A common NFKB1 variant detected through antibody analysis in UK Biobank predicts risk of infection and allergy.

Infectious agents contribute significantly to the global burden of diseases through both acute infection and their chronic sequelae. We leveraged the UK Biobank to identify genetic loci that influence humoral immune response to multiple infections. From 45 genome-wide association studies in 9,611 participants from UK Biobank, we identified NFKB1 as a locus associated with quantitative antibody responses to multiple pathogens, including those from the herpes, retro-, and polyoma-virus families. An insertion-deletion variant thought to affect NFKB1 expression (rs28362491), was mapped as the likely causal variant and could play a key role in regulation of the immune response. Using 121 infection- and inflammation-related traits in 487,297 UK Biobank participants, we show that the deletion allele was associated with an increased risk of infection from diverse pathogens but had a protective effect against allergic disease. We propose that altered expression of NFKB1, as a result of the deletion, modulates hematopoietic pathways and likely impacts cell survival, antibody production, and inflammation. Taken together, we show that disruptions to the tightly regulated immune processes may tip the balance between exacerbated immune responses and allergy, or increased risk of infection and impaired resolution of inflammation.

Genome-wide association study of esophageal squamous cell cancer identifies shared and distinct risk variants in African and Chinese populations.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has a high disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa and has a very poor prognosis. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of ESCC in predominantly East Asian populations indicate a substantial genetic contribution to its etiology, but no genome-wide studies have been done in populations of African ancestry. Here, we report a GWAS in 1,686 African individuals with ESCC and 3,217 population-matched control individuals to investigate its genetic etiology. We identified a genome-wide-significant risk locus on chromosome 9 upstream of FAM120A (rs12379660, p = 4.58 × 10-8, odds ratio = 1.28, 95% confidence interval = 1.22-1.34), as well as a potential African-specific risk locus on chromosome 2 (rs142741123, p = 5.49 × 10-8) within MYO1B. FAM120A is a component of oxidative stress-induced survival signals, and the associated variants at the FAM120A locus co-localized with highly significant cis-eQTLs in FAM120AOS in both esophageal mucosa and esophageal muscularis tissue. A trans-ethnic meta-analysis was then performed with the African ESCC study and a Chinese ESCC study in a combined total of 3,699 ESCC-affected individuals and 5,918 control individuals, which identified three genome-wide-significant loci on chromosome 9 at FAM120A (rs12379660, pmeta = 9.36 × 10-10), chromosome 10 at PLCE1 (rs7099485, pmeta = 1.48 × 10-8), and chromosome 22 at CHEK2 (rs1033667, pmeta = 1.47 × 10-9). This indicates the existence of both shared and distinct genetic risk loci for ESCC in African and Asian populations. Our GWAS of ESCC conducted in a population of African ancestry indicates a substantial genetic contribution to ESCC risk in Africa.

Interactions between High Seroreactivity to Human Herpes Virus 6A and Epstein-Barr Virus in MS Development: A Presymptomatic Case-Control Study.

Synergistic interactions between human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are hypothesized in the etiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study investigated if HHV-6A and EBV seroreactivities interact regarding the risk of developing MS. Antibodies against viral antigens were analyzed in biobank samples from 670 individuals who later developed MS and matched controls. Additive interactions were analyzed. A significant interaction between HHV-6A and EBNA-1 seroreactivities was observed in study participants above the median age of 24.9 years (attributable proportion due to interaction = 0.45). This finding supports the hypothesis that HHV-6A and EBV infections interact in MS development. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:302-305.

Human herpesvirus 6A and axonal injury before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis.

