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Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of the nervous system mediated by autoimmune antibodies, dependent on T cells and involved in multiple complement. Recent years, targeted biologics have shown advantages in a number of clinical studies of myasthenia gravis. This review focuses on targeted therapy on B cells, complement, neonatal fragment crystal receptor (FcRn) and cytokine monoclonal antibodies, as well as on the latest research progress of chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) or chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells (CAAR-T) in MG therapy, in order to provide the latest drug information for clinicians.
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The most common neurological clinical manifestations of refeeding syndrome(RFS)are seizures and altered consciousness. This article presents a case in which central pontine myelinolysis(CPM) is a complication of RFS and describes its diagnosis and treatment process. This case highlights the importance of early cranial MRI examination to exclude CPM in patients with persistent hypoghosphatemia and altered consciousness during the course of RFS treatment.
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Objective:To explore whether barium chloride (BaCl 2) preconditioning has the protective effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model in mice and the possible mechanism. Methods:Sixty 8-12 week old healthy C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into control group, ARDS model group and BaCl 2 pretreatment group, with 20 mice in each group. The BaCl 2 pretreatment group was continuously injected with BaCl 2 (4 mg/kg through the tail vein) for 3 days before ARDS model establishment. ARDS model was established by intratracheally injecting (3 mg/kg) LPS. The control group was intratracheally given the same volume of 0.9% normal saline. On 24th hour after ARDS model establishment, some mice were sacrificed for obtaining fresh lung tissue. And the right lower lobe of the lung was separated for observing the pathological changes of lung tissue while the left lung tissue was used to measure the wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) of the lung. Some mice were sacrificed for observing pulmonary microvascular permeability at 2nd hours after injecting Evans blue (EB) through tail vein. The left mice were killed for alveolar lavage to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results:Comparing with the control group, ARDS model group showed typical ARDS pathological changes, which included the increased W/D ratio (4.951±0.161 vs. 3.449±0.299, P < 0.01) and the content of EB in the lung tissue (μg/g: 0.130±0.027 vs. 0.085±0.011, P < 0.01), the damaged alveolar wall structure, lung congestion and exudates in the alveoli, as well as amounts of inflammatory cells. The pathological score of lung injury (10.33±1.15 vs. 1.67±0.58) and the level of TNF-α in BALF (ng/L: 900.85±247.80 vs. 68.21±5.79) were significantly increased in the ARDS model group (both P < 0.01). Comparing with the ARDS model group, the lung W/D ratio (4.620±0.125 vs. 4.951±0.161) and the EB content in the lung tissue (μg/g: 0.108±0.011 vs. 0.130±0.027) of BaCl 2 pretreatment group were significantly reduced (both P < 0.01). And the damaged pulmonary structural BaCl 2 pretreatment group were significantly alleviated. In addition, the pulmonary pathological score (5.00±1.00 vs. 10.33±1.15) and the level of TNF-α in BALF (ng/L: 169.16±73.33 vs. 900.85±247.80) were significantly decreased (both P < 0.01). Conclusion:Barium chloride pretreatment can improve the lung histopathological changes of ARDS model mice induced by LPS by reducing the permeability of pulmonary capillaries and local inflammatory reaction.Barium chloride has the protective effect against LPS attack in mice model of ARDS.
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In the context of the digital economy， the operational relationship between traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and Internet healthcare organizations as well as related governance institutions has attracted much attention. As the market scale of the Internet healthcare has continued to grow in recent years， the quality of Internet TCM healthcare has also been improved. By analyzing the development status of Internet TCM healthcare， it is proposed that Internet TCM health service should seize the opportunities and challenges in future， promote the growth of market scale from varied aspects， enhance patient-centered care awareness， and strengthen the promotion and popularization of digital services， thereby promoting the high-quality development of Internet TCM health service in the context of the digital economy.
