The olfactory network of larval Xenopus laevis regenerates accurately after olfactory nerve transection.

Across vertebrate species, the olfactory epithelium (OE) exhibits the uncommon feature of lifelong neuronal turnover. Epithelial stem cells give rise to new neurons that can adequately replace dying olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) during developmental and adult phases and after lesions. To relay olfactory information from the environment to the brain, the axons of the renewed ORNs must reconnect with the olfactory bulb (OB). In Xenopus laevis larvae, we have previously shown that this process occurs between 3 and 7 weeks after olfactory nerve (ON) transection. In the present study, we show that after 7 weeks of recovery from ON transection, two functionally and spatially distinct glomerular clusters are reformed in the OB, akin to those found in non-transected larvae. We also show that the same odourant response tuning profiles observed in the OB of non-transected larvae are again present after 7 weeks of recovery. Next, we show that characteristic odour-guided behaviour disappears after ON transection but recovers after 7-9 weeks of recovery. Together, our findings demonstrate that the olfactory system of larval X. laevis regenerates with high accuracy after ON transection, leading to the recovery of odour-guided behaviour.

Acquired platelet GPVI receptor dysfunction in critically ill patients with sepsis.

Glycoprotein VI (GPVI), the platelet immunoreceptor tyrosine activating motif (ITAM) receptor for collagen, plays a striking role on vascular integrity in animal models of inflammation and sepsis. Understanding ITAM-receptor signaling defects in humans suffering from sepsis may improve our understanding of the pathophysiology, especially during disease onset. In a pilot study, platelets from 15 patients with sepsis were assessed consecutively at day of admission, day 5 to 7, and the day of intensive care unit (ICU) discharge and subjected to comprehensive analyses by flow cytometry, aggregometry, and immunoblotting. Platelet function was markedly reduced in all patients. The defect was most prominent after GPVI stimulation with collagen-related peptide. In 14 of 15 patients, GPVI dysfunction was already present at time of ICU admission, considerably before the critical drop in platelet counts. Sepsis platelets failed to transduce the GPVI-mediated signal to trigger tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk kinase or LAT. GPVI deficiency was partially inducible in platelets of healthy donors through coincubation in whole blood, but not in plasma from patients with sepsis. Platelet aggregation upon GPVI stimulation increased only in those patients whose condition ameliorated. As blunted GPVI signaling occurred early at sepsis onset, this defect could be exploited as an indicator for early sepsis diagnosis, which needs to be confirmed in prospective studies.

Checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic gastric and GEJ cancer: a multi-institutional retrospective analysis of real-world data in a Western cohort.

BACKGROUND: Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer could be demonstrated in predominantly Asian cohorts, whereas data in Western patients outside of clinical trials are vastly missing. METHODS: In this multi-institutional retrospective analysis conducted at nine oncologic centers in Austria, we tried to assess feasibility of checkpoint inhibitors in advanced gastric/GEJ cancer in a real-world Western cohort. RESULTS: In total, data from 50 patients with metastatic gastric/GEJ cancer who received nivolumab or pembrolizumab in a palliative setting between November 2015 and April 2020 have been evaluated. The median number of previous palliative therapy lines was two. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 2.1 (95% CI: 1.4-2.8) and 6.3 (95% CI: 3.3-9.3) months, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in median OS according to microsatellite or PD-L1 status. However, a trend towards prolonged PFS and OS for the microsatellite instability high subgroup could be observed. Patients with an ECOG Performance Status (PS) ≥ 2 displayed a significantly worse outcome than those with an ECOG PS ≤ 1 (p = .03). Only one patient discontinued immunotherapy due to treatment-related toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support feasibility of nivolumab and pembrolizumab in pre-treated patients with metastatic gastric and GEJ cancer in a Western real-world cohort. Further phase II/III studies are needed to confirm clinical efficacy.

Olfaction across the water-air interface in anuran amphibians.