Recent research indicates that multiple sclerosis is preceded by a prodromal phase with elevated levels of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), a marker of axonal injury. The effect of environmental risk factors on the extent of axonal injury during this prodrome is unknown. Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) is associated with an increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine if HHV-6A serostatus is associated with the level of sNfL in the multiple sclerosis prodrome, which would support a causative role of HHV-6A. A nested case-control study was performed by crosslinking multiple sclerosis registries with Swedish biobanks. Individuals with biobank samples collected before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis were included as cases. Controls without multiple sclerosis were randomly selected, matched for biobank, sex, sampling date and age. Serostatus of HHV-6A and Epstein-Barr virus was analysed with a bead-based multiplex assay. The concentration of sNfL was analysed with single molecule array technology. The association between HHV-6A serology and sNfL was assessed by stratified t-tests and linear regressions, adjusted for Epstein-Barr virus serostatus and sampling age. Within-pair ratios of HHV-6A seroreactivity and sNfL were calculated for each case and its matched control. To assess the temporal relationship between HHV-6A antibodies and sNfL, these ratios were plotted against the time to the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis and compared using locally estimated scatterplot smoothing regressions with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Samples from 519 matched case-control pairs were included. In cases, seropositivity of HHV-6A was significantly associated with the level of sNfL (+11%, 95% CI 0.2-24%, P = 0.045) and most pronounced in the younger half of the cases (+24%, 95% CI 6-45%, P = 0.007). No such associations were observed among the controls. Increasing seroreactivity against HHV-6A was detectable before the rise of sNfL (significant within-pair ratios from 13.6 years versus 6.6 years before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis). In this study, we describe the association between HHV-6A antibodies and the degree of axonal injury in the multiple sclerosis prodrome. The findings indicate that elevated HHV-6A antibodies both precede and are associated with a higher degree of axonal injury, supporting the hypothesis that HHV-6A infection may contribute to multiple sclerosis development in a proportion of cases.

Genetics of immune response to Epstein-Barr virus: prospects for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been advocated as a prerequisite for developing multiple sclerosis (MS) and possibly the propagation of the disease. However, the precise mechanisms for such influences are still unclear. A large-scale study investigating the host genetics of EBV serology and related clinical manifestations, such as infectious mononucleosis (IM), may help us better understand the role of EBV in MS pathogenesis. This study evaluates the host genetic factors that influence serological response against EBV and history of IM and cross-evaluates them with MS risk and genetic susceptibility in the Swedish population. Plasma IgG antibody levels against EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1, truncated=aa[325-641], peptide=aa[385-420]) and viral capsid antigen p18 (VCAp18) were measured using bead-based multiplex serology for 8744 MS cases and 7229 population-matched controls. The MS risk association for high/low EBV antibody levels and history of IM was compared to relevant clinical measures along with sex, age at sampling, and associated HLA allele variants. Genome-wide and HLA allele association analyses were also performed to identify genetic risk factors for EBV antibody response and IM history. Higher antibody levels against VCAp18 (OR=1.74, 95% CI=1.60-1.88) and EBNA-1, particularly the peptide (OR=3.13, 95% CI=2.93-3.35), were associated with an increased risk for MS. The risk increased with higher anti-EBNA-1 IgG levels up to twelve times the reference risk. We also identified several independent HLA haplotypes associated with EBV serology overlapping with known MS risk alleles (e.g., DRB1*15:01). Although there were several candidates, no variants outside the HLA region reached genome-wide significance. Cumulative HLA risk for anti-EBNA-1 IgG levels, particularly the peptide fragment, was strongly associated with MS. In contrast, the genetic risk for high anti-VCAp18 IgG levels was not as strongly associated with MS risk. IM history was not associated with class II HLA genes but negatively associated with A*02:01, which is protective against MS. Our findings emphasize that the risk association between anti-EBNA-1 IgG levels and MS may be partly due to overlapping HLA associations. Additionally, the increasing MS risk with increasing anti-EBNA-1 levels would be consistent with a pathogenic role of the EBNA-1 immune response, perhaps through molecular mimicry. Given that high anti-EBNA-1 antibodies may reflect a poorly controlled T-cell defense against the virus, our findings would be consistent with DRB1*15:01 being a poor class II antigen in the immune defense against EBV. Lastly, the difference in genetic control of IM supports the independent roles of EBNA-1 and IM in MS susceptibility.