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Objective:To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of Acronychia pedunculata water extracts on UV-induced light damage of human keratinocytes.Methods:The experiment was conducted from December 2018 to April 2020 in the Guangxi Medical University Laboratory of Genetics. The photoaged keratinocyte model was used, the cells were co-cultured with different concentrations of Acronychia pedunculata water extracts. The cell proliferation rate was detected by CCK-8 method. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of cells were detected by a test kit. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined by ELISA.Results:The proliferation of HaCaT cells was promoted by 0.5 mg/L-2.0 mg/L of the extracts. Compared with control group, the proliferation rate of HaCaT cells in the experimental group was significantly increased ( P<0.05). Compared with control group, the contents of ROS was decreased ( F=214.67, P<0.05), MDA was decreased ( F=811.88, P<0.05), SOD was increased ( F=28.95, P<0.05), CAT was increased ( F=213.31, P<0.05), GPX was increased ( F=65.10, P<0.05), T-AOC was increased ( F=305.58, P<0.05), IL-1β was decreased ( F=15.46, P<0.05), IL-6 was decreased ( F=59.2, P<0.05), and TNF-α was decreased ( F=33.13, P<0.05). Conclusions:The extracts of 0.5-2.0 mg/L of Acronychia pedunculata have protective effects on the photoaging cell model, which may be related to the increase of SOD, CAT, GPX and other antioxidant enzymes and the level of T-AOC in photoaging HaCaT cells, and the decrease of ROS, MDA content and the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Objective:To investigate the current situation of students' academic procrastination behavior in medical colleges and universities and its influencing factors, and to put forward suggestions to reduce the academic procrastination of medical students.Methods:A total of 1 327 undergraduate students from three medical colleges and universities in Heilongjiang Province were randomly selected to receive questionnaire investigation on life satisfaction, anxiety, and academic procrastination. SPSS 23.0 was used for data analysis.Results:①The total procrastination scores of medical students were (35.00±8.92) points. ②There were statistical differences in the academic procrastination of medical students with different genders, whether the only children, the reasons for choosing the major, and the level of achievement ( P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in academic procrastination among medical students of different ages and grades ( P > 0.05). ③Medical students' procrastination was positively correlated with their anxiety level ( r = 0.102, P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with life satisfaction ( r = -0.117, P < 0.01). ④Regression analysis showed that the following six predictive variables including the level of achievement, gender, life satisfaction, anxiety, reasons for choosing the major, and whether the only children could effectively explain the variance of 14.2% academic procrastination of medical students. Conclusion:The overall degree of academic procrastination of medical students is higher than that of non-medical students. And the students' achievement level, gender, life satisfaction, anxiety, the reasons for choosing this major and whether the only child are the influencing factors of academic procrastination.
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Objective To explore the psychological experience of patients with aortic dissection facing rescue of follow patients in CCU, so as to provide evidences for proposing appropriate nursing countermeasures and responding measures. Methods A qualitative study was used on 16 patients with aortic dissection within 24 hours when the rescue of follow patients was in CCU through semi-structured in-depth interviews and the interview data were collected and analyzed by Colaizzi content analysis. Results The enlargement of somatic discomfort symptoms. The various emotional. The different coping strategies. The inner needs. Conclusions When rescuing patients with other aortic dissection in CCU, medical staffs should pay more attention to the distress of physical discomfort symptoms such as pain, promote their benign mood during rescue and encourage patients to adopt positive coping styles. At the same time, constructing a reasonable social and family support ways to help patients recover physically and mentally, ensure the quality of nursing services and patient safety, and improve their hospitalization comfort.
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Objective@#To explore the psychological experience of patients with aortic dissection facing rescue of follow patients in CCU, so as to provide evidences for proposing appropriate nursing countermeasures and responding measures.@*Methods@#A qualitative study was used on 16 patients with aortic dissection within 24 hours when the rescue of follow patients was in CCU through semi-structured in-depth interviews and the interview data were collected and analyzed by Colaizzi content analysis.@*Results@#The enlargement of somatic discomfort symptoms. The various emotional. The different coping strategies. The inner needs.@*Conclusions@#When rescuing patients with other aortic dissection in CCU, medical staffs should pay more attention to the distress of physical discomfort symptoms such as pain, promote their benign mood during rescue and encourage patients to adopt positive coping styles. At the same time, constructing a reasonable social and family support ways to help patients recover physically and mentally, ensure the quality of nursing services and patient safety, and improve their hospitalization comfort.