Extant anuran amphibians originate from an evolutionary intersection eventually leading to fully terrestrial tetrapods. In many ways, they have to deal with exposure to both terrestrial and aquatic environments: (i) phylogenetically, as derivatives of the first tetrapod group that conquered the terrestrial environment in evolution; (ii) ontogenetically, with a development that includes aquatic and terrestrial stages connected via metamorphic remodeling; and (iii) individually, with common changes in habitat during the life cycle. Our knowledge about the structural organization and function of the amphibian olfactory system and its relevance still lags behind findings on mammals. It is a formidable challenge to reveal underlying general principles of circuity-related, cellular, and molecular properties that are beneficial for an optimized sense of smell in water and air. Recent findings in structural organization coupled with behavioral observations could help to understand the importance of the sense of smell in this evolutionarily important animal group. We describe the structure of the peripheral olfactory organ, the olfactory bulb, and higher olfactory centers on a tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. Differences and similarities between the olfactory systems of anurans and other vertebrates are reviewed. Special emphasis lies on adaptations that are connected to the distinct demands of olfaction in water and air environment. These particular adaptations are discussed in light of evolutionary trends, ontogenetic development, and ecological demands.

Distinct interhemispheric connectivity at the level of the olfactory bulb emerges during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis.

During metamorphosis, the olfactory system of anuran tadpoles undergoes substantial restructuring. The main olfactory epithelium in the principal nasal cavity of Xenopus laevis tadpoles is associated with aquatic olfaction and transformed into the adult air-nose, while a new adult water-nose emerges in the middle cavity. Impacts of this metamorphic remodeling on odor processing, behavior, and network structure are still unexplored. Here, we used neuronal tracings, calcium imaging, and behavioral experiments to examine the functional connectivity between the epithelium and the main olfactory bulb during metamorphosis. In tadpoles, olfactory receptor neurons in the principal cavity project axons to glomeruli in the ventral main olfactory bulb. These projections are gradually replaced by receptor neuron axons from the newly forming middle cavity epithelium. Despite this reorganization in the ventral bulb, two spatially segregated odor processing streams remain undisrupted and behavioral responses to waterborne odorants are unchanged. Contemporaneously, new receptor neurons in the remodeling principal cavity innervate the emerging dorsal part of the bulb, which displays distinct wiring features. Glomeruli around its midline are innervated from the left and right nasal epithelia. Additionally, postsynaptic projection neurons in the dorsal bulb predominantly connect to multiple glomeruli, while half of projection neurons in the ventral bulb are uni-glomerular. Our results show that the "water system" remains functional despite metamorphic reconstruction. The network differences between the dorsal and ventral olfactory bulb imply a higher degree of odor integration in the dorsal main olfactory bulb. This is possibly connected with the processing of different odorants, airborne vs. waterborne.

ROP INTERACTIVE PARTNER b Interacts with RACB and Supports Fungal Penetration into Barley Epidermal Cells.

Rho of Plants (ROP) G-proteins are key components of cell polarization processes in plant development. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) ROP protein RACB is a susceptibility factor in the interaction of barley with the barley powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). RACB also drives polar cell development, and this function might be coopted during the formation of fungal haustoria in barley epidermal cells. To understand RACB signaling during the interaction of barley with Bgh, we searched for potential downstream interactors of RACB. Here, we show that ROP INTERACTIVE PARTNER b (RIPb; synonym: INTERACTOR OF CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVE ROP b) directly interacts with RACB in yeast and in planta. Overexpression of RIPb supports the susceptibility of barley to Bgh RIPb further interacts with itself at microtubules. However, the interaction with activated RACB largely takes place at the plasma membrane. Both RIPb and RACB are recruited to the site of fungal attack around the neck of developing haustoria, suggesting locally enhanced ROP activity. We further assigned different functions to different domains of the RIPb protein. The N-terminal coiled-coil CC1 domain is required for microtubule localization, while the C-terminal coiled-coil CC2 domain is sufficient to interact with RACB and to fulfill a function in susceptibility at the plasma membrane. Hence, RIPb appears to be localized at microtubules and is then recruited by activated RACB for a function at the plasma membrane during formation of the haustorial complex.

Evaluation of circulating cell-free KRAS mutational status as a molecular monitoring tool in patients with pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic carcinoma carries a devastating prognosis and is the 4th leading cause for cancer related death in the US and most European countries. Apart from imaging and CA 19-9, pancreatic carcinoma is still lacking reliable markers to assess tumor dynamics and to monitor treatment response over time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of cell free tumor-DNA (cft-DNA), respectively KRAS mutation in peripheral blood, detection as a prognostic and predictive value for chemotherapy monitoring. METHODS: Serial plasma samples from 42 patients with KRAS mutated pancreatic cancer were prospectively collected and the ctKRAS Mutation Assay (Idylla™, Biocartis, Mechelen, Belgium) of cft-DNA was performed on 29 patients that did not receive curative surgery and went on to palliative chemotherapy. To monitor cft-DNA KRAS mutation levels during treatment quantitative assessment of cft-DNA was performed at baseline and during follow up at predetermined times. RESULTS: All 29 patients included in our analyses had a detected KRAS mutation in the tumor biopsy. In almost half (48.2%) of patients a KRAS mutation could also be detected in peripheral plasma. Patients with detectable KRAS mutations before treatment start in plasma had a significantly worse survival (16.8 months vs not reached, p < 0.031 and HR 3.303). Looking for a dynamic assessment of tumor response, we found a statistically significant association between the KRAS mutant ratio from first staging CT scan to basal levels with tumor response or progress (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Performing KRAS testing from peripheral blood for patients, who have no elevated tumor markers, might be a novel option for treatment monitoring complementing routine imaging techniques.