Serum IgG antibodies to HPV6 L1, E2, E4, E6, and E7 proteins among children prospectively followed-up for three years.

BACKGROUND: Current knowledge implicates that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can be acquired at early age. However, the role of HPV-specific passive immunization from mother to neonate is nearly unexplored, especially against the HPV early proteins. We analyzed IgG antibodies against HPV6 early (E2, E4, E6, E7) and late (L1) proteins in children prospectively followed-up for three years. METHODS: A total of 272 children and their mothers from the Finnish Family HPV Study were included in these analyses. Serum samples were obtained from pregnant mothers at their third trimester and from newborn/infants at 1-, 2-, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month visits after birth. Antibodies to the early and late proteins were analyzed by multiplex serology based on glutathione S-transferase fusion protein capture to fluorescent beads. RESULTS: Maternal antibodies to all tested HPV6 proteins were transferred to neonates, concordance between maternal and neonates' antibody levels being highly significant (p<0.001). Seropositivity of HPV6 L1 in the neonates declined during the first six months of life, whereas changes in the E-protein antibodies were less obvious. After the maternal antibodies have vanished, seroconversion to HPV6 L1 at 12 months (median) and to the HPV6 E-proteins between 23-35 months was observed. CONCLUSION: IgG antibodies against HPV6 E- and L-proteins are transferred from mothers to their children. Seroconversion against HPV6 L1, E2, E4, E6, and E7 does occur in early childhood, as a sign of acquired HPV6 infection by vertical or horizontal transmission starting at 12 months of age.

Antibodies against high-risk human papillomavirus proteins as markers for noncervical HPV-related cancers in a Black South African population, according to HIV status.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) proteins may elicit antibody responses in the process toward HPV-related malignancy. However, HPV seroepidemiology in noncervical HPV-related cancers remains poorly understood, particularly in populations with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Using a glutathione S-transferase-based multiplex serology assay, antibodies against E6, E7 and L1 proteins of HPV16 and HPV18 were measured in sera of 535 cases of noncervical HPV-related cancers (anal (n = 104), vulval (n = 211), vaginal (n = 49), penile (n = 37) and oropharyngeal (n = 134)) and 6651 non-infection-related cancer controls, from the Johannesburg Cancer Study that recruited Black South African with newly diagnosed cancer between 1995 and 2016. Logistic and Poisson regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in cases versus controls. HPV16 E6 was more strongly associated with noncervical HPV-related cancers than HPV16 L1 or E7, or HPV18 proteins: anal (females (HPV16 E6 aOR = 11.50;95%CI:6.0-22.2), males (aOR = 10.12;95%CI:4.9-20.8), vulval (aOR = 11.69;95%CI:7.9-17.2), vaginal (aOR = 10.26;95%CI:5.0-21), penile (aOR = 18.95;95%CI:8.9-40), and oropharyngeal (females (aOR = 8.95;95%CI:2.9-27.5), males (aOR = 3.49;95%CI:1.8-7.0)) cancers. HPV16-E6 seropositivity ranged from 24.0% to 35.1% in anal, vulval, vaginal and penile cancer but was significantly lower (11.2%) in oropharyngeal cancer. After adjustment for HIV, prevalence of which increased from 22.2% in 1995-2005 to 54.1% in 2010-2016, HPV16 E6 seropositivity increased by period of diagnosis (aPR for 2010-2016 vs. 1995-2006 = 1.84;95%CI:1.1-3.0). Assuming HPV16 E6 seroprevalence reflects HPV attributable fraction, the proportion of certain noncervical-HPV-related cancers caused by HPV is increasing over time in South Africa. This is expected to be driven by the increasing influence of HIV.

