[Breastfeeding Rates and Duration in Germany - A Systematic Review]. / Stillhäufigkeit und Stilldauer in Deutschland ­ eine systematische Übersicht.

Aim: 20 years after establishment of the National Breastfeeding Committee, the present work, based on published data on breastfeeding, is aimed at providing insight into the development of breastfeeding behaviour in Germany. Methods: To identify relevant publications, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science using the search terms "breast feeding" or "breastfeeding" in combination with "Germany". The publication period was limited to the period 1995-2014. Results: A total of 35 studies with data on breastfeeding for the birth cohorts of 1990-2012 were identified. Most of the data had been collected in regional or local surveys, often retrospectively. About 60% of the studies had been conducted with the primary aim of collecting data on breastfeeding or infant nutrition. Over the past 2 decades, breastfeeding rates were always relatively high at the beginning (72-97%). However, they declined significantly within the first 2 months, and by the age of 6 months, only about 50% of infants were still breastfed. Conclusion: Breastfeeding support and early assistance should be offered to a greater extent in order to achieve sustainable improvement of breastfeeding frequency and duration in Germany. Regarding the quality of data collected on breastfeeding, it seems crucial to implement standardised approaches to monitor breastfeeding in Germany.

German national consensus recommendations on nutrition and lifestyle in pregnancy by the 'Healthy Start - Young Family Network'.

Diet and physical activity before and during pregnancy affect short- and long-term health of mother and child. The energy needs at the end of pregnancy increase only by about 10% compared to nonpregnant women. An excessive energy intake is undesirable since maternal overweight and excessive weight gain can increase the risks for a high birth weight and later child overweight and diabetes. Maternal weight at the beginning of pregnancy is especially important for pregnancy outcome and child health. Women should strive to achieve normal weight already before pregnancy. Regular physical activity can contribute to a healthy weight and to the health of pregnant women. The need for certain nutrients increases more than energy requirements. Before and during pregnancy, foods with a high content of essential nutrients should be preferentially selected. Supplements should include folic acid and iodine, iron (in case of suboptimal iron stores), the ω-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (in case of infrequent consumption of ocean fish) and vitamin D (in case of decreased sun exposure and decreased endogenous vitamin D synthesis). Pregnant women should not smoke and not stay in rooms where others smoke or have smoked before (passive smoking). Alcohol consumption should be avoided, since alcohol can harm unborn children.

[Survey on breast-feeding initiation and potential impact factors in hospitals and birth centres in Berlin]. / Untersuchung in Berliner Geburtskliniken und Geburtshäusern über den Stillbeginn und mögliche Einflussfaktoren.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to collect information on and to evaluate the impact of the timing of first suckling and breast-feeding initiation in Berlin and to assess the practicability and acceptance of using a short questionnaire to collect breast-feeding data in hospitals and birth centres. METHODS: A three-month observational study was conducted in 19 maternity units and 4 birth centres, using a short questionnaire to collect quantitative data on the timing of first suckling and breast-feeding from mother-child pairs on the day of discharge. RESULTS: The data indicate a breast-feeding rate of 96.1% at discharge. Infants born in birth centres were more frequently put to their mother's breast within the first hour after birth (p<0.05), and were more frequently mainly (p<0.05) or exclusively (p<0.01) breast-fed at discharge than infants born in hospitals. Hospitals' breast-feeding policies (i.e., following the 'ten steps to successful breast-feeding') were not associated with a higher prevalence of early first suckling and any breast-feeding at discharge, but rather with exclusivity of breastfeeding (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Breast-feeding initiation rates are satisfactorily high in Berlin. Rates of early first suckling and (exclusive) initial breast-feeding are highest in birth centres. No consistent association was found between hospitals' breast-feeding policy and initial breast-feeding variables. The questionnaire was well accepted and is deemed suitable for monitoring purposes.

[Fighting the flu with soap and water. Hand washing as an infection control recommendation to the population--7 hypotheses from a qualitative study about hygiene, flu and pandemic]. / Mit Wasser und Seife gegen die Grippe. Das Händewaschen als Infektionsschutz-Empfehlung für die Bevölkerung--7 Hypothesen aus einer qualitativen Studie zu Hygiene, Grippe und Pandemie.

Medical interventions like vaccination and antiviral prophylaxis are only two ways of protecting the population from infectious diseases. A third and decisive method is to apply non-pharmaceutical interventions like hand hygiene. A qualitative study identified the role hand washing actually plays in the daily life of the population. Based on the results, seven hypotheses are proposed which point to the need for further research about promotion of hand hygiene, e.g. the conception and evaluation of hand washing advertising campaigns. HYPOTHESIS 1: Health tips are more likely to be followed if they communicate clearly and understandably the personal relevance of the information to the recipients. HYPOTHESIS 2: For many, hygiene serves above all to make them feel good and more comfortable around others. HYPOTHESIS 3: The feeling of disgust is an emotional connection between health and hygiene. HYPOTHESIS 4: People mainly wash their hands ritually and when they actually feel the need to clean their hands. HYPOTHESIS 5: As far as most people are aware, the means of transmission of influenza and other respiratory diseases are only the ones they can observe, namely coughing, sneezing, and the resulting visible droplets. HYPOTHESIS 6: People are more motivated to wash their hands after learning that infections can be spread via the hands. HYPOTHESIS 7: A pandemic situation increases the population's demand for information and people's willingness to protect themselves from infection.

