development. However, the relationship between DLL3 and/or ASCL1 expression and the clinical features of SCLC remains unknown, especially for early-stage resected SCLC. This study aimed to investigate the expression of DLL3 and ASCL1 in resected SCLC samples using immunohistochemical analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected 95 surgically resected SCLC samples, which were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed to investigate the correlation between the expression of either DLL3 or ASCL1 and clinicopathological features of study patients. RESULTS: Seventy-seven (83%) of 93 immunohistochemically evaluable samples were positive for DLL3 (expression in ≥1% of tumor cells), and DLL3-high expression (≥75%) was observed in 44 samples (47%). Sixty-one (64%) of 95 samples were positive for ASCL1 (expression in ≥5% of tumor cells). A positive correlation was observed between DLL3 and ASCL1 expression. DLL3 and ASCL1 expression were not associated with survival in SCLC patients. DLL3 was more prevalent in patients with advanced clinical disease. CONCLUSION: DLL3 and ASCL1 were highly expressed in patients with surgically resected SCLC. DLL3 and ASCL1 may be targets for the treatment of SCLC. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This article examines the relationship between delta-like protein 3 (DLL3) and achaete-scute homolog-1 (ASCL1) protein expression with the clinical features of 95 surgically resected small cell lung cancer (SCLC). DLL3 is attracting attention because rovalpituzumab tesirine (Rova-T), a DLL3-targeted antibody-drug conjugate, was developed recently. DLL3 and ASCL1 were highly expressed in patients with surgically resected SCLC. DLL3 and ASCL1 may be targets for the treatment of early-stage SCLC, including with Rova-T.

[Performance and clinical evaluation of antinuclear antibody test based on fluorescence enzyme immunoassay].

BACKGROUND: The measurement of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is used for screening of connective tissue diseases (CTD) in the laboratory. ANA detection is performed by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay on HEp-2 cells from human larynx carcinoma. However, it lacks specificity for the identification of specific diseases and antigen reactivity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the EliA CTD Screen (EliA), a new enzyme fluoroimmunoassay (Phadia AB, Uppsala, Sweden) for detection of ANA in human serum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study involved a total of 732 serum samples, 200 from healthy donors, 297 from patients with CTD and 235 from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis syndrome and relative disease of CTD. For all sera, ANA was measured by IF, commercial assay (MESACUP) and EliA. RESULT: The sensitivity and specificity of EliA were 73.7% and 78.7%, respectively, whereas those of MESACUP were 80.8% and 64.7%, respectively. Area under the receiver operating curves for EliA, MESACUP and IF were 0.821, 0.786 and 0.730, respectively. The concordance rate between EliA and MESACUP was 84.2%. These discrepancies between those 2 assays were found in 84 sera. Further investigation were done by each ANA antigen tests for the discrepant results of EliA in 83 sera. The discrepancies might be occurred by antigen difference or non-specific response. CONCLUSION: AUC results showed that the diagnostic performance of EliA was superior to MESACUP and IF. EliA had a good performance as method for screening of CTD.

Esophageal speech training system and needs for esophageal speech training in a laryngectomy patient association in Japan.

Watanabe N, Kamakura Y, Fukada J. Esophageal speech training system and needs for esophageal speech training in a laryngectomy patient association in Japan. Jpn J Compr Rehabil Sci 2024; 15: 17-26. Objectives: To study the esophageal speech training system and needs for esophageal speech training in one laryngectomy patient association in Japan. Methods: The esophageal speech training system of Association X for laryngectomy patients was observed through participation. Needs for esophageal speech training were analyzed qualitatively and inductively by semi-structured interviews with 7 esophageal speech (ES) trainers, 11 ES learners, and 8 family members of the association conducted according to an interview guide. Results: Association X was organized, and its teaching system was established, by the Japan Federation of Laryngectomy Patient Associations (Nikkoren), and 12 ES trainers were appointed for esophageal speech and electrolarynx speech training. The training was based on the "Speech Practice Manual" published by the association, but the teaching methods and training contents and methods were left to the discretion of the individual ES trainers. The survey by Association X showed that there were needs for "Improvement of the methods and contents of esophageal speech training" and "Organizational reform of the association." The former category included "Improvements for evidence-based training that ensures vocalization" and "Improving training methods and assigning roles for advanced ES learners"; the latter category included "Development of a system for trainers to continue receiving training from better qualified trainers" and "Reforming the association to allow learners and families to voice their opinions about training." Each category consisted of three subcategories. Conclusions: In Association X, substitute vocalizations were taught by 12 ES trainers. "Improvement of the methods and contents of esophageal speech training" and "Organizational reform of the association" were expressed as needs for Association X concerning esophageal speech training.