Kinetics of EBV antibody-based NPC risk scores in Taiwan NPC multiplex families.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) risk prediction models based on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-antibody testing have shown potential for screening of NPC; however, the long-term stability is unclear. Here, we investigated the kinetics of two EBV-antibody NPC risk scores within the Taiwan NPC Multiplex Family Study. Among 545 participants with multiple blood samples, we evaluated the stability of a 2-marker enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay score and 13-marker multiplex serology score using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) by fitting a linear mixed model that accounted for the clustering effect of multiple measurements per subject and age. We also estimated the clustering of positive tests using Fleiss's kappa statistic. Over an average 20-year follow-up, the 2-marker score showed high stability over time, whereas the 13-marker score was more variable (p < .05). Case-control status is associated with the kinetics of the antibody response, with higher ICCs among cases. Positive tests were more likely to cluster within the same individual for the 2-marker score than the 13-marker score (p < .05). The 2-marker score had an increase in specificity from ~90% for single measurement to ~96% with repeat testing. The 13-marker score had a specificity of ~73% for a single measurement that increased to ~92% with repeat testing. Among individuals who developed NPC, none experienced score reversion. Our findings suggest that repeated testing could improve the specificity of NPC screening in high-risk NPC multiplex families. Further studies are required to determine the impact on sensitivity, establish optimal screening intervals, and generalize these findings to general population settings in high-risk regions.

Infectious pathogens and risk of esophageal, gastric and duodenal cancers and ulcers in China: A case-cohort study.

Infection by certain pathogens is associated with cancer development. We conducted a case-cohort study of ~2500 incident cases of esophageal, gastric and duodenal cancer, and gastric and duodenal ulcer and a randomly selected subcohort of ~2000 individuals within the China Kadoorie Biobank study of >0.5 million adults. We used a bead-based multiplex serology assay to measure antibodies against 19 pathogens (total 43 antigens) in baseline plasma samples. Associations between pathogens and antigen-specific antibodies with risks of site-specific cancers and ulcers were assessed using Cox regression fitted using the Prentice pseudo-partial likelihood. Seroprevalence varied for different pathogens, from 0.7% for Hepatitis C virus (HCV) to 99.8% for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the subcohort. Compared to participants seronegative for the corresponding pathogen, Helicobacter pylori seropositivity was associated with a higher risk of non-cardia (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.73 [95% CI: 2.09-3.58]) and cardia (1.67 [1.18-2.38]) gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer (2.71 [1.79-4.08]). HCV was associated with a higher risk of duodenal cancer (6.23 [1.52-25.62]) and Hepatitis B virus was associated with higher risk of duodenal ulcer (1.46 [1.04-2.05]). There were some associations of antibodies again some herpesviruses and human papillomaviruses with risks of gastrointestinal cancers and ulcers but these should be interpreted with caution. This first study of multiple pathogens with risk of gastrointestinal cancers and ulcers demonstrated that several pathogens are associated with risks of gastrointestinal cancers and ulcers. This will inform future investigations into the role of infection in the etiology of these diseases.

Diagnostic accuracy of HPV16 early antigen serology for HPV-driven oropharyngeal cancer is independent of age and sex.

A growing proportion of head and neck cancer (HNC), especially oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). There are several markers for HPV-driven HNC, one being HPV early antigen serology. We aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of HPV serology and its performance across patient characteristics. Data from the VOYAGER consortium was used, which comprises five studies on HNC from North America and Europe. Diagnostic accuracy, that is, sensitivity, specificity, Cohen's kappa and correctly classified proportions of HPV16 E6 serology, was assessed for OPC and other HNC using p16INK4a immunohistochemistry (p16), HPV in situ hybridization (ISH) and HPV PCR as reference methods. Stratified analyses were performed for variables including age, sex, smoking and alcohol use, to test the robustness of diagnostic accuracy. A risk-factor analysis based on serology was conducted, comparing HPV-driven to non-HPV-driven OPC. Overall, HPV serology had a sensitivity of 86.8% (95% CI 85.1-88.3) and specificity of 91.2% (95% CI 88.6-93.4) for HPV-driven OPC using p16 as a reference method. In stratified analyses, diagnostic accuracy remained consistent across sex and different age groups. Sensitivity was lower for heavy smokers (77.7%), OPC without lymph node involvement (74.4%) and the ARCAGE study (66.7%), while specificity decreased for cases with <10 pack-years (72.1%). The risk-factor model included study, year of diagnosis, age, sex, BMI, alcohol use, pack-years, TNM-T and TNM-N stage. HPV serology is a robust biomarker for HPV-driven OPC, and its diagnostic accuracy is independent of age and sex. Future research is suggested on the influence of smoking on HPV antibody levels.

