A Small Helical Bundle Prepares Primer Synthesis by Binding Two Nucleotides that Enhance Sequence-Specific Recognition of the DNA Template.

Primases have a fundamental role in DNA replication. They synthesize a primer that is then extended by DNA polymerases. Archaeoeukaryotic primases require for synthesis a catalytic and an accessory domain, the exact contribution of the latter being unresolved. For the pRN1 archaeal primase, this domain is a 115-amino acid helix bundle domain (HBD). Our structural investigations of this small HBD by liquid- and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed that only the HBD binds the DNA template. DNA binding becomes sequence-specific after a major allosteric change in the HBD, triggered by the binding of two nucleotide triphosphates. The spatial proximity of the two nucleotides and the DNA template in the quaternary structure of the HBD strongly suggests that this small domain brings together the substrates to prepare the first catalytic step of primer synthesis. This efficient mechanism is likely general for all archaeoeukaryotic primases.

A solid beta-sheet structure is formed at the surface of FUS droplets during aging.

Phase transitions are important to understand cell dynamics, and the maturation of liquid droplets is relevant to neurodegenerative disorders. We combined NMR and Raman spectroscopies with microscopy to follow, over a period of days to months, droplet maturation of the protein fused in sarcoma (FUS). Our study reveals that the surface of the droplets plays a critical role in this process, while RNA binding prevents it. The maturation kinetics are faster in an agarose-stabilized biphasic sample compared with a monophasic condensed sample, owing to the larger surface-to-volume ratio. In addition, Raman spectroscopy reports structural differences upon maturation between the inside and the surface of droplets, which is comprised of ß-sheet content, as revealed by solid-state NMR. In agreement with these observations, a solid crust-like shell is observed at the surface using microaspiration. Ultimately, matured droplets were converted into fibrils involving the prion-like domain as well as the first RGG motif.

Initial Primer Synthesis of a DNA Primase Monitored by Real-Time NMR Spectroscopy.

Primases are crucial enzymes for DNA replication, as they synthesize a short primer required for initiating DNA replication. We herein present time-resolved nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in solution and in the solid state to study the initial dinucleotide formation reaction of archaeal pRN1 primase. Our findings show that the helix-bundle domain (HBD) of pRN1 primase prepares the two substrates and then hands them over to the catalytic domain to initiate the reaction. By using nucleotide triphosphate analogues, the reaction is substantially slowed down, allowing us to study the initial dinucleotide formation in real time. We show that the sedimented protein-DNA complex remains active in the solid-state NMR rotor and that time-resolved 31P-detected cross-polarization experiments allow monitoring the kinetics of dinucleotide formation. The kinetics in the sedimented protein sample are comparable to those determined by solution-state NMR. Protein conformational changes during primer synthesis are observed in time-resolved 1H-detected experiments at fast magic-angle spinning frequencies (100 kHz). A significant number of spectral changes cluster in the HBD pointing to the importance of the HBD for positioning the nucleotides and the dinucleotide.

Polar covalent apex-base bonding in borapyramidanes probed by solid-state NMR and DFT calculations.

Pyramidane molecules have attracted chemists for many decades due to their regular shape, high symmetry and their correspondence in the macroscopic world. Recently, experimental access to a number of examples has been reported, in particular the rarely reported square pyramidal bora[4]pyramidanes. To describe the bonding situation of the nonclassical structure of pyramidanes, we present solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) as a versatile tool for deciphering such bonding properties for three now accessible bora[4]pyramidane and dibora[5]pyramidane molecules. 11 B solid-state NMR spectra indicate that the apical boron nuclei in these compounds are strongly shielded (around -50 ppm vs. BF3 -Et2 O complex) and possess quadrupolar coupling constants of less than 0.9 MHz pointing to a rather high local symmetry. 13 C-11 B spin-spin coupling constants have been explored as a measure of the bond covalency in the borapyramidanes. While the carbon-boron bond to the -B(C6 F5 )2 substituents of the base serves as an example for a classical covalent 2-center-2-electron (2c-2e) sp2 -carbon-sp2 -boron σ-bond with 1 J(13 C-11 B) coupling constants in the order of 75 Hz, those of the boron(apical)-carbon(basal) bonds in the pyramid are too small to measure. These results suggest that these bonds have a strongly ionic character, which is also supported by quantum-chemical calculations.