Reduction of H3K9 methylation by G9a inhibitors improves the development of mouse SCNT embryos.

Removal of somatic histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) from the embryonic genome can improve the efficiency of mammalian cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). However, this strategy involves the injection of histone demethylase mRNA into embryos, which is limiting because of its invasive and labor-consuming nature. Here, we report that treatment with an inhibitor of G9a (G9ai), the major histone methyltransferase that introduces H3K9me1/2 in mammals, greatly improved the development of mouse SCNT embryos. Intriguingly, G9ai caused an immediate reduction of H3K9me1/2, a secondary loss of H3K9me3 in SCNT embryos, and increased the birth rate of cloned pups about 5-fold (up to 3.9%). G9ai combined with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A further improved this rate to 14.5%. Mechanistically, G9ai and TSA synergistically enhanced H3K9me3 demethylation and boosted zygotic genome activation. Thus, we established an easy, highly effective SCNT protocol that would enhance future cloning research and applications.

Derivation of embryonic stem cells from wild-derived mouse strains by nuclear transfer using peripheral blood cells.

Wild-derived mouse strains have been extensively used in biomedical research because of the high level of inter-strain polymorphisms and phenotypic variations. However, they often show poor reproductive performance and are difficult to maintain by conventional in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. In this study, we examined the technical feasibility of derivation of nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells (ntESCs) from wild-derived mouse strains for their safe genetic preservation. We used leukocytes collected from peripheral blood as nuclear donors without sacrificing them. We successfully established 24 ntESC lines from two wild-derived strains of CAST/Ei and CASP/1Nga (11 and 13 lines, respectively), both belonging to Mus musculus castaneus, a subspecies of laboratory mouse. Most (23/24) of these lines had normal karyotype, and all lines examined showed teratoma formation ability (4 lines) and pluripotent marker gene expression (8 lines). Two male lines examined (one from each strain) were proven to be competent to produce chimeric mice following injection into host embryos. By natural mating of these chimeric mice, the CAST/Ei male line was confirmed to have germline transmission ability. Our results demonstrate that inter-subspecific ntESCs derived from peripheral leukocytes could provide an alternative strategy for preserving invaluable genetic resources of wild-derived mouse strains.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection induces transgenerational abnormalities in mice.

In vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are 2 major assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) used widely to treat infertility. Recently, spermatogonial transplantation emerged as a new ART to restore fertility to young patients with cancer after cancer therapy. To examine the influence of germ cell manipulation on behavior of offspring, we produced F1 offspring by a combination of two ARTs, spermatogonial transplantation and ICSI. When these animals were compared with F1 offspring produced by ICSI using fresh wild-type sperm, not only spermatogonial transplantation-ICSI mice but also ICSI-only control mice exhibited behavioral abnormalities, which persisted in the F2 generation. Furthermore, although these F1 offspring appeared normal, F2 offspring produced by IVF using F1 sperm and wild-type oocytes showed various types of congenital abnormalities, including anophthalmia, hydrocephalus, and missing limbs. Therefore, ARTs can induce morphological and functional defects in mice, some of which become evident only after germline transmission.

Age distribution and disease severity of COVID-19 patients continued to change in a time-dependent manner from May 2021 to April 2022 in the regional core hospital in Japan.