Human papillomavirus-driven head and neck cancers in Japan during 2008-2009 and 2018-2019: The BROADEN study.

There is limited understanding of epidemiology and time trends of human papilloma virus (HPV)-driven head and neck cancers (HNC) in Japan, especially outside of the oropharynx. To assess HPV-driven HNC, a non-interventional study (BROADEN) of HNC patients diagnosed in 2008-2009 and 2018-2019 was conducted in Japan. Adult patients with oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, laryngeal, hypopharyngeal or oral cavity cancers were included in this study. HPV was centrally tested using p16INK4a immunohistochemistry, HPV-DNA PCR and HPV E6*I mRNA. HPV attributability required positivity in at least two tests (p16INK4a immunohistochemistry, HPV-DNA PCR, HPV E6*I mRNA) in the oropharynx, and HPV-DNA and HPV E6*I mRNA positivity for non-oropharynx sites. Nineteen hospitals included a total of 1108 patients, of whom 981 had valid samples. Men accounted for 82% of HNC diagnoses. Patients in the earlier cohort were younger and included a higher percentage of smokers. There was an increasing trend of HPV-driven oropharyngeal cancer over the last decade, from 44.2% to 51.7%. HPV attribution in nasopharyngeal cancers was 3.2% in 2008-2009 and 7.5% in 2018-2019; and 4.4% and 0% for larynx respectively. In total, 95.2% of HPV-driven HNC were attributed to HPV genotypes included in the 9-valent HPV vaccine being HPV16 the most prominent genotype. These results suggest that an epidemiologic shift is happening in Japan, with a decrease in smoking and alcohol use and an increase in HPV-driven HNC. The increasing trend of HPV-driven HNC in Japan highlights the need for preventive strategies to mitigate the rise of HPV-driven HNC.

Seroreactivity against lytic, latent and possible cross-reactive EBV antigens appears on average 10 years before MS induced preclinical neuroaxonal damage.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and presymptomatic axonal injury appear to develop only after an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. This association remains to be confirmed across a broad preclinical time range, for lytic and latent EBV seroreactivity, and for potential cross-reacting antigens. METHODS: We performed a case-control study with 669 individual serum samples obtained before clinical MS onset, identified through cross-linkage with the Swedish MS register. We assayed antibodies against EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), viral capsid antigen p18, glycoprotein 350 (gp350), the potential cross-reacting protein anoctamin 2 (ANO2) and the level of sNfL, a marker of axonal injury. RESULTS: EBNA1 (latency) seroreactivity increased in the pre-MS group, at 15-20 years before clinical MS onset, followed by gp350 (lytic) seroreactivity (p=0.001-0.009), ANO2 seropositivity appeared shortly after EBNA1-seropositivity in 16.7% of pre-MS cases and 10.0% of controls (p=0.001).With an average lag of almost a decade after EBV, sNfL gradually increased, mainly in the increasing subgroup of seropositive pre-MS cases (p=8.10-5 compared with non-MS controls). Seropositive pre-MS cases reached higher sNfL levels than seronegative pre-MS (p=0.038). In the EBNA1-seropositive pre-MS group, ANO2 seropositive cases had 26% higher sNfL level (p=0.0026). CONCLUSIONS: Seroreactivity against latent and lytic EBV antigens, and in a subset ANO2, was detectable on average a decade before the appearance of a gradually increasing axonal injury occurring in the last decade before the onset of clinical MS. These findings strengthen the hypothesis of latent EBV involvement in the pathogenesis of MS.