Revised D-A-CH intake recommendations for folate: how much is needed?

The D-A-CH reference value (D-A-CH arises from the initial letters of the common country identification for the countries Germany (D), Austria (A) and Switzerland (CH)) for folate equivalents had been set at 400 µg/d for adults in the year 2000. By that time, the prevention of cardiovascular diseases through reduction of homocysteine was considered an important target of the reference value. Since that time a number of research papers revealed that in spite of an inverse association between folate-rich diet and chronic diseases, a preventive effect of folic acid intake on cardiovascular events was not supported by randomized controlled trials, and the reduction of plasma homocysteine levels to around 10-12 µmol/l did not reduce the risk for thromboembolic and cardiovascular diseases in persons already affected by these diseases. These results together with the observation that folate intakes below 400 µg/d result in a sufficient folate status justified a review of the current literature and-consequently-a reduction of the reference value to 300 µg/d for adults. This reference value is expressed as dietary folate equivalents that take into account the difference in bioavailability between folic acid and all types of folates in food. The recommendation to take a daily supplement of 400 µg of synthetic folic acid for women who intend to get pregnant and until the end of the first trimester of pregnancy is maintained.

[Nutrition in pregnancy - Practice recommendations of the Network "Healthy Start - Young Family Network"]. / Ernährung in der Schwangerschaft - Teil 1.

Nutrition, physical activity and lifestyle in pregnancy influence maternal and child health. The "Healthy start - Young Family Network" supported by the German Government with the national action plan IN FORM developed recommendations on nutrition in pregnancy. Energy needs increase by only ≈10 % by the end of pregnancy whereas micronutrient needs increase much more. Normal weight should preferably be achieved before pregnancy. Dietary recommendations follow those for the general population. Folic acid supplements (400 µg/day) should be started before pregnancy and continue for at least the first trimester. Iodine rich foods and salt and an iodine supplement (100-150 µg/day) are recommended. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids should be provided with ≥ 1 weekly portion of oily sea fish, or a DHA-supplement if regular fish consumption is avoided. Vitamin D supplementation is advisable unless there is regular exposure to sunlight. Health care professions should lead parents to health-promoting lifestyles. Subjects of part 2 of the article are practice recommendations on nutrition in pregnancy, especially vegetarian diets, recommendations on micronutrient supplementation, risk reduction of listeriosis and toxoplasmosis, alcohol, tobacco, caffeine and physical activity in pregnancy.

[Nutrition in pregnancy - Practice recommendations of the Network "Healthy Start - Young Family Network"]. / Ernährung in der Schwangerschaft - Teil 2. Handlungsempfehlungen des Netzwerks "Gesund ins Leben - Netzwerk Junge Familie".

Nutrition, physical activity and lifestyle in pregnancy influence maternal and child health. The "Healthy start - Young Family Network" supported by the German Government with the national action plan IN FORM developed recommendations on nutrition in pregnancy. Folic acid supplements (400 µg/day) should be started before pregnancy and continue for at least the first trimester. Iodine rich foods and salt and an iodine supplement (100-150 µg/day) are recommended. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids should be provided with ≥ 1 weekly portion of oily sea fish, or a DHA-supplement if regular fish consumption is avoided. Vitamin D supplementation is advisable unless there is regular exposure to sunlight. Iron supplements should be used based on medical history and blood testing. Vegetarian diets with nutritional supplements can provide adequate nutrition, but counselling is recommended. In contrast, a vegan diet is inadequate and requires additional micronutrient supplementation. For risk reduction of listeriosis and toxoplasmosis, raw animal foods, soft cheeses and packed fresh salads should be avoided; fresh fruit, vegetables and salad should be washed well and consumed promptly. Pregnant women should remain physically active and perform sports with moderate intensity. They should avoid alcohol, active and passive smoking. Up to 3 daily cups of coffee are considered harmless, but energy drinks should be avoided. Childhood allergy is not reduced by avoiding certain foods in pregnancy whereas oily sea fish is recommended. Health care professions should lead parents to health-promoting lifestyles. Subjects of part 1 of the article are practice recommendations on nutrition, on energy needs, micronutrient needs and body weight/weight gain in pregnancy.

[Safety of food supplements]. / Sicherheit von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln.

Food supplements are foodstuffs. Food which is not safe shall not be placed on the market. Adherence to the laws which aim for the safety of food ensures that food supplements are safe. Unfortunately, there are still gaps in the legislation for food supplements. However, even intrinsically safe foods can bear a risk for the consumer if not used appropriately, for example if food supplements are consumed instead of healthy diets or if food supplements are used as substitutes for indicated drugs.