Prognostic and Predictive Factors in Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous disease arising from the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. Despite multimodality treatments approximately half of all patients with locally advanced disease relapse and the prognosis of patients with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC is dismal. The introduction of checkpoint inhibitors improved the treatment options for these patients and pembrolizumab alone or in combination with a platinum and fluorouracil is now the standard of care for first-line therapy. However, approximately only one third of unselected patients respond to this combination and the response rate to checkpoint inhibitors alone is even lower. This shows that there is an urgent need to improve prognostication and prediction of treatment benefits in patients with HNSCC. In this review, we summarize the most relevant risk factors in the field and discuss their roles and limitations. The human papilloma virus (HPV) status for patients with oropharyngeal cancer and the combined positive score are the only biomarkers consistently used in clinical routine. Other factors, such as the tumor mutational burden and the immune microenvironment have been highly studied and are promising but need validation in prospective trials.

Sidedness and TP53 mutations impact OS in anti-EGFR but not anti-VEGF treated mCRC - an analysis of the KRAS registry of the AGMT (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Medikamentöse Tumortherapie).

BACKGROUND: In metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), the localization of the primary tumour has been shown to be of prognostic as well as predictive relevance. METHODS: With the aim to investigate clinical and molecular disease characteristics with respect to sidedness in a real-world cohort, we analyzed 161 mCRC patients included in the KRAS Registry of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Medikamentöse Tumortherapie (AGMT) between January 2006 and October 2013. RESULTS: Right-sided mCRC displayed a worse median overall survival (OS) in comparison to left-sided disease (18.1 months [95%-CI: 14.3-40.7] versus 32.3 months [95%-CI: 25.5-38.6]; HR: 1.63 [95%-CI: 1.13-2.84]; p = 0.013). The choice of the biological agent in front-line therapy had a statistically significant impact on median OS in patients with right-sided tumours (anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR): 10.6 months [95%-CI: 5.2-NA]; anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF): 26.2 months [95%-CI: 17.9-NA]; HR: 2.69 [95%-CI: 1.30-12.28]; p = 0.015) but not in patients with left-sided tumours (anti-EGFR: 37.0 months [95%-CI: 20.2-56.6]; anti-VEGF: 32.3 months [95%-CI: 23.6-41.1]; HR: 0.97 [95%-CI: 0.56-1.66]; p = 0.905). When evaluating molecular characteristics of tumour samples, we found a clinically meaningful trend towards an inferior OS in TP53 mutant mCRC treated with anti-EGFR based therapy compared to anti-VEGF based therapy (17.1 months [95%-CI: 8.7-NA] versus 38.3 months [95%-CI: 23.6-48.0], HR = 1.95 [95%-CI: 0.95-5.88]; p = 0.066), which was not significantly dependent on sidedness. This was not the case in patients with TP53 wild-type tumours. Therefore we evaluated the combined impact of sidedness and TP53 mutation status in the anti-EGFR treated cohort and patients with left-sided/TP53 wild-type mCRC showed the longest median OS (38.9 months) of all groups (right-sided/TP53 mutant: 12.1 months; right-sided/TP53 wild-type: 8.9 months; left-sided/TP53 mutant: 18.4 months; p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: TP53 mutation and right-sidedness are associated with shorter OS in patients treated with anti-EGFR based therapy but not with anti-VEGF based therapy. The confirmation of the predictive value of TP53 mutation status in a larger cohort is warranted.

Correction to: Fludarabine and rituximab with escalating doses of lenalidomide followed by lenalidomide/rituximab maintenance in previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): the REVLIRIT CLL-5 AGMT phase I/II study.

The original version of this article contained a mistake. The name of Tanja Nicole Hartman should have been Tanja Nicole Hartmann. The original article has been corrected.

