Spatial heterogeneity of first flowering date in Beijing's main urban area and its response to urban thermal environment.

Phenology - the rhythm of periodic plant life cycle events - was significantly shaped by urban climate, with flowering as one most sensitive phenophase. Apart from the widely noticed urban-rural phenological discrepancy caused by heat island effect, driven by the aggravating spatial unevenness of urban thermal environment, the spatial heterogeneity of flowering time was also found within the urbanized area of some metropolitans, bringing multiple impacts on urban ecology, landscape and public health. This research aimed to reveal the intraurban spatial variation and response characteristics of Beijing's trees flowering phenology that remained largely unclear before. We analyzed the spatial heterogeneity pattern of the first flowering date (FFD) for 42 deciduous woody species in Beijing's main urban area (MUA), and explored the species-specific phenological response to local thermal environment. The sample plots were set in 9 green spaces distributing from urban center to northwest suburb in Beijing's MUA, the FFD data was collected by ground-based phenological observation, and local thermal environment was measured with land surface temperature (LST) retrieved from MOD11A1 products. The main results are as follows: (1) A significant spatial variation for FFD existed among 9 sample plots and the maximum spatial difference of FFD reached 6.76 ± 1.77 days in average, FFD showed an overall delay trend from urban center in 2nd Ring to outskirts beyond 5th Ring with 3rd Ring as a critical line for significant phenological difference. (2) The FFD of 35 species was found to be negatively correlated with [Formula: see text] (average of daily mean LST above 0 °C before mean FFD) in the sample plot (p < 0.05) with a response sensitivity of 2.99 ± 0.87 days/°C, which reflected the significant impact of LST variation during flower development period. Furthermore, the spatial difference and response sensitivity of FFD for a specific species were found to be negatively associated with its mean FFD value (p < 0.05), i.e., the flowering time of early-blooming species tended to be more sensitive to thermal environment variation compared with late-blooming ones. This research illustrated how flowering phenology responded to the heterogeneous intraurban thermal environment in Beijing's MUA, which can improve our understanding of the vegetation dynamics in a constantly changing urban environment. And as a critical indicator of trees' climate vulnerability assessment, the species-specific phenological response sensitivity could also guide species selection in urban forest construction.

Warming Shapes nirS- and nosZ-Type Denitrifier Communities and Stimulates N2O Emission in Acidic Paddy Soil.

Warming strongly stimulates soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, contributing to the global warming trend. Submerged paddy soils exhibit huge N2O emission potential; however, the N2O emission pathway and underlying mechanisms for warming are not clearly understood. We conducted an incubation experiment using 15N to investigate the dynamics of N2O emission at controlled temperatures (5, 15, 25, and 35°C) in 125% water-filled pore space. The community structures of nitrifiers and denitrifiers were determined via high-throughput sequencing of functional genes. Our results showed that elevated temperature sharply enhanced soil N2O emission from submerged paddy soil. Denitrification was the main contributor, accounting for more than 90% of total N2O emission at all treatment temperatures. N2O flux was coordinatively regulated by nirK-, nirS-, and nosZ-containing denitrifiers but not ammonia-oxidizing archaea or ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. The nirS-containing denitrifiers were more sensitive to temperature shifts, especially at a lower temperature range (5 to 25°C), and showed a stronger correlation with N2O flux than that of nirK-containing denitrifiers. In contrast, nosZ-containing denitrifiers exhibited substantial variation at higher temperatures (15 to 35°C), thereby playing an important role in N2O consumption. Certain taxa of nirS- and nosZ-containing denitrifiers regulated N2O flux, including nirS-containing denitrifiers affiliated with Rhodanobacter and Cupriavidus as well as nosZ-containing denitrifiers affiliated with Azoarcus and Azospirillum. Together, these findings suggest that elevated temperature can significantly increase N2O emission from denitrification in submerged paddy soils by shifting the overall community structures and enriching some indigenous taxa of nirS- and nosZ-containing denitrifiers. IMPORTANCE The interdependence between global warming and greenhouse gas N2O has always been the hot spot. However, information on factors contributing to N2O and temperature-dependent community structure changes is scarce. This study demonstrated high-temperature-induced N2O emission from submerged paddy soils, mainly via stimulating denitrification. Further, we speculate that key functional denitrifiers drive N2O emission. This study showed that denitrifiers were more sensitive to temperature rise than nitrifiers, and the temperature sensitivity differed among denitrifier communities. N2O-consuming denitrifiers (nosZ-containing denitrifiers) were more sensitive at a higher temperature range than N2O-producing denitrifiers (nirS-containing denitrifiers). This study's findings help predict N2O fluxes under different degrees of warming and develop strategies to mitigate N2O emissions from paddy fields based on microbial community regulation.

Regulating Twisted Skeleton to Construct Organ-Specific Perylene for Intensive Cancer Chemotherapy.

The systemic use of pharmaceutical drugs for cancer patients is a compromise between desirable therapy and side effects because of the intrinsic shortage of organ-specific pharmaceutical drug. Design and construction of pharmaceutical drug to achieve the organ-specific delivery is thus desperately desirable. We herein regulate perylene skeleton to effect organ-specificity and present an example of lung-specific distribution on the basis of bay-twisted PDIC-NC. We further demonstrate that PDIC-NC can target into mitochondria to act as cellular respiration inhibitor, inducing insufficient production of adenosine triphosphate, promoting endogenous H2 O2 and . OH burst, elevating calcium overload, efficiently triggering the synergistic apoptosis, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress of lung cancer cells. The antitumor performance of PDIC-NC is verified on in vivo xenografted, metastasis and orthotopic lung cancer, presenting overwhelming evidences for potentially clinical application. This study contributes a proof-of-concept demonstration of twisted perylene to well attain lung-specific distribution, and meanwhile achieves intensive lung cancer chemotherapy.

Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals molecular responses of spider to single and combined high temperature and drought stress.

High temperature and drought are abiotic stresses restricting many arthropods' survival and growth. Wolf spiders are poikilothermic arthropods that are vital in managing insects and pests. Nonetheless, investigating changes in spiders under temperature and drought stress are limited, especially at the molecular and gene expression levels. The study found that the combined effects of high temperature and drought stress significantly reduced survival rates and raised superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde levels in the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata. An integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes and metabolites were highly enriched in pathways involved in the proteolysis and oxidation-reduction process. The gene expression profiles displayed that heat shock protein (HSP) families (i.e., small heat shock protein, HSP70, HSP90, and HSP beta protein) were up-regulated under temperature and/or drought stresses. Additionally, a conjoint analysis revealed that under the combined stress, several important enzymes, including maltase-glucoamylase, glycerol-6-phosphate transporter, alanine-glyoxylate transaminase, and prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase, were altered, affecting the metabolism of starch, sucrose, amino acids, and arachidonic acid. The protein interaction network further confirmed that under the combined stress, metabolic processes, peptide metabolic processes, and ATP generation from ADP were up-regulated, indicating that spiders could accelerate the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins to combat stress and maintain homeostasis. Overall, this work showed that exposure to a combination of pressures might cause distinct defensive reactions in spiders and offered novel perspectives to research the molecular underpinnings of spider adaptation to a changing climate.

Nitrogen use aggravates bacterial diversity and network complexity responses to temperature.

Rising temperature affects microbial composition and function in agriculture field, especially under nitrogen fertilization. In this study, we investigated the bacterial community of paddy soil incubated at controlled temperatures (5 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C). Results showed that the response of bacterial communities to temperature was not uniform. Temperature elevation from 15 to 25 °C abruptly shifted the soil bacterial community, whereas elevation from 5 to 15 °C and from 25 to 35 °C had a marginal effect. The bacterial α-diversity was higher at 5 °C and 15 °C, owing to the massively distributed taxa with low abundance. However, as the temperature increased to 25 °C and 35 °C, these taxa were diminished, whereas Firmicutes significantly increased, resulting in a strong decline in α-diversity. Simultaneously, bacterial network complexity significantly increased at 25 °C and 35 °C, indicating the bacteria had closer interactions. Nitrogen application aggravated the variation in bacterial diversity and network complexity among temperatures. Interestingly, most complex network was observed under higher temperatures in fertilized soils. Collectively, these results indicate that nitrogen exacerbates the response of the soil bacterial community to temperature, and association between diversity and network complexity may be present.

Indocyanine green loaded pH-responsive bortezomib supramolecular hydrogel for synergistic chemo-photothermal/photodynamic colorectal cancer therapy.

Colorectal cancer is with high incidence worlwide.. Because of the heterogeneity of the tumor, combination therapy is probably of great significance to improve the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. Herein, the pH-responsive supramolecular hydrogels mPEG-luteolin-BTZ@ICG based on bortezomib (BTZ) and indocyanine green (ICG) were prepared, and the colorectal cancer was treated with mPEG-luteolin-BTZ@ICG through the combination of photothermal/photodynamic and chemotherapy. BTZ performed drug therapy, meanwhile ICG wrapped in supramolecular hydrogels possessed higher light stability than free ICG to perform photothermal/photodynamic therapy. In vitro and in vivo assays showed excellent inhibition of tumor cells due to the combined effect of BTZ and ICG. The mPEG-luteolin-BTZ@ICG combined with laser therapy possessed exceptional biological safety and provided new candidates for advanced colon cancer therapy and important references for other tumor therapies.

Molecular engineering of diketopyrrolopyrrole-conjugated polymer nanoparticles by chalcogenide variation for photoacoustic imaging guided photothermal therapy.