7Li NMR Spectroscopy: A Tool for Determining Dimerization Constants and Averaged Dimerization Constants of the Monomer/Dimer Equilibrium of Hierarchical Helicates.

7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an ideal tool to study hierarchically assembled helicates of the form Li[Li3L6Ti2]. Internally bound and external lithium ions can be well distinguished by solution- or solid-state NMR spectroscopy and dimerization constants of the monomer/dimer equilibrium can be easily determined in solution. Averaged dimerization constants can be estimated in case of statistical mixtures of helicates formed from mixtures of ligands.

Probing Noncovalent Interactions by Fast Magic-Angle Spinning NMR at 100†kHz and More.

Noncovalent interactions are the basis for a large number of chemical and biological molecular-recognition processes, such as those occurring in supramolecular chemistry, catalysis, solid-state reactions in mechanochemistry, protein folding, protein-nucleic acid binding, and biomolecular phase separation processes. In this perspective article, some recent developments in probing noncovalent interactions by proton-detected solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at Magic-Angle Spinning (MAS) frequencies of 100 kHz and more are reviewed. The development of MAS rotors with decreasing outer diameters, combined with the development of superconducting magnets operating at high static magnetic-field strengths up to 28.2 T (1200 MHz proton Larmor frequency) improves resolution and sensitivity in proton-detected solid-state NMR, which is the fundamental requirement for shedding light on noncovalent interactions in solids. The examples reported in this article range from protein-nucleic acid binding in large ATP-fueled motor proteins to a hydrogen-π interaction in a calixarene-lanthanide complex.

Structural insights into α-synuclein monomer-fibril interactions.

Protein aggregation into amyloid fibrils is associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Kinetic data and biophysical characterization have shown that the secondary nucleation pathway highly accelerates aggregation via the absorption of monomeric protein on the surface of amyloid fibrils. Here, we used NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the interaction of monomeric α-synuclein (α-Syn) with its fibrillar form. We demonstrate that α-Syn monomers interact transiently via their positively charged N terminus with the negatively charged flexible C-terminal ends of the fibrils. These intermolecular interactions reduce intramolecular contacts in monomeric α-Syn, yielding further unfolding of the partially collapsed intrinsically disordered states of α-Syn along with a possible increase in the local concentration of soluble α-Syn and alignment of individual monomers on the fibril surface. Our data indicate that intramolecular unfolding critically contributes to the aggregation kinetics of α-Syn during secondary nucleation.

A pocket-factor-triggered conformational switch in the hepatitis B virus capsid.

Viral hepatitis is growing into an epidemic illness, and it is urgent to neutralize the main culprit, hepatitis B virus (HBV), a small-enveloped retrotranscribing DNA virus. An intriguing observation in HB virion morphogenesis is that capsids with immature genomes are rarely enveloped and secreted. This prompted, in 1982, the postulate that a regulated conformation switch in the capsid triggers envelopment. Using solid-state NMR, we identified a stable alternative conformation of the capsid. The structural variations focus on the hydrophobic pocket of the core protein, a hot spot in capsid-envelope interactions. This structural switch is triggered by specific, high-affinity binding of a pocket factor. The conformational change induced by the binding is reminiscent of a maturation signal. This leads us to formulate the "synergistic double interaction" hypothesis, which explains the regulation of capsid envelopment and indicates a concept for therapeutic interference with HBV envelopment.

Molecular Recognition in Mechanochemistry: Insights from Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy.

Molecular-recognition events are highly relevant in biology and chemistry. In the present study, we investigated such processes in the solid state under mechanochemical conditions using the formation of racemic phases upon reacting enantiopure entities as example. As test systems, α-(trifluoromethyl)lactic acid (TFLA) and the amino acids serine and alanine were used. The effects of ball-milling and resonant acoustic mixing (RAM) on the formation of racemic phases were probed by using solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In a mixer mill, a highly efficient and fast racemic phase formation occurred for both TFLA and the two amino acids. RAM led to the racemic phase for TFLA also, and this process was facilitated upon employing pre-milled enantiopure entities. In contrast, under comparable conditions RAM did not result in the formation of racemic phases for serine and alanine.

An Analysis of Nucleotide-Amyloid Interactions Reveals Selective Binding to Codon-Sized RNA.