Fludarabine and rituximab with escalating doses of lenalidomide followed by lenalidomide/rituximab maintenance in previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): the REVLIRIT CLL-5 AGMT phase I/II study.

Despite recent advances, chemoimmunotherapy remains a standard for fit previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients. Lenalidomide had activity in early monotherapy trials, but tumour lysis and flare proved major obstacles in its development. We combined lenalidomide in increasing doses with six cycles of fludarabine and rituximab (FR), followed by lenalidomide/rituximab maintenance. In 45 chemo-naive patients, included in this trial, individual tolerability of the combination was highly divergent and no systematic toxicity determining a maximum tolerated dose was found. Grade 3/4 neutropenia (71%) was high, but only 7% experienced grade 3 infections. No tumour lysis or flare > grade 2 was observed, but skin toxicity proved dose-limiting in nine patients (20%). Overall and complete response rates after induction were 89 and 44% by intention-to-treat, respectively. At a median follow-up of 78.7 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 60.3 months. Minimal residual disease and immunoglobulin variable region heavy chain mutation state predicted PFS and TP53 mutation most strongly predicted OS. Baseline clinical factors did not predict tolerance to the immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide, but pretreatment immunophenotypes of T cells showed exhausted memory CD4 cells to predict early dose-limiting non-haematologic events. Overall, combining lenalidomide with FR was feasible and effective, but individual changes in the immune system seemed associated with limiting side effects. clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00738829) and EU Clinical Trials Register ( www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu , 2008-001430-27).

Influence of body mass index on survival in indolent and mantle cell lymphomas: analysis of the StiL NHL1 trial.

Obesity is a well-known risk factor for the development of cancer, but its influence on the course of disease is still controversial. We investigated the influence of body mass index (BMI) on overall survival (OS) in 502 patients with indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or mantle cell lymphoma in a subgroup analysis of the StiL (Study Group Indolent Lymphomas) NHL1 trial. We defined a cut-off of 22.55 kg/m2 by ROC calculation and Youden Index analysis and stratified patients into "low BMI" and "high BMI". Five-year OS was significantly longer in the high BMI group (82.2%) when compared to that of the low BMI group (66.2%) (HR 0.597; 95%CI 0.370-0.963; p = 0.034). BMI was also an independent prognostic factor for OS in multivariate analysis (HR 0.541; 95%CI 0.332-0.883; p = 0.014). Of note, patients had a significantly lower BMI in the presence than patients in the absence of B-symptoms (p = 0.025). BMI significantly impacts on OS in indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma, which may be influenced by the effect of B-symptoms on BMI.

NCCN-IPI score-independent prognostic potential of pretreatment uric acid levels for clinical outcome of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Blood-based parameters are gaining increasing interest as potential prognostic biomarkers in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the prognostic significance of pretreatment plasma uric acid levels in patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL. METHODS: The clinical course of 539 DLBCL patients, diagnosed and treated between 2004 and 2013 at two Austrian high-volume centres with rituximab-based immunochemotherapy was evaluated retrospectively. The prognostic influence of uric acid on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were studied including multi-state modelling, and analysis of conditional survival. RESULTS: Five-year OS and PFS were 50.4% (95% CI: 39.2-60.6) and 44.0% (33.4-54.0) in patients with uric acid levels above the 75th percentile of the uric acid distribution (Q3, cut-off: 6.8 mg dl-1), and 66.2% (60.4-71.5) and 59.6% (53.7-65.0%) in patients with lower levels (log-rank P=0.002 and P=0.0045, respectively). In univariable time-to-event analysis, elevated uric acid levels were associated with a worse PFS (hazard ratio (HR) per 1 log increase in uric acid 1.47, 95% CI: 1.10-1.97, P=0.009) and a worse OS (HR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.16-2.19, P=0.004). These associations prevailed upon multivariable adjustment for the NCCN-IPI score. Uric acid levels significantly improved the predictive performance of the R-IPI and NCCN-IPI scores, and in multi-state analysis, it emerged as a highly significant predictor of an increased risk of death without developing recurrence (transition-HR=4.47, 95% CI: 2.17-9.23, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that elevated uric acid levels predict poor long-term outcomes in DLBCL patients beyond the NCCN-IPI risk index.

A modified scoring of the NCCN-IPI is more accurate in the elderly and is improved by albumin and ß2 -microglobulin.