Rubella virus seropositivity after infection or vaccination as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Hereditary susceptibility and environmental factors contribute to disease risk. Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) have previously been associated with MS risk. Other neurotropic viruses, such as rubella virus (RV), are possible candidates in MS aetiopathogenesis, but previous results are limited and conflicting. METHODS: In this nested case-control study of biobank samples in a Swedish cohort, we analysed the serological response towards RV before the clinical onset of MS with a bead-based multiplex assay in subjects vaccinated and unvaccinated towards RV. The association between RV seropositivity and MS risk was analysed with conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Seropositivity towards RV was associated with an increased risk of MS for unvaccinated subjects, even when adjusting for plausible confounders including EBV, HHV-6A, cytomegalovirus and vitamin D (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8-8.8). Cases also had stronger antibody reactivity towards rubella than controls, which was not seen for other neurotropic viruses such as herpes simplex or varicella zoster. Furthermore, we observed an association between RV seropositivity and MS in vaccinated subjects. However, this association was not significant when adjusting for the aforementioned confounders (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.9). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, these are the first reported associations between early RV seropositivity and later MS development. This suggests a broadening of the virus hypothesis in MS aetiology, where molecular mimicry between rubella epitopes and human central nervous system molecules could be an attractive possible mechanism.

Helicobacter hepaticus and Helicobacter bilis in liver and biliary cancers from ATBC and PLCO.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter species (spp.) have been detected in human bile and hepatobiliary tissue Helicobacter spp. promote gallstone formation and hepatobiliary tumors in laboratory studies, though it remains unclear whether Helicobacter spp. contribute to these cancers in humans. We used a multiplex panel to assess whether seropositivity to Helicobacter (H.) hepaticus or H. bilis proteins was associated with the development of hepatobiliary cancers in the Finnish Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, and US-based Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO). METHODS: We included 62 biliary and 121 liver cancers, and 190 age-matched controls from ATBC and 74 biliary and 105 liver cancers, and 364 age- and sex-matched controls from PLCO. Seropositivity to 14 H. hepaticus and H. bilis antigens was measured using a multiplex assay. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adjusted for major hepatobiliary cancer risk factors and Helicobacter pylori serostatus. RESULTS: Seropositivity to the H. bilis antigen, P167D, was associated with more than a twofold higher risk of liver cancer (OR: 2.38; 95% CI: 1.06, 5.36) and seropositivity to the H. hepaticus antigens HH0407 or HH1201, or H. bilis antigen, HRAG 01470 were associated with higher risk of biliary cancer (OR: 5.01; 95% CI: 1.53, 16.40; OR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.00, 5.76; OR: 3.27; 95% CI: 1.14, 9.34, respectively) within PLCO. No associations for any of the H. hepaticus or H. bilis antigens were noted for liver or biliary cancers within ATBC. CONCLUSIONS: Further investigations in cohort studies should examine the role of Helicobacter spp. in the etiology of liver and biliary cancers.