The present retrospective study aimed to examine the real-world data regarding time-dependent changes in the age distribution of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as the severity and infectivity in a regional core hospital in Japan. Patients with COVID-19 who visited the fever outpatient branch in Takagi Hospital during phase I (May 1 to December 31, 2021), and during phase II (January 1 to April 30, 2022) were evaluated. The age distribution of outpatients and the characteristics of inpatients aged > 75 years were compared between phases I and II. The age distribution of outpatients shifted from the older generation in phase I to the younger generation in phase II (p < 0.01). Disease severity might be reduced in a time-dependent manner with a decrease in the hospitalization rate (phase I: 145/368 (39.4%); phase II: 104/1496 (7.0%); p < 0.01) and mortality rate (phase I: 10/368 (2.7%); phase II: 7/1496 (0.5%); p < 0.01). The number of patients increased in phase II (374.0/month) compared to that in phase I (36.8/month). Regarding the older inpatients, the disease severity of COVID-19 and hospitalization days were reduced in phase II compared to those in phase I (p < 0.01, each). In conclusion, the present study suggests a change in the age distribution of patients with COVID-19, a decrease in toxicity, and an increase in infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in a time-dependent manner.

[The performance of the automated immune chemiluminescent system "IMMULITE 2000XPi for the measurement of serum soluble IL-2 receptor in clinical samples].

The performance of a chemical luminescence test reagent "Immulyze IL-2R II" with an automated immune chemiluminescent system "IMMULITE 2000XPi" for the measurement of serum soluble IL-2 receptor in clinical samples was investigated. The satisfactory results were obtained for the reproducibility, precision, linearity, and sensitivity, and no interference with hemolysis, bilirubin, chyle or intrafat was observed. A significant correlation was found between the values of sIL-2R measured by the Cell-free N IL-2R and those obtained by the IMMULYZE IL-2R II. The measurements were stable regardless of the methods of sample preservation, or repeated freeze-thawing procedures. Elevated concentrations of sIL-2R over 1,000 U/mL were found in multiple types of collagen diseases or severe cases of allergic diseases, indicative that sIL-2R levels might correlate with the severity of autoimmune diseases. In patients with lymphoma, sIL-2R levels correlated with the lactate dehydrogenase (LD) activity. Among the lymphoma cases with sIL-2R levels over 1,000 U/mL, the majority (84%) had significantly higher levels of LD, and among them, 81% were at the clinical stage IV. We observed that sIL-2R levels increased from the early stages of lymphoma, while LD activities increased at the advanced stages. Our present findings suggest that sIL-2R is a promising marker for the diagnosis of autoimmune and allergic diseases, and also for the diagnosis and staging of lymphomas.

Involvement of MAPKs in ICAM-1 expression in glomerular endothelial cells in diabetic nephropathy.

Inflammatory processes are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways for induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in glomerular endothelial cells under diabetic conditions. We examined the expression of ICAM-1 in the kidneys of experimental diabetic rats. Human glomerular endothelial cells (GE cells) were exposed to normal glucose concentration, high glucose concentration (HG), or high mannitol concentration (HM), and then the expression of the ICAM-1 protein and the phosphorylation of the 3 subfamilies of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were determined using Western blot analysis. Next, to evaluate the involvement of MAPKs in HG- or HM-induced ICAM-1 expression, we preincubated GE cells with the inhibitors for ERK, p38 or JNK 1h prior to the application of glucose or mannitol. Expression of ICAM-1 was increased in the glomeruli of diabetic rats. Both HG and HM induced ICAM-1 expression and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK in GE cells. Expression of ICAM-1 was significantly attenuated by inhibitors of ERK, p38 and JNK. We conclude that activation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK cascades may be involved in ICAM-1 expression in glomerular endothelial cells under diabetic conditions.

[Evaluation of latex agglutination test for anti-treponemal antibody in comparison with chemical luminescence tests].