Interactions between RNA and proteins are the cornerstone of many important biological processes from transcription and translation to gene regulation, yet little is known about the ancient origin of said interactions. We hypothesized that peptide amyloids played a role in the origin of life and that their repetitive structure lends itself to building interfaces with other polymers through avidity. Here, we report that short RNA with a minimum length of three nucleotides binds in a sequence-dependent manner to peptide amyloids. The 3'-5' linked RNA backbone appears to be well-suited to support these interactions, with the phosphodiester backbone and nucleobases both contributing to the affinity. Sequence-specific RNA-peptide interactions of the kind identified here may provide a path to understanding one of the great mysteries rooted in the origin of life: the origin of the genetic code.

Fibrils Emerging from Droplets: Molecular Guiding Principles behind Phase Transitions of a Short Peptide-Based Condensate Studied by Solid-State NMR.

Biochemical reactions occurring in highly crowded cellular environments require different means of control to ensure productivity and specificity. Compartmentalization of reagents by liquid-liquid phase separation is one of these means. However, extremely high local protein concentrations of up to 400 mg/ml can result in pathological aggregation into fibrillar amyloid structures, a phenomenon that has been linked to various neurodegenerative diseases. Despite its relevance, the process of liquid-to-solid transition inside condensates is still not well understood at the molecular level. We thus herein use small peptide derivatives that can undergo both liquid-liquid and subsequent liquid-to-solid phase transition as model systems to study both processes. Using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we compare the structure of condensed states of leucine, tryptophan and phenylalanine containing derivatives, distinguishing between liquid-like condensates, amorphous aggregates and fibrils, respectively. A structural model for the fibrils formed by the phenylalanine derivative was obtained by an NMR-based structure calculation. The fibrils are stabilised by hydrogen bonds and side-chain π-π interactions, which are likely much less pronounced or absent in the liquid and amorphous state. Such noncovalent interactions are equally important for the liquid-to-solid transition of proteins, particularly those related to neurodegenerative diseases.

Disentangling the Effect of Pressure and Mixing on a Mechanochemical Bromination Reaction by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy.

Mechanical forces, including compressive stresses, have a significant impact on chemical reactions. Besides the preparative opportunities, mechanochemical conditions benefit from the absence of any organic solvent, the possibility of a significant synthetic acceleration and unique reaction pathways. Together with an accurate characterization of ball-milling products, the development of a deeper mechanistic understanding of the occurring transformations at a molecular level is critical for fully grasping the potential of organic mechanosynthesis. We herein studied a bromination of a cyclic sulfoximine in a mixer mill and used solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for structural characterization of the reaction products. Magic-angle spinning (MAS) was applied for elucidating the product mixtures taken from the milling jar without introducing any further post-processing on the sample. Ex situ 13 C-detected NMR spectra of ball-milling products showed the formation of a crystalline solid phase with the regioselective bromination of the S-aryl group of the heterocycle in position 4. Completion is reached in less than 30 minutes as deduced from the NMR spectra. The bromination can also be achieved by magnetic stirring, but then, a longer reaction time is required. Mixing the solid educts in the NMR rotor allows to get in situ insights into the reaction and enables the detection of a reaction intermediate. The pressure alone induced in the rotor by MAS is not sufficient to lead to full conversion and the reaction occurs on slower time scales than in the ball mill, which is crucial for analysing mixtures taken from the milling jar by solid-state NMR. Our data suggest that on top of centrifugal forces, an efficient mixing of the starting materials is required for reaching a complete reaction.

The effect of methyl group rotation on 1H-1H solid-state NMR spin-diffusion spectra.

Fast magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR experiments open the way for proton-detected NMR studies and have been explored in the past years for a broad range of materials, comprising biomolecules and pharmaceuticals. Proton-spin diffusion (SD) is a versatile polarization-transfer mechanism and plays an important role in resonance assignment and structure determination. Recently, the occurrence of negative cross peaks in 2D 1H-1H SD-based spectra has been reported and explained with higher-order SD effects, in which the chemical shifts of the involved quadruple of nuclei need to compensate each other. We herein report negative cross peaks in SD-based spectra observed for a variety of small organic molecules involving methyl groups. We combine experimental observations with numerical and analytical simulations to demonstrate that the methyl groups can give rise to coherent (SD) as well as incoherent (Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement, NOE) effects, both in principle manifesting themselves as negative cross peaks in the 2D spectra. Analytical calculations and simulations however show that higher-order coherent contributions dominate the experimentally observed negative peaks in our systems. Methyl groups are prone to the observation of such higher order coherent effects. Due to their low-frequency shifted 1H resonances, the chemical-shift separation relative to for instance aromatic protons in spatial proximity is substantial (>4.7 ppm in the studied examples) preventing any sizeable second-order spin-diffusion processes, which would mask the negative contribution to the peaks.

