Diagnostic efficiency of conventional ultrasound, shear wave elastography, and superb microvascular imaging in evaluating ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.

INTRