ABSTRACT
The oropharyngeal mucosa serves as a perpetual pathogen entry point and a critical site for viral replication and spread. Here, we demonstrate that type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) were the major immune force providing early protection during acute oral mucosal viral infection. Using intravital microscopy, we show that ILC1s populated and patrolled the uninfected labial mucosa. ILC1s produced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the absence of infection, leading to the upregulation of key antiviral genes, which were downregulated in uninfected animals upon genetic ablation of ILC1s or antibody-based neutralization of IFN-γ. Thus, tonic IFN-γ production generates increased oral mucosal viral resistance even before infection. Our results demonstrate barrier-tissue protection through tissue surveillance in the absence of rearranged-antigen receptors and the induction of an antiviral state during homeostasis. This aspect of ILC1 biology raises the possibility that these cells do not share true functional redundancy with other tissue-resident lymphocytes.
Subject(s)
Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Lymphocytes/immunology , Oropharynx/immunology , Respiratory Mucosa/immunology , Vaccinia virus/physiology , Vaccinia/immunology , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Disease Resistance , Humans , Immunity, Innate , Interferon-gamma/genetics , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics , Th1 Cells/immunologyABSTRACT
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells contribute to local immune protection in non-lymphoid tissues such as skin and mucosa, but little is known about their transcriptional regulation. Here we showed that CD8(+)CD103(+) Trm cells, independent of circulating memory T cells, were sufficient for protection against infection and described molecular elements that were crucial for their development in skin and lung. We demonstrated that the T-box transcription factors (TFs) Eomes and T-bet combined to control CD8(+)CD103(+) Trm cell formation, such that their coordinate downregulation was crucial for TGF-ß cytokine signaling. TGF-ß signaling, in turn, resulted in reciprocal T-box TF downregulation. However, whereas extinguishment of Eomes was necessary for CD8(+)CD103(+) Trm cell development, residual T-bet expression maintained cell surface interleukin-15 (IL-15) receptor ß-chain (CD122) expression and thus IL-15 responsiveness. These findings indicate that the T-box TFs control the two cytokines, TGF-ß and IL-15, which are pivotal for CD8(+)CD103(+) Trm cell development and survival.
Subject(s)
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Immunologic Memory/immunology , Interleukin-15/immunology , T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology , Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology , Adoptive Transfer , Animals , Down-Regulation , Flow Cytometry , Gene Expression Regulation/immunology , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Polymerase Chain Reaction , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunologyABSTRACT
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide long-lasting immune protection. One of the key events controlling TRM cell development is the local retention of TRM cell precursors coupled to downregulation of molecules necessary for tissue exit. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 5 (S1PR5) is a migratory receptor with an uncharted function in T cells. Here, we show that S1PR5 plays a critical role in T cell infiltration and emigration from peripheral organs, as well as being specifically downregulated in TRM cells. Consequentially, TRM cell development was selectively impaired upon ectopic expression of S1pr5, whereas loss of S1pr5 enhanced skin TRM cell formation by promoting peripheral T cell sequestration. Importantly, we found that T-bet and ZEB2 were required for S1pr5 induction and that local TGF-ß signaling was necessary to promote coordinated Tbx21, Zeb2, and S1pr5 downregulation. Moreover, S1PR5-mediated control of tissue residency was conserved across innate and adaptive immune compartments. Together, these results identify the T-bet-ZEB2-S1PR5 axis as a previously unappreciated mechanism modulating the generation of tissue-resident lymphocytes.
Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation/genetics , Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism , Memory T Cells/metabolism , Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors/genetics , T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Animals , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Cell Movement/genetics , Cells, Cultured , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Humans , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Mice, Transgenic , RNA-Seq/methods , Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors/metabolism , T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics , T-Box Domain Proteins/metabolism , Zinc Finger E-box Binding Homeobox 2/genetics , Zinc Finger E-box Binding Homeobox 2/metabolismABSTRACT
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
ABSTRACT
Virtual memory T (TVM) cells are antigen-naïve CD8+ T cells that exist in a semi-differentiated state and exhibit marked proliferative dysfunction in advanced age. High spare respiratory capacity (SRC) has been proposed as a defining metabolic characteristic of antigen-experienced memory T (TMEM) cells, facilitating rapid functionality and survival. Given the semi-differentiated state of TVM cells and their altered functionality with age, here we investigate TVM cell metabolism and its association with longevity and functionality. Elevated SRC is a feature of TVM, but not TMEM, cells and it increases with age in both subsets. The elevated SRC observed in aged mouse TVM cells and human CD8+ T cells from older individuals is associated with a heightened sensitivity to IL-15. We conclude that elevated SRC is a feature of TVM, but not TMEM, cells, is driven by physiological levels of IL-15, and is not indicative of enhanced functionality in CD8+ T cells.
Subject(s)
Aging/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Immunologic Memory , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology , Adult , Aged , Animals , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/ultrastructure , Cell Differentiation/immunology , Cell Proliferation , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Humans , Influenza A virus/immunology , Influenza, Human/blood , Influenza, Human/immunology , Influenza, Human/virology , Male , Mice , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Mitochondria/metabolism , Mitochondria/ultrastructure , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/ultrastructure , Young AdultABSTRACT
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells permanently localize to portals of pathogen entry, where they provide immediate protection against reinfection. To enforce tissue retention, Trm cells up-regulate CD69 and down-regulate molecules associated with tissue egress; however, a Trm-specific transcriptional regulator has not been identified. Here, we show that the transcription factor Hobit is specifically up-regulated in Trm cells and, together with related Blimp1, mediates the development of Trm cells in skin, gut, liver, and kidney in mice. The Hobit-Blimp1 transcriptional module is also required for other populations of tissue-resident lymphocytes, including natural killer T (NKT) cells and liver-resident NK cells, all of which share a common transcriptional program. Our results identify Hobit and Blimp1 as central regulators of this universal program that instructs tissue retention in diverse tissue-resident lymphocyte populations.