Adaptive Catalysts for the Selective Hydrogenation of Bicyclic Heteroaromatics using Ruthenium Nanoparticles on a CO2 -Responsive Support.

Ruthenium nanoparticles (NPs) immobilized on an amine-functionalized polymer-grafted silica support act as adaptive catalysts for the hydrogenation of bicyclic heteroaromatics. Whereas full hydrogenation of benzofuran and quinoline derivatives is achieved under pure H2 , introducing CO2 into the H2 gas phase leads to an effective shutdown of the arene hydrogenation while preserving the activity for the hydrogenation of the heteroaromatic part. The selectivity switch originates from the generation of ammonium formate species on the surface of the materials by catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 . The CO2 hydrogenation is fully reversible, resulting in a robust and rapid switch between the two states of the catalyst adapting its performance in response to the feed gas composition. A variety of benzofuran and quinoline derivatives were hydrogenated to fully or partially saturated products in high selectivity and yields simply by altering the composition of the feed gas from H2 to H2 /CO2 . The adaptive catalytic system thus provides controlled access to valuable products using a single catalyst rather than two specific and distinct catalysts with static reactivity.

Probing a Hydrogen-π Interaction Involving a Trapped Water Molecule in the Solid State.

The detection and characterization of trapped water molecules in chemical entities and biomacromolecules remains a challenging task for solid materials. We herein present proton-detected solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments at 100 kHz magic-angle spinning and at high static magnetic-field strengths (28.2 T) enabling the detection of a single water molecule fixed in the calix[4]arene cavity of a lanthanide complex by a combination of three types of non-covalent interactions. The water proton resonances are detected at a chemical-shift value close to zero ppm, which we further confirm by quantum-chemical calculations. Density Functional Theory calculations pinpoint to the sensitivity of the proton chemical-shift value for hydrogen-π interactions. Our study highlights how proton-detected solid-state NMR is turning into the method-of-choice in probing weak non-covalent interactions driving a whole branch of molecular-recognition events in chemistry and biology.

Solid-State NMR Reveals Asymmetric ATP Hydrolysis in the Multidrug ABC Transporter BmrA.

The detailed mechanism of ATP hydrolysis in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is still not fully understood. Here, we employed 31P solid-state NMR to probe the conformational changes and dynamics during the catalytic cycle by locking the multidrug ABC transporter BmrA in prehydrolytic, transition, and posthydrolytic states, using a combination of mutants and ATP analogues. The 31P spectra reveal that ATP binds strongly in the prehydrolytic state to both ATP-binding sites as inferred from the analysis of the nonhydrolytic E504A mutant. In the transition state of wild-type BmrA, the symmetry of the dimer is broken and only a single site is tightly bound to ADP:Mg2+:vanadate, while the second site is more 'open' allowing exchange with the nucleotides in the solvent. In the posthydrolytic state, weak binding, as characterized by chemical exchange with free ADP and by asymmetric 31P-31P two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectra, is observed for both sites. Revisiting the 13C spectra in light of these findings confirms the conformational nonequivalence of the two nucleotide-binding sites in the transition state. Our results show that following ATP binding, the symmetry of the ATP-binding sites of BmrA is lost in the ATP-hydrolysis step, but is then recovered in the posthydrolytic ADP-bound state.

Proton-phosphorous connectivities revealed by high-resolution proton-detected solid-state NMR.