The International Prognostic Index (IPI) has been used for decades in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). A retrospective cancer registry analysis in North America showed significantly improved results when an enhanced IPI, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)-IPI was applied. This novel score puts more weight on age and high levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Nevertheless, it remains unclear if these results can be extrapolated to the general population. This retrospective bi-centre analysis included 499 unselected DLBCL patients who were treated with rituximab and anthracycline-based chemoimmunotherapy between 2004 and 2013. In our cohort, the NCCN-IPI was more accurate in identifying patients at low or high risk, despite older age, and more patients with increased LDH. Nevertheless, a modified scoring of the risk factors was required to more accurately identify elderly patients with a very favourable diagnosis, suggesting an impaired value of the original NCCN-IPI in the elderly. Serum ß2 -microglobulin and albumin were retained as independent prognostic factors for survival in a multivariate analysis. Our data confirm, for the first time, the superior prognostic power of the NCCN-IPI in an unselected, middle-European cohort. We furthermore propose a modified NCCN-IPI for more accurate prognostication in the elderly. Albumin and ß2 -microglobulin levels are likely to add significant information to the NCCN-IPI.

AID induces intraclonal diversity and genomic damage in CD86(+) chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.

The activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) mediates somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination of the Ig genes by directly deaminating cytosines to uracils. As AID causes a substantial amount of off-target mutations, its activity has been associated with lymphomagenesis and clonal evolution of B-cell malignancies. Although it has been shown that AID is expressed in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a clear analysis of in vivo AID activity in this B-cell malignancy remained elusive. In this study performed on primary human CLL samples, we report that, despite the presence of a dominant VDJ heavy chain region, a substantial intraclonal diversity was observed at VDJ as well as at IgM switch regions (Sµ), showing ongoing AID activity in vivo during disease progression. This AID-mediated heterogeneity was higher in CLL subclones expressing CD86, which we identified as the proliferative CLL fraction. Finally, CD86 expression correlated with shortened time to first treatment and increased γ-H2AX focus formation. Our data demonstrate that AID is active in CLL in vivo and thus, AID likely contributes to clonal evolution of CLL.

Anti-Hu Antibody Associated Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration in Head and Neck Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Paraneoplastic syndromes are most frequently associated with small cell lung carcinoma, hematologic and gynecologic malignancies while reports in head and neck cancer are rare. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 60-year old female patient who developed paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration upon locoregional recurrence of a poorly differentiated spindle cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. The neurological symptoms, especially ataxia, stabilized after resection of tumor recurrence and concomitant chemoradiotherapy whereas anti-Hu-antibodies remained positive. Despite the unfavorable prognosis of paraneoplastic neurological disorders associated with onconeural antibodies, the patient achieved long-standing stabilization of neurological symptoms. CONCLUSION: We report the first patient with anti-Hu antibodies and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with a spindle cell carcinoma of the head and neck. We recommend that evaluation of neurological symptoms in patients with this tumor entity should also include paraneoplastic syndromes as differential diagnoses and suggest early extensive screening for onconeural antibodies.

CYP39A1 polymorphism is associated with toxicity during intensive induction chemotherapy in patients with advanced head and neck cancer.

BACKGROUND: Induction chemotherapy incorporating docetaxel, cisplatin and 5- fluorouracil before radiotherapy may improve the outcome of patients with advanced head and neck cancer. Nevertheless, the addition of docetaxel increases hematological toxicity and infectious complications. Therefore, genetic markers predicting toxicity and efficacy of this treatment regimen may help to identify patients, who would have the most benefit from this intensive treatment. METHODS: A cohort of 78 patients with advanced head and neck cancer treated with induction chemotherapy was assessed for clinical outcome and toxicity during treatment with curative intention. Genetic polymorphisms primary associated with treatment efficacy (ERCC2-rs13181, rs1799793, ERCC1-rs3212986, rs11615, XRCC1-rs25487) or with docetaxel caused toxicity (CYP39A1-rs7761731, SLCO1B3-rs11045585) were evaluated in all patients. The results of these analyses were correlated with the clinical outcome of the patients (loco regional control, progression free survival, overall survival) and treatment related toxicity during induction chemotherapy. RESULTS: Median progression free survival and overall survival was 20 and 31 months in an intention to treat analysis, respectively. Overall response rate to induction chemotherapy was high with 78.1 % of all patients. None of the polymorphisms tested was associated with the clinical outcome of the patients. Genotype A of the CYP39A1 rs7761731 polymorphism was associated with a higher incidence of leucopenia and infections or death during induction chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive induction chemotherapy results in a high response rate in the majority of patients. None of the polymorphisms tested was associated with the clinical outcome of the patients. The CYP39A1 polymorphism rs7761731 may help to identify patients at high risk for treatment related toxicity.