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Objective To investigate the clinical features of patients with heart failure and the safety and efficacy of noninvasive ventilator in patients with heart failure.Methods Sequentially enrolled 65 patients who were diagnosed with decompensated heart failure in Tianjin Chest Hospital Heart Center from October 2016 to October 2017 and who had acute heart failure during hospitalization requiring noninvasive ventilator,were divided into the HF-PEF group (n=19) and HF-REF group (n=46).The clinical data of the two groups and the observation indexes before and after the application of the non-invasive ventilator were compared.Results Comparing the admission data of the two groups,the proportion of patients with hypertension (57.9％ vs 21.7％,P=0.005) and LVEF(％) (53.00±4.85 vs 33.07±7.24,P＜0.01)were significantly higher in the HF-PEF group than those in the HF-REF group;LVEDD (mm) in the HFPEF group was significantly lower than that in the HF-REF group (50.00±5.23 vs 63.82±8.95,P＜0.01).In the two groups of patients with acute left heart failure,blood lactate levels (mmol/L) in the HF-PEF group (4.20±1.06 vs 2.02±0.88,P＜0.05) and systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (151.32±43.40 vs 117.90± 19.55,P＜0.05) were significantly higher than those in the HF-REF group.After the application of non-invasive ventilator,systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (34.38±9.36 vs 16.94±5.19,P=0.038) and PaCO2 (mmHg)(2.49±0.98 vs-0.06±0.00,P=0.025),and lactic acid (mmol/L) (2.06±0.67 vs 0.04±0.01,P=0.001) were significantly lower in the HF-PEF group than those in the HF-REF group.While the NT-proBNP level (ng/L) (13 064.90±1 963.83 vs 11 687.13±1 028.03,P=0.848) did not decrease significantly,and the time of non-invasive ventilator application (h)was significantly longer than that in the HF-REF group (152.74±10.61 vs 71.03±10.41,P=0.013).Conclusions Hypertension is the main cause of HF-PEF group.The systolic blood pressure and blood lactate level in HF-PEF patients with acute left heart failure are significantly higher than HF-REF patients.Non-invasive ventilator is also safe and effective for the treatment of acute left heart failure in HF-PEF patients,but HF-PEF patients with acute left heart failure have a longer clinical remission time.
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Objective To examine the current situation of the career plateau among anesthesiologists and analyze the impact of occupational stressors on it. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on the anesthesiologists. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed and 278 questionnaires were effectively collected. Statistical analysis using SPSS 19.0 was performed to assess the status quo of career plateau among anesthesiologists. Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis were used to analyze the influence of occupational stressors on career plateau . Results The average value of occupational stressors among anesthesiologists was (3.22±0.55), and the average value of career plateau was (3.90±0.70). Occupational interest in the occupational stressors of anesthesiologists is negatively correlated with the occupational plateau (r=-0.552, P<0.01), and career development is negatively correlated with occupational plateau (r=-0.541, P<0.01) as well. Both occupational interest and career development show a negative predictive effect on the career plateau (β=-0.359, P<0.01 andβ=-0.334, P<0.01, respectively). Conclusion Career plateau among anesthesiologists is at a medium-to-high level. Occupational interest and occupational development in occupational stressors have a negative predictive effect on occupational plateaus, so hospital managers should pay attention to them.
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Objective To explore the impact of work-family conflict on job satisfaction and turnover intention of anesthesiologists in Heilongjiang Province.Methods Questionnaire survey was used for data collection.Descriptive statistics,Pearson correlation analysis and multivariate linear hierarchy regression analysis were performed to analyze the impact of work-family conflict on job satisfaction and turnover intention of anesthesiologists.Results The average value of work-family conflict among anesthesiologists was (2.99 ± 0.57).The finding indicated that work-family conflict of anesthesiologists had a significant negative effect on job satisfaction (β=-0.248,P＜0.01) and a positive effect on turnover intention (β=0.329,P＜0.01).Conclusion Anesthesiologists' work-family conflict is above the middle level in Heilongjiang Province.The work-family conflict of anesthesiologists can reduce job satisfaction and increase turnover intention.
