Haemoglobin dynamics in Papuan and non-Papuan adults in northeast Papua, Indonesia, with acute, uncomplicated vivax or falciparum malaria.

BACKGROUND: Haemoglobin (Hb) recovers slowly in malaria and may be influenced by naturally acquired immunity. Hb recovery was compared in malaria immune, indigenous Papuan and non-Papuan adults with limited malaria exposure. METHODS: Hb concentrations were measured on Days (D) 0, 3, 7, and 28 in 57 Papuans and 105 non-Papuans treated with chloroquine, doxycycline or both drugs for acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax (n = 64) or Plasmodium falciparum (n = 98). RESULTS: Mean (SD, range) D0 Hb was 12.7 (2.2, 7­21.3) g/dL and was similar in P. falciparum infected Papuans and non-Papuans: 12.2 vs. 12.8 g/dL (P = 0.15) but significantly lower in: (i) P. vivax-infected Papuans vs. P. vivax-infected non-Papuans: 11.4 vs. 13.47 g/dL [Δ = −2.07 (95% CI: ­3.3 ­ ­0.8), P = 0.0018], (ii) all patients with splenomegaly (vs. those without splenomegaly): 12.16 vs. 13.01 g/dL [Δ = −0.85 (−1.6­ ­0.085), P = 0.029], and (iii) all females vs. all males: 10.18 vs. 13.01 g/dL [Δ = −2.82 (−3.97 ­ ­1.67), P < 0.0001].Multiple regression identified female sex (P = 0.000), longer illness duration (P = 0.015) (P. falciparum patients) and Papuan ethnicity (P = 0.017) (P. vivax patients) as significant factors for a lower D0 Hb. Mean D28 Hb increased to 13.6 g/dL [Δ = 1.01 (0.5-1.5) vs. D0 Hb, P = 0.0001]. It was: (i) positively correlated with the D0 Hb (adjusted R2 = 0.24, P = 0.000), and was significantly lower in P. vivax infected Papuans vs. non-Papuans: 12.71 vs. 14.46 g/dL [Δ = −1.7 (−2.95­ ­0.5, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Haemoglobin recovery was related to baseline Hb. Vivax-infected malaria immune Papuans had persistently lower Hb concentrations compared to non-Papuans with limited malaria exposure. This haematological disadvantage remains unexplained.

Changes in the total leukocyte and platelet counts in Papuan and non Papuan adults from northeast Papua infected with acute Plasmodium vivax or uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data on the evolution of the leukocyte and platelet counts in malaria patients. METHODS: In a clinical trial of chloroquine vs. chloroquine plus doxycycline vs. doxycycline alone against Plasmodium vivax (n = 64) or Plasmodium falciparum (n = 98) malaria, the total white cell (WCC) and platelet (PLT) counts were measured on Days 0, 3, 7 and 28 in 57 indigenous Papuans with life long malaria exposure and 105 non Papuan immigrants from other parts of Indonesia with limited malaria exposure. RESULTS: The mean Day 0 WCC (n = 152) was 6.492 (range 2.1-13.4) x 10(9)/L and was significantly lower in the Papuans compared to the non Papuans: 5.77 x 10(9)/L vs. 6.86 x 10(9)/L, difference = -1.09 [(95% CI -0.42 to -1.79 x 10(9)/L), P = 0.0018]. 14 (9.2%) and 9 (5.9%) patients had leukopaenia (<4.0 x 10(9)/L) and leukocytosis (>10.0 x 10(9)/L), respectively. By Day 28, the mean WCC increased significantly (P = 0.0003) from 6.37 to 7.47 x 10(9)/L (73 paired values) and was similar between the two groups. Ethnicity was the only WCC explanatory factor and only on Day 0.The mean Day 0 platelet count (n = 151) was 113.0 (range 8.0-313.0) x 10(9)/L and rose significantly to 186.308 x 10(9)/L by Day 28 (P < 0.0001). There was a corresponding fall in patient proportions with thrombocytopaenia (<150 x 10(9)/L): 119/151 (78.81%) vs. 16/73 (21.92%, P < 0.00001). Papuan and non Papuan mean platelet counts were similar at all time points. Only malaria species on Day 0 was a significant platelet count explanatory factor. The mean D0 platelet counts were significantly lower (P = 0.025) in vivax (102.022 x 10(9)/L) vs. falciparum (122.125 x 10(9)/L) patients. CONCLUSION: Changes in leukocytes and platelets were consistent with other malaria studies. The Papuan non Papuan difference in the mean Day 0 WCC was small but might be related to the difference in malaria exposure.

Assessing the Parasight-F test in northeastern Papua, Indonesia, an area of mixed Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax transmission.

User-friendly, reliable, and inexpensive methods for diagnosing malaria are needed at the primary health care level. During a randomized treatment trial, the Parasight-F test was assessed on days 0, 3, 7, and 28 against standard light microscopy of Giemsa-stained thick blood smears for diagnosing Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in patients with P. falciparum (n = 84) or P. vivax (n = 59) malaria. The median P. falciparum parasite count on day 0 was 2,373/microL (range = 20-74,432/microL). At the start of treatment, the Parasight-F test had a sensitivity of 95.2% (80 of 84; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 88.2-98.7), and a specificity of 94.9% (56 of 59; 95% CI = 85.8-98.9). On day 7, this test showed false-positive results in 17 (16.3%) of 104 patients (95% CI = 9.8-24.9). The Parasight-F test performed well when compared with light microscopy in detecting P. falciparum parasitemia in patients presenting with clinical malaria. However, the high false-positive rate on day 7 limits its use for patient follow-up.

Tolerability of azithromycin as malaria prophylaxis in adults in northeast papua, indonesia.

Drug tolerability affects compliance. We evaluated the tolerability levels of azithromycin (750-mg loading dose plus 250 mg/day; n = 148 subjects), doxycycline (100 mg/day; n = 75), and placebo (n = 77) as prophylaxis against malaria in Indonesian adults over 20 weeks. Self-reported and elicited symptoms, health perception, hearing, hematology, and biochemistry were assessed. The loading dose was well tolerated. The frequencies (number per person-years [p-yr]) of all daily reported symptoms were similar in the three arms of the study: 40.2/p-yr for azithromycin, 39.7/p-yr for doxycycline, and 38.2/p-yr for placebo. Relative to those who received placebo, azithromycin recipients complained more often of heartburn (rate ratio = 10.5 [95% confidence interval, 2.8 to 88.1]), paresthesia (2.03 [1.08 to 4.24]), and mild (1.55 [1.01 to 2.48]) and severe (11.2 [1.34 to infinity ]) itching but less often of fever (0.21 [0.09 to 0.49]) and tinnitus (0.09 [0.04 to 0.21]). Azithromycin recipients showed no evidence of clinical hearing loss or hematologic, hepatic, or renal toxicity. One azithromycin recipient developed an erythematous rash. Daily azithromycin was well tolerated by these Indonesian adults during 20 weeks of treatment.