Proton-detected solid-state NMR enables atomic-level insight in solid-state reactions, for instance in heterogeneous catalysis, which is fundamental for deciphering chemical reaction mechanisms. We herein introduce a phosphorus-31 radiofrequency channel in proton-detected solid-state NMR at fast magic-angle spinning. We demonstrate our approach using solid-state 1H/31P and 1H/13C correlation experiments at high magnetic fields (850 and 1200 MHz) and high spinning frequencies (100 kHz) to characterize four selected PH-containing compounds from the chemistry of phosphane-borane frustrated Lewis pairs. Frustrated Lewis pairs have gained high interest in the past years, particularly due to their capabilities of activating and binding small molecules, such as di-hydrogen, however, their analytical characterization especially in the solid state is still limited. Our approach reveals proton-phosphorus connectivities providing important information on spatial proximity and chemical bonding within such compounds. We also identify protons that show strongly different chemical-shift values compared to the solution state, which we attribute to intermolecular ring-current effects. The most challenging example presented herein is a cyclotrimeric frustrate Lewis pair-associate comprising three crystallographically distinct phosphonium entities that are unambiguously distinguished by our approach. Such 31P spin-filtered proton-detected NMR can be easily extended to other material classes and can strongly impact the structural characterization of reaction products of hydrogen-activated phosphane/borane FLPs, heterogeneous catalysts and solid-state reactions in general.

Biomolecular solid-state NMR spectroscopy at 1200 MHz: the gain in resolution.

Progress in NMR in general and in biomolecular applications in particular is driven by increasing magnetic-field strengths leading to improved resolution and sensitivity of the NMR spectra. Recently, persistent superconducting magnets at a magnetic field strength (magnetic induction) of 28.2 T corresponding to 1200 MHz proton resonance frequency became commercially available. We present here a collection of high-field NMR spectra of a variety of proteins, including molecular machines, membrane proteins, viral capsids, fibrils and large molecular assemblies. We show this large panel in order to provide an overview over a range of representative systems under study, rather than a single best performing model system. We discuss both carbon-13 and proton-detected experiments, and show that in 13C spectra substantially higher numbers of peaks can be resolved compared to 850 MHz while for 1H spectra the most impressive increase in resolution is observed for aliphatic side-chain resonances.

Paramagnetic Solid-State NMR to Localize the Metal-Ion Cofactor in an Oligomeric DnaB Helicase.

Paramagnetic metal ions can be inserted into ATP-fueled motor proteins by exchanging the diamagnetic Mg2+ cofactor with Mn2+ or Co2+ . Then, paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) or pseudo-contact shifts (PCSs) can be measured to report on the localization of the metal ion within the protein. We determine the metal position in the oligomeric bacterial DnaB helicase from Helicobacter pylori complexed with the transition-state ATP-analogue ADP:AlF4 - and single-stranded DNA using solid-state NMR and a structure-calculation protocol employing CYANA. We discuss and compare the use of Mn2+ and Co2+ in localizing the ATP cofactor in large oligomeric protein assemblies. 31 P PCSs induced in the Co2+ -containing sample are then used to localize the DNA phosphate groups on the Co2+ PCS tensor surface enabling structural insights into DNA binding to the DnaB helicase.

Artificial intelligence in nursing: Priorities and opportunities from an international invitational think-tank of the Nursing and Artificial Intelligence Leadership Collaborative.

AIM: To develop a consensus paper on the central points of an international invitational think-tank on nursing and artificial intelligence (AI). METHODS: We established the Nursing and Artificial Intelligence Leadership (NAIL) Collaborative, comprising interdisciplinary experts in AI development, biomedical ethics, AI in primary care, AI legal aspects, philosophy of AI in health, nursing practice, implementation science, leaders in health informatics practice and international health informatics groups, a representative of patients and the public, and the Chair of the ITU/WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health. The NAIL Collaborative convened at a 3-day invitational think tank in autumn 2019. Activities included a pre-event survey, expert presentations and working sessions to identify priority areas for action, opportunities and recommendations to address these. In this paper, we summarize the key discussion points and notes from the aforementioned activities. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Nursing's limited current engagement with discourses on AI and health posts a risk that the profession is not part of the conversations that have potentially significant impacts on nursing practice. CONCLUSION: There are numerous gaps and a timely need for the nursing profession to be among the leaders and drivers of conversations around AI in health systems. IMPACT: We outline crucial gaps where focused effort is required for nursing to take a leadership role in shaping AI use in health systems. Three priorities were identified that need to be addressed in the near future: (a) Nurses must understand the relationship between the data they collect and AI technologies they use; (b) Nurses need to be meaningfully involved in all stages of AI: from development to implementation; and (c) There is a substantial untapped and an unexplored potential for nursing to contribute to the development of AI technologies for global health and humanitarian efforts.