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PURPOSE: Rituximab with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone administered every 3 weeks (R-CHOP-21) is the standard care for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). It is unknown whether the dose-dense R-CHOP (R-CHOP-14) could improve the outcome of the disease in Asian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Newly diagnosed DLBCL patients were centrally, randomly assigned (1:1) to receive R-CHOP-14 or R-CHOP-21. R-CHOP-14 was administered every 2 weeks, and R-CHOP-21 was administered every 3 weeks. Primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), response rate and toxicities. RESULTS: Seven hundred and two patients were randomly assigned to receive R-CHOP-14 (n=349) or R-CHOP-21 (n=353). With a median follow-up of 45.6 months, the two groups did not differ significantly in 3-year DFS (79.6% for R-CHOP-14 vs. 83.2% for R-CHOP-21, p=0.311), 3-year OS (77.5% for R-CHOP-14 vs. 77.6% for R-CHOP-21, p=0.903), or 3-year PFS (63.2% for R-CHOP-14 vs. 66.1% for R-CHOP-21, p=0.447). Patients with an International Prognostic Index (IPI) score ≥ 2 had a poorer prognosis compared to those with an IPI score < 2. Grade 3/4 hematologic and non-hematologic toxicities were manageable and similar between R-CHOP-14 and R-CHOP-21. CONCLUSION: R-CHOP-14 did not improve the outcome of DLBCL compared to R-CHOP-21 in Asian population. With manageable and similar toxicities, both of the two regimens were suitable for Asian DLBCL patients. For high-risk patients with IPI ≥ 2, new combination regimens based on R-CHOP deserve further investigation to improve efficacy.
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Humans , Asian People , B-Lymphocytes , Cyclophosphamide , Disease-Free Survival , Doxorubicin , Follow-Up Studies , Lymphoma, B-Cell , Prednisone , Prognosis , Rituximab , VincristineABSTRACT
The article aims to discuss the feasibility of using respiratory sounds to monitor respiratory rate. The average power of respiratory sounds was created firstly, the autocorrelation algorithm was used to calculate the respiratory cycle. The respiratory cycle of nasal flow pressure signal was calculated simultaneously, and the result was taken as a reference standard, then, two groups of respiratory cycle data were analyzed by correlation analysis and Bland-Altman analysis. The respiratory rate is relatively stable, using respiratory sounds monitor respiratory rate is feasible, the respiratory rate changes obviously, the existing methods and algorithm using respiratory sounds are temporarily unable to accurately reflect the changes of respiratory rate, further research is needed.
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Humans , Algorithms , Monitoring, Physiologic , Respiratory Rate , Respiratory SoundsABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the influence of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2)gene RNA interference on proliferation,invasion and migration of Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Methods The Pyk2 gene RNA interference vector was transfected in Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells by lipofectamine. The Hep3B cells divided into three groups:siRNA group (the vector with Pyk2 RNAi gene was transfected), negative control group (the vector without Pyk2 RNAi gene was transfected),and blank control group (no vectors was transfected).Pyk2 mRNA and protein were detected using reverse transcription reverse transcription-poly-merase chain reaction (RT-PCR)and Western blotting.The biological behavior including cell proliferation,inva-sion and migration were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazoly)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), transwell and wound healing assay,respectively.Results The expression of Pyk2 mRNA of Hep3B cell line in siRNA group (0.1 6 ±0.03)was significantly decreased than those in negative group (0.74 ±0.1 3)and blank control group (0.77 ±0.1 6),with statistically significant differences (t=51 .46,P=0.000;t=53.21 ,P=0.000).The expression of Pyk2 protein of Hep3B cell line in siRNA group (0.24 ±0.06)was significantly decreased than those in negative group (0.83 ±0.05)and blank control group (0.91 ±0.06),with statisti-cally significant differences (t=57.29,P=0.000;t=68.53,P=0.000).The cell proliferation inhibition rate at 48 hours in siRNA group (26.1 7%±0.28%)was significantly raised than those in negative group (9.28%± 0.22%)and blank control group (6.47%±0.31%),with statistically significant differences (t=31 .45,P=0.004;t=34.64,P=0.002).The number of transmembrane cells in siRNA group (32.5 ±8.5)/1 0 HP was significantly declined than those in negative group (98.4 ±1 2.3 )/1 0 HP and blank control group (1 1 2.6 ± 1 1 .3)/1 0 HP,with statistically significant differences (t=95.64,P=0.000;t=1 05.1 7,P=0.000).The wound healing assay in siRNA group (28.1 7%±1 .46%)was significantly lower than those in negative group (77.38%±2.24%)and blank control group (79.41%±3.1 7%),with statistically significant (t=85.86,P=0.000;t=89.37,P=0.000).Conclusion Pyk2 gene involves the proliferation,invasion and migration of Hep3B cells,which has close correction with development and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma.Pyk2 gene is very helpful to become a molecular target for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Objective To investigate occupational exposure among health care workers (HCWs)in a tertiary comprehen-sive hospital,and analyze the causes and preventive measures of occupational exposure.Methods 134 cases of occupational exposure among HCWs in a hospital from January 2010 to December 2013 were analyzed.Results Of HCWs sustained oc-cupational exposure,doctors,nurses,and technicians accounted for 59.70%,19.40%,and 9.70% respectively.The main cause for occupational exposure was non-standardized management of the sharps (46.27%,n=62),followed by unex-pected operation(42.54%,n=57)and inadequate protective measures (11.19%,n=15);The main exposure mode was sharp injury(94.78%,n=127),mucosal exposure accounted for 5.22% (n= 7);42.54% of exposure sources were not clear,57.46% of exposure sources were clear,35.82%,12.69%,3.73%,and 2.24% of which were hepatitis B virus (HBV),hepatitis C virus(HCV),Treponema pallidum(TP),and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV);2.24%(n=3)of exposure sources were co-infection of HBV and HCV;0.74% (n = 1 )was co-infection of HIV,HBV,HCV,and TP. 95.52%of occupational exposures were treated correctly.Conclusion The high-risk population for occupational exposure are nurses,standard occupational precautions and management of the sharps can reduce the occurrence of occupational expo-sure among HCWs.