Independent Prognostic Value of Serum Markers in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in the Era of the NCCN-IPI.

BACKGROUND: Several serum parameters have been evaluated for adding prognostic value to clinical scoring systems in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), but none of the reports used multivariate testing of more than one parameter at a time. The goal of this study was to validate widely available serum parameters for their independent prognostic impact in the era of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network-International Prognostic Index (NCCN-IPI) score to determine which were the most useful. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective bicenter analysis includes 515 unselected patients with DLBCL who were treated with rituximab and anthracycline-based chemoimmunotherapy between 2004 and January 2014. RESULTS: Anemia, high C-reactive protein, and high bilirubin levels had an independent prognostic value for survival in multivariate analyses in addition to the NCCN-IPI, whereas neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, high gamma-glutamyl transferase levels, and platelets-to-lymphocyte ratio did not. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, we describe the most promising markers to improve the NCCN-IPI. Anemia and high C-reactive protein levels retain their power in multivariate testing even in the era of the NCCN-IPI. The negative role of high bilirubin levels may be associated as a marker of liver function. Further studies are warranted to incorporate these markers into prognostic models and define their role opposite novel molecular markers.

The significance of pretreatment anemia in the era of R-IPI and NCCN-IPI prognostic risk assessment tools: a dual-center study in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is frequently identified at the time of diagnosis in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); however, studies addressing the prognostic significance of this important clinical parameter are lacking. METHODS: In this dual-center study of patients with DLBCL (n = 556) treated with rituximab-containing regimens, we evaluated the prognostic relevance of anemia at diagnosis in a training set (n = 211) and validated our findings in a second independent patient cohort (n = 345). Using Kaplan-Meier curves as well as univariate and multivariate Cox regression models, we analyzed the impact of anemia on 5-year overall survival (OS) and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) alongside established prognostic indicators including age, tumor stage, the revised International Prognostic Index (R-IPI), and the recently published NCCN-IPI. The influence of anemia on the predictive accuracy of IPI, R-IPI, and NCCN-IPI prognosis scores was subsequently determined using the Harrell's concordance index. RESULTS: Anemia was an independent predictor of impaired OS and DFS at 5 years in both DLBCL patient cohorts (P < 0.001, log-rank test). In multivariate analysis, hemoglobin level was also a strong and independent prognostic indicator in patients stratified according to R-IPI or NCCN-IPI score. In survival analysis, the estimated concordance index, using IPI, R-IPI, and NCCN-IPI stratification measures (0.69, 0.64, and 0.70, respectively), improved to 0.70, 0.68, and 0.73, respectively, when anemia was also considered. CONCLUSION: In this study, we have demonstrated that anemia at the time of diagnosis is an independent predictor of impaired clinical outcome in DLBCL. Furthermore, consideration of hemoglobin levels may improve the accuracy of recently established prognostic tools in lymphoma. Our data encourage further evaluation of the prognostic utility of this readily accessible biological parameter in prospective clinical trials.

Lenalidomide in combination with vorinostat and dexamethasone for the treatment of relapsed/refractory peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL): report of a phase I/II trial.

Given the poor outcome of relapsed and refractory peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL), we explored a combination of lenalidomide, vorinostat, and dexamethasone to test the feasibility of this therapy in relapsed and refractory PTCL. Eight patients were accrued: two peripheral T cell lymphoma, unspecified; five angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma; and one ALK-negative anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. A dose escalation of lenalidomide (days 1-21, q28) was planned using a 3 + 3 design. As two patients treated with 10 mg/day experienced dose-limiting toxicity (thrombocytopenia grade 3, stroke grade 4), the primary end point of our trial was reached; the maximal tolerable dose of lenalidomide was 5 mg/day (level -I). Adverse events grade ≥3 were observed as thrombocytopenia (23 %), leukocytopenia (15 %), anemia (8 %), and neutropenia (8 %). One complete remission (10.3 months), one partial remission (11.3 months), one stable disease (11.9 months), and four progressive disease (overall response rate 25 %) were observed. The median progression-free survival was 2.2 months and the median OS was 6.7 months. In conclusion, the poor results obtained with lenalidomide in combination with vorinostat and dexamethasone provide no arguments that could justify further investigation of this drug combination for the treatment of relapsed PTCL.