Photothermal therapy is promising for augmenting cancer therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment. Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-conjugated polymer nanoparticles are in focus due to their dual photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy functions. Herein, the design and synthesis of three near-infrared absorbing conjugated polymers, named DPP-SO, DPP-SS and DPP-SSe, with heteroatom substitution of the thiophene moiety were developed for a photoacoustic imaging guided photothermal therapy. It was demonstrated that systematically changing only the heteroatom from O to S or Se could apparently adjust the absorption spectrum and energy gap of DPP-conjugated polymers to obtain the most suitable photothermal transduction agents (PTAs) for use in biomedicine. The characterization of photophysical properties proved that the photothermal conversion efficiency and absorption coefficient of DPP-SO nanoparticles under 808 nm irradiation was up to 79.3% and 66.51 L g-1 cm-1, respectively, which were much higher than those of DPP-SS and DPP-SSe nanoparticles. Remarkably, the IC50 value of DPP-SO for killing A549 cells was half that of DPP-SS and DPP-SSe nanoparticles. Further in vivo works demonstrated efficient photothermal therapeutic effects of DPP-SO nanoparticles with the guidance of photoacoustic imaging. Thus, this is an efficient method to regulate the photothermal performance of DPP-conjugated polymers by changing the heteroatom in the molecular skeleton.

Characterization of Fungal nirK-Containing Communities and N2O Emission From Fungal Denitrification in Arable Soils.

Fungal denitrifiers play important roles in soil nitrogen cycling, but we have very limited knowledge about their distribution and functions in ecosystems. In this study, three types of arable soils were collected across different climate zones in China, including quaternary red clay soils, alluvial soils, and black soils. The composition and abundance of fungal nirK-containing denitrifiers was determined by MiSeq high-throughput sequencing and qPCR, respectively. Furthermore, a substrate-induced inhibition approach was used to explore N2O emissions from fungal denitrification. The results showed that the arable soils contained a wide range of nirK-containing fungal denitrifiers, with four orders and eight genera. Additionally, approximately 57.30% of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) belonged to unclassified nirK-containing fungi. Hypocreales was the most predominant order, with approximately 40.51% of the total number of OTUs, followed by Sordariales, Eurotiales, and Mucorales. It was further indicated that 53% of fungal nirK OTUs were shared by the three types of soils (common), and this group of fungi comprised about 98% of the total relative abundance of the nirK-containing population, indicating that the distribution of fungal nirK-containing denitrifiers was quite homogenous among the soil types. These common OTUs were determined by multiple soil characteristics, while the composition of unique OTUs was manipulated by the specific properties of each soil type. Furthermore, fungal N2O emissions were significantly and positively correlated with fungal nirK abundance in the soils, whereas it was not clearly related to fungal nirK compositions. In conclusion, although the arable soils hosted diverse nirK-containing fungal denitrifiers, fungal nirK compositions were highly homogenous among the soil types, which could be a consequence of enduring agricultural practices. The abundance of fungal nirK-containing denitrifiers, rather than their composition, may play more significant roles in relation to N2O emission from fungal denitrification.

[N2O Consumption Ability of Submerged Paddy Soil and the Regulatory Mechanism].

A large number of researches showed that the N2O negative emissions from flooding paddy fields, peatlands and other wetlands ecosystem were frequent and considerable, which is of great significance on alleviating the greenhouse gas effect. However, there are few reports about the transformation and microbial mechanism of N2O between atmosphere and paddy soil. The slurry of surface paddy soil (0-5 cm) was incubated in laboratory conditions, and the effect of enhanced N2O concentrations in headspace on the N2O consumption capacity of submerged paddy soil and the response of nosZ gene abundance were explored. The results showed that, paddy soil under flooding and anaerobic conditions harbored very strong potential of N2O reduction along with a relatively high nosZ gene abundance (108 copies·g-1 dry soil at DNA level). Regression analysis presented the N2O concentrations in headspace were positively correlated (r2=1, P<0.001) to the N2O consumption rates of paddy soil slurry, indicating the high N2O concentration could stimulate the N2O consumption power, to a very high rate of 4567.99 µg·(m2·h)-1. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in the high abundance of nosZ gene among N2O treatments, demonstrating the nosZ gene abundance at DNA level might not be the main controller of N2O consumption ability in submerged paddy soil and further study on the key microbial factor is needed.

[Concentrations of different carbon and nitrogen fractions in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of typical plant species in mountainous area of southern Ningxia, Northwest China].

Taking the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of five typical plants Agropyron cristatum, Artemisia frigida, Pseudoraphis bungeana, Thymus mongolicus, and Artemisia sacrorum in a mountainous area of southern Ningxia as test objects, this paper studied their C and N forms contents. The C and N forms contents in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils differed with plant species. In the rhizosphere soil of A. sacrorum, the C content was the highest, with the total soil organic C (TOC), light fraction organic C (LFOC), and heavy fraction organic C contents being 22.94, 1.95, and 20. 88 g kg-1, respectively. In the rhizosphere soil of P. bungeana, the N content was the highest, with the total N (TN), mineralizable N (MN), and available N contents being 2.05 g kg-1 , 23.73 mg kg-1, and 11.99 mg kg-1 , respectively. In the rhizosphere soil of A. frigida, the LFOC/TOC and MN/TN ratios were the highest, which benefited the C and N transformed into more active forms. Light fraction organic C and mineralizable N could be used as the sensitive indicators of plant habitat change. For the five plant species, the contents of different C and N forms in the rhizosphere soil were generally higher than those in the non-rhizosphere soil.