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Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of procalcitionin (PCT ) in infectious diseases .Methods Levels of PCT , C reaction protein (CRP) and white blood cells (WBC) were detected and compared among 103 cases of bacterial infection ,77 ca‐ses of viral infections and 60 cases of non‐infected patients .Results PCT level of most bacterial infection patients was higher than 0 .5 ng/mL ,and that of viral infection patients was less or equal to 0 .5 ng/mL .Proportion of bacterial infection patients with differ‐ent PCT level was different with that of viral infection patients (P<0 .05) .PCT ,CRP and WBC levels in bacterial infection patients were higher than viral infection patients and non‐infected patients (P<0 .05) .Positive rates of PCT ,CRP and WBC in bacterial in‐fection patients were higher than viral infection patients and non‐infected patients (P<0 .05) .Conclusion PCT might be with high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity to infectious diseases ,with important diagnostic value .
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Objective To evaluate treatment effect of nodal lymphoma by using multiple b value diffusion-weighted MRI based on intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model. Methods From November 2012 to November 2013, 22 patients with pathology confirmed lymphoma in Guangdong General Hospital were chosen. Patients were examined on a 1.5 T MR scanner with plain MRI scan and multiple b value diffusion-weighted MRI scan before and after cycle two of chemotherapy. According to chemotherapy response which evaluated after cycle 2 of chemotherapy, lymphoma nodes were divided into four groups:complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), progressive disease (PD). Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare prechemotherapy D value, f value among CR, PR, SD groups. Nemenyi test was used to compare prechemotherapy D value between the two of CR, PR, SD groups. One-way ANOVA was used to compare D*value among CR, PR, SD groups. Paired-sample t test was used to compare D, f, D*value between before and after chemotherapy in PR group. CR and PR group were ascribed to curative group, and SD group ascribed to poor response group. ROC curve was used to evaluate the predictive efficiency of parameters derived from IVIM. Results Twenty-two lymphoma patients were scanned before chemotherapy and 21 patients were scanned after cycle 2 of chemotherapy. There were 49 lesions in CR group, 17 lesions in PR group, 8 lesions in SD group and no lesions in PD group. Prechemotherapy D value of CR, PR, SD group were (0.63±0.26)×10-3, (0.57±0.10)×10-3,(0.42±0.04)×10-3 mm2/s, respectively. There was significant difference among the three groups (H=12.944,P=0.002). There was no statistically difference of prechemotherapy D value between CR and PR group (χ2=0.072,P=0.965). Prechemotherapy D value was lower in SD group than that in CR group (χ2=12.090,P=0.002) and PR group (χ2=10.684,P=0.005). There was no statistically difference of prechemotherapy f value among CR, PR, SD groups (χ2=2.312,P=0.315) or D*value (F=0.535,P=0.588). D value significantly increased after chemotherapy in PR group [(1.03±0.37)× 10-3 vs.(0.63 ± 0.26)× 10-3 mm2/s, t=-4.781, P=0.001]. f value significantly increased after chemotherapy in PR group [(9.39 ± 4.52)% vs.(6.44 ± 3.25)%, t=2.294, P=0.036]. D* value slightly increased after chemotherapy but with no statistical difference in PR group [(99.72 ± 42.12)× 10-3 vs.(90.37 ± 45.33)× 10-3 mm2/s, t=-0.579, P=0.570]. When a D value of 0.48 × 10-3 mm2/s was used as the threshold value for predicting chemotherapy response, the best results were obtained with sensitivity of 100.00%and specificity of 75.76%.Conclusions Prechemotherapy D value can predict chemotherapy response and D value can monitor chemotherapy response in lymphoma.