The performance of a latex agglutination test (Mediace TPLA) in the detection of anti-treponemal antibody was evaluated in comparison with chemical luminescence tests (LumipulsII-N and Architect TPAb) in 346 cases. Anti-treponemal antibody was further determined by immunochromatography and immunoblotting tests and additionally evaluated by a serological test for syphilis with lipoidal antigens. The total concordance rate between the latex agglutination test and chemical luminescence tests ranged from 96% to 97%: the positive concordance rate ranged from 96% to 97%, and the negative concordance rate, from 97% to 98%. The latex agglutination test showed two false positive cases, and each chemical luminescence test showed two false positive cases, respectively. In eight cases, only the latex agglutination test showed negative results; all specimens contained anti-treponemal antibodies. However, none of these was considered to be a false positive and each was treated as syphilis based on the results of confirmatory analysis with immunochromatography and immunoblotting tests and a serological test for syphilis. The discordant results in the latex agglutination test and chemical luminescence tests may be caused by the different antigenisity of each test. With detailed analysis of those sera treated as syphilis, each specimen was found to contain various antibodies against syphilitic antigens, suggesting that there was a different specificity of native and recombinant antigens. Based on the present results for the comparison between the latex agglutination test and chemical luminescence tests, it was considered that further investigation is necessary to clarify the anti-treponemal antibody profile of syphilis at the disease stage.

[The comparison study between UniCAP EliA and former kit for measuring the autoantibodies].

Measurements of autoantibodies are served for diagnosis of autoimmune diseases in routine. Results of UniCAP EliA (Phadia), based on fluorescence-enzyme immunoassay, were compared to those of the current ELISA method, MESACUP DNA-II test [ds] and MESACUP-2 test (MBL) with total of 404 sera. The full automated instrument of UniCAP 250 was used for measurement of UniCAP EliA. The CVs of within day reproducibility (n=10) were 3.0-9.6% by UniCAP EliA, meanwhile 1.7-11.7% by MESACUP. The CVs of between day reproducibility(5 days) were 1.0-11.8% by UniCAP EliA, meanwhile 1.0-19.9% by MESACUP. The concordance of U1RNP, SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, Scl-70 and Jo-1 between UniCAP EliA and MESACUP were 89.5-100%, but the positive concordance in dsDNA, Sm andJo-1 showed lower concordance percentage (40.0-62.9%). UniCAP EliA had better reproducibility than MESACUP. Some sera showed discrepant results between UniCAP EliA and MESACUP. These discrepancies might be occurred by the purification of antigens or different measurement principle of kits. The antigens' purification of UniCAP EliA seemed enough for the routine tests, and the results from UniCAP EliA would give high clinical importance.

Easy and quick (EQ) sperm freezing method for urgent preservation of mouse strains.

Cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa is widely used for the efficient preservation and safe transport of valuable mouse strains. However, the current cryopreservation method requires special containers (plastic straws), undefined chemicals (e.g., skim milk), liquid nitrogen, and expertise when handling sperm suspensions. Here, we report an easy and quick (EQ) sperm freezing method. The main procedure consists of only one step: dissecting a single cauda epididymis in a microtube containing 20% raffinose solution, which is then stored in a -80 °C freezer. The frozen-thawed spermatozoa retain practical fertilization rates after 1 (51%) or even 3 months (25%) with the C57BL/6 J strain, the most sensitive strain for sperm freezing. More than half of the embryos thus obtained developed into offspring after embryo transfer. Importantly, spermatozoa stored at -80 °C can be transferred into liquid nitrogen for indefinite storage. As far as we know, our EQ method is the easiest and quickest method for mouse sperm freezing and should be applicable in all laboratories without expertise in sperm cryopreservation. This technique can help avoid the loss of irreplaceable strains because of closure of animal rooms in emergency situations such as unexpected microbiological contamination or social emergencies such as the COVID-19 threat.

Randomized phase 2 study comparing irinotecan versus amrubicin as maintenance therapy after first-line induction therapy for extensive disease small cell lung cancer (HOT1401/NJLCG1401).

BACKGROUND: A cisplatin plus irinotecan (CPT-11) regimen is used for patients with extensive disease small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC). Amrubicin (AMR) is primarily used for relapsed SCLC. The HOT1401/NJLCG1401 trial, an open-label randomized phase II trial, was designed to assess the benefit of maintenance therapy in patients with ED-SCLC who responded to induction therapy. METHODS: Patients with histologically- or cytologically-confirmed ED-SCLC were included and were treated with an induction therapy of four cycles of cisplatin (60 mg/m2 on day 1) plus CPT-11 (60 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15) every four weeks. After induction therapy, patients who had nonprogressive disease were randomized to receive either maintenance CPT-11 (60 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8) every three weeks, or AMR (35 mg/m2 on days 1-3) every three weeks. RESULTS: A total of 34 patients were enrolled; 20 patients had progressive disease or received incomplete induction chemotherapy. Finally, 14 patients were randomly assigned to receive CPT-11 (n = 7) or AMR (n = 7). This study was terminated prematurely because of low patient accrual. The overall objective response rate was 73%, the median PFS was 5.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6-11.8), and the median overall survival was 20.1 months (95% CI: 13.7-not reached). No statistically significant difference in progression-free survival (PFS) were noted between patients treated with CPT-11 and those treated with AMR. There were no treatment-related deaths in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Maintenance therapy with CPT-11 or AMR after induction therapy might be effective in some patients.

Prognostic significance of OX40+ lymphocytes in tumor stroma of surgically resected small-cell lung cancer.

OX40 (CD134) is a co-stimulatory molecule mostly expressed on activated T lymphocytes. Previous reports have shown that OX40 can be an immuno-oncology target and a clinical biomarker for cancers of various organs. In this study, we collected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 124 patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) who had undergone surgery. We analyzed the expression profiles of OX40 and other relevant molecules, such as CD4, CD8, and Foxp3, in tumor stroma and cancer nest using immunohistochemistry and investigated their association with survival. High infiltration of OX40+ lymphocytes (OX40high) in tumor stroma was positively associated with relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) compared with low infiltration of OX40+ lymphocytes (OX40low) (RFS, median, 26.0 months [95% confidence interval (CI), not reached (NR)-NR] vs 13.2 months [9.1-17.2], p = .024; OS, NR [95% CI, NR-NR] vs 29.8 months [21.3-38.2], p = .049). Multivariate analysis revealed that OX40high in tumor stroma was an independent indicator of prolonged RFS. Moreover, RFS of patients with OX40high/CD4high in tumor stroma was significantly longer than that of patients with OX40low/CD4low. The RFS of patients with tumor stroma with OX40high/CD8high was significantly longer than that of patients with tumor stroma with OX40low/CD8high, OX40high/CD8low, or OX40low/CD8low. These findings suggest that OX40+ lymphocytes in tumor stroma play a complementary role in regulating the relapse of early-stage SCLC. Reinforcing immunity by coordinating the recruitment of OX40+ lymphocytes with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in tumor stroma may constitute a potential immunotherapeutic strategy for patients with SCLC.

[A case of pancreatic carcinoma presenting as pancreaticopleural fistula with pancreatic pleural effusion].

A 63-year-old man was admitted with left pleural effusion, and an amylase level of 30994IU/l. A diagnosis of pancreaticopleural fistula was made, based on the findings of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP). After the placement of an endoscopic naso-pancreatic drainage tube, the pleural effusion markedly reduced. When ERP was performed for internal drainage, the main pancreatic duct and stricture were biopsied and showed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma histologically. CT revealed a mass in the head of the pancreas. He underwent pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of pancreatic carcinoma presenting as pancreaticopleural fistula with pancreatic pleural effusion. Clinicians should pay attention to the possible presence of cancer and pancreaticopleural fistula in patients with pancreatic pleural effusion.

Loss of H3K27me3 imprinting in the Sfmbt2 miRNA cluster causes enlargement of cloned mouse placentas.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in mammals is an inefficient process that is frequently associated with abnormal phenotypes, especially in placentas. Recent studies demonstrated that mouse SCNT placentas completely lack histone methylation (H3K27me3)-dependent imprinting, but how it affects placental development remains unclear. Here, we provide evidence that the loss of H3K27me3 imprinting is responsible for abnormal placental enlargement and low birth rates following SCNT, through upregulation of imprinted miRNAs. When we restore the normal paternal expression of H3K27me3-dependent imprinted genes (Sfmbt2, Gab1, and Slc38a4) in SCNT placentas by maternal knockout, the placentas remain enlarged. Intriguingly, correcting the expression of clustered miRNAs within the Sfmbt2 gene ameliorates the placental phenotype. Importantly, their target genes, which are confirmed to cause SCNT-like placental histology, recover their expression level. The birth rates increase about twofold. Thus, we identify loss of H3K27me3 imprinting as an epigenetic error that compromises embryo development following SCNT.