COVID-19 and long-term impact on symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life in Costa Rica: the RESPIRA cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence continues to accumulate regarding the potential long-term health consequences of COVID-19 in the population. To distinguish between COVID-19-related symptoms and health limitations from those caused by other conditions, it is essential to compare cases with community controls using prospective data ensuring case-control status. The RESPIRA study addresses this need by investigating the lasting impact of COVID-19 on Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and symptomatology in a population-based cohort in Costa Rica, thereby providing a robust framework for controlling HRQoL and symptoms. METHODS: The study comprised 641 PCR-confirmed, unvaccinated cases of COVID-19 and 947 matched population-based controls. Infection was confirmed using antibody tests on enrollment serum samples and symptoms were monitored monthly for 6 months post-enrolment. Administered at the 6-month visit (occurring between 6- and 2-months post-diagnosis for cases and 6 months after enrollment for controls), HRQoL and Self-Perceived Health Change were assessed using the SF-36, while brain fog, using three items from the Mental Health Inventory (MHI). Regression models were utilized to analyze SF-36, MHI scores, and Self-Perceived Health Change, adjusted for case/control status, severity (mild case, moderate case, hospitalized) and additional independent variables. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings. RESULTS: Cases showed significantly higher prevalences of joint pain, chest tightness, and skin manifestations, that stabilized at higher frequencies from the fourth month post-diagnosis onwards (2.0%, 1.2%, and 0.8% respectively) compared to controls (0.9%, 0.4%, 0.2% respectively). Cases also exhibited significantly lower HRQoL than controls across all dimensions in the fully adjusted model, with a 12.4 percentage-point difference [95%CI: 9.4-14.6], in self-reported health compared to one year prior. Cases reported 8.0% [95%CI: 4.2, 11.5] more physical limitations, 7.3% [95%CI: 3.5, 10.5] increased lack of vitality, and 6.0% [95%CI: 2.4, 9.0] more brain fog compared to controls with similar characteristics. Undiagnosed cases detected with antibody tests among controls had HRQoL comparable to antibody negative controls. Differences were more pronounced in individuals with moderate or severe disease and among women. CONCLUSIONS: PCR-confirmed unvaccinated cases experienced prolonged HRQoL reductions 6 months to 2 years after diagnosis, this was particularly the case in severe cases and among women. Mildly symptomatic cases showed no significant long-term sequelae.

Common infections and neuroimaging markers of dementia in three UK cohort studies.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to investigate associations between common infections and neuroimaging markers of dementia risk (brain volume, hippocampal volume, white matter lesions) across three population-based studies. METHODS: We tested associations between serology measures (pathogen serostatus, cumulative burden, continuous antibody responses) and outcomes using linear regression, including adjustments for total intracranial volume and scanner/clinic information (basic model), age, sex, ethnicity, education, socioeconomic position, alcohol, body mass index, and smoking (fully adjusted model). Interactions between serology measures and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype were tested. Findings were meta-analyzed across cohorts (Nmain  = 2632; NAPOE-interaction  = 1810). RESULTS: Seropositivity to John Cunningham virus associated with smaller brain volumes in basic models (ß = -3.89 mL [-5.81, -1.97], Padjusted  < 0.05); these were largely attenuated in fully adjusted models (ß = -1.59 mL [-3.55, 0.36], P = 0.11). No other relationships were robust to multiple testing corrections and sensitivity analyses, but several suggestive associations were observed. DISCUSSION: We did not find clear evidence for relationships between common infections and markers of dementia risk. Some suggestive findings warrant testing for replication.

Assessing the Potential of HPV16 E6 Seroprevalence as a Biomarker for Anal Dysplasia and Cancer Screening-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Elevated rates of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and anal cancer (AC) in populations like men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV underscore the need for effective screening. While high-resolution anoscopy-guided biopsy is the gold standard, limited provider availability poses a challenge. This has spurred interest in identifying biomarkers for improved AC prevention. Antibodies against HPV16 oncoprotein E6, known as markers for cervical and oropharyngeal cancers, are the focus of the current study. The systematic review and meta-analysis included six studies meeting inclusion criteria, assessing HPV16 E6 seroprevalence in individuals with anal HSIL or AC. A two-step meta-analysis estimated pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for HPV16 E6 seroprevalence and HSIL or AC. Pooled prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratios were also calculated. This meta-analysis revealed a 3.6-fold increased risk of HSIL for HPV16 E6 seropositive individuals, escalating to a 26.1-fold risk increase for AC. Pooled specificity and sensitivity indicated a high specificity (0.99; 95%CI: 0.99, 0.99) but lower sensitivity (0.19; 95%CI: 0.10, 0.34) for HPV16 E6 serostatus as an AC biomarker. In conclusion, while HPV16 E6 seroprevalence demonstrates specificity as a potential biomarker for HPV-related AC, its utility as a standalone screening tool may be limited. Instead, it could serve effectively as a confirmation test, particularly in high-risk populations, alongside other diagnostic methods. Further research is imperative to explore HPV16 E6 seroconversion dynamics and alternative screening algorithms.

[Update: Epidemiology and Prevention of Oropharyngeal Cancer]. / Update: Epidemiologie und Prävention des Oropharynxkarzinoms.

Due to the association with the causal HPV-16 infection, the oropharyngeal carcinoma spreads into two separate entities depending on HPV-16 positivity. More recent data show a diversified picture of the importance and prevalence of the surrogate parameter p16 (discordance) for a definitive HPV-16 association, which varies worldwide. In the context of prevention options, vaccination is of major and HPV screening of healthy people only of little importance.

Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Results From the Finnish Maternity Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections, specifically Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), may be associated with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) risk. The association between CT and EOC subtypes is unclear. Our aim was to investigate whether history of CT and other infections (Mycoplasma genitalium [MG], herpes simplex virus type 2 [HSV-2], and human papillomavirus [HPV]) are associated with EOC risk by histotype. METHODS: We measured antibodies (Abs) to CT, MG, HSV-2, and HPV-16/18 in serum samples in a nested case-control study in the Finnish Maternity Cohort (N = 484 cases 1:1 matched to controls). Logistic regression was used to calculate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in seropositive versus seronegative individuals in all cases, as well as serous (n = 249), clear cell and endometrioid (n = 91), and mucinous (n = 144) EOC. RESULTS: CT seropositivity was not associated with EOC risk (eg, CT pGP3-Ab: RR, 0.92 [95% CI, .72-1.19]), regardless of disease subtype. We observed a positive association between MG seropositivity and mucinous EOC (RR, 1.66 [95% CI, 1.09-2.54]; P for heterogeneity by histotype ≤ .001), but not other subtypes. No associations were observed with seropositivity to multiple STIs. CONCLUSIONS: CT infection was not associated with EOC risk, with associations observed only for MG and mucinous EOC. Mechanisms linking MG to mucinous EOC remain to be elucidated.

Serologic Response to Human Papillomavirus Genotypes Among Unvaccinated Women: Findings From the HITCH Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Humoral immune responses may be critical for preventing, controlling, and/or eliminating human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. We analyzed humoral response to natural HPV infection considering phylogenetic relatedness among unvaccinated women. METHODS: We included 399 young women attending university/college in Montreal, Canada who were participants of the HITCH cohort. Participants provided blood samples at baseline and 5 follow-up visits. Antibody response to bacterially expressed L1 and E6 glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins, and virus-like particles (VLP-L1) of Alphapapillomavirus types were measured using multiplex serology. We assessed correlations and associations between HPV types at baseline using Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and univariable linear regressions. RESULTS: At baseline, > 40% were seropositive for GST-L1 antibodies of at least 1 HPV type. Strong correlations between GST-L1 were observed for α9 HPV types: 58-52 (r = 0.86), 58-33 (r = 0.75), 33-52 (r = 0.72), and between GST-E6: 52-11 (r = 0.84), 52-18 (r = 0.79), 58-33 (r = 0.78), 35-11 (r = 0.76). HPV16 VLP-L1 moderately explained variability in HPV16 GST-L1 (regression coefficient [b] = 0.38, R2 = 43.1%), and HPV45 GST-L1 in HPV18 GST-L1 (b = 0.68, R2 = 42.8%). GST-E6 antibodies accounted for a low to moderate proportion of variability in HPV16 and HPV18 GST-E6 (R2 = 6.4%-62.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Associations between naturally induced HPV-specific antibodies depend on phylogenetic relatedness.