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Objective To compare the effectiveness of two kinds of defluorinating agents (bone char and modified clay) for removal of fluoride in drinking water,and to analyze their application feasibility in small towns.Methods Influencing factors on defluorinating efficiencies of the two kinds of defluorinating agents under the same conditions were studied,namely the effects of adsorption time,temperature,pH,common anions and cations,and solid-liquid ratio on defluorinating efficiencies were studied.The defluorinating efficiencies of the two kinds of defluorinating agents were validated by original groundwater in Jilin Province.The homemade bone char defluorinating agent and modified clay defluorinating agent were regenerated by NaOH and Al2(SO4)3,respectively,and their regeneration abilities were investigated.Results The adsorption data of the two kinds of defluorinating agents were fitted Langmuir model well,and the maximum adsorption capacities were 10.225 g/kg(bone char) and 0.587 g/kg(modified clay).The effect of temperature on defluorinating efficiencies was limited,with increasing temperature(10-35 ℃),the adsorption capacity of bone char and modified clay for fluoride ranged from 1.568 g/kg to 1.598 g/kg and 0.423 g/kg to 0.470 g/kg,respectively.Fluoride could be easily removed under low pH conditions,with increasing of pH(4-10),the adsorption capacity of bone char and modified clay for fluoride decreased from 1.598 g/kg to 1.523 g/kg and 0.724 g/kg to 0.320 g/kg,respectively.The defluorinating efficiencies were improved by common cations(Ca2+) in groundwater,and the adsorption capacity of bone char and modified clay for fluoride increased to 1.713 g/kg and 0.485 g/kg,respectively.Whereas,the defluorinating efficiencies were inhibited by common anions(HCO3-,SO42-) at a certain degree,and the adsorption capacities of bone char and modified clay for fluoride were decreased to 1.158 g/kg(HCO3-) and 0.237 g/kg(SO42),respectively.Defluoridation bone char could be regenerated by soaking in NaOH,and modified clay by immersion in Al2(SO4)3.The adsorption capacities of the two defluorinating agents that had been regenerated for three times still reached 94.6％ and 97.3％ of their original capacities.Conclusions Both of the homemade bone char defluorinating agent and modified clay defluorinating agent have good defluorinating efficiencies and can be regenerated for many times,which are perfectly suitable for application in small towns since they are simple and can be easily applied.The homemade bone char defluorinating agent is suitable for family drinking water and the homemade modified clay defluorinating agent would be more suitable for centralized drinking water.
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Objective To explore the disease spectrum characteristics of hospitalized children having joined new rural cooperative medical system (NCMS) in Jinjiang, in order to provide reference for developing disease prevention and control measures for the children. Methods The disease spectrum of NCMS hospitalized children under 14 years old in Jinjiang from January to December 2013 were analyzed. Results The NCMS hospitalized children's disease attack was related to age and sex. Children in different age stages had different ranks of disease constitution, but respiratory and digestive system diseases always ranked the top 3 in each age group. The top 5 system diseases affecting children's health were respiratory diseases ( 63 . 60%) , digestive diseases ( 11 . 04%) , certain infectious and parasitic diseases (5.41%), certain conditions originated in perinatal period (3.17%), and certain consequences caused by injury, poison-ing and external causes (2.76%);The top 5 system diseases affected 85.99%of the total hospitalized children. Regard-ing to single disease rank, the top 5 diseases were all respiratory system diseases, (unspecified) bronchial pneumonia (22.83%), (unspecified) acute tonsillitis (9.26%), (unspecified) acute upper respiratory tract infection (8.99%), (unspecified) acute bronchitis (8.82%) and unspecified pneumonia (5.38%); The top 5 diseases affected 55.28% of the total hospital-ized children. Conclusion Respiratory disease is the major disease threatening the children's health in Jinjiang. It is suggested that medical and health resources be adjusted rationally, specific effective methods and measures be taken to prevent respiratory diseases, and relevant prevention and control measures be developed based on the disease constitu-tions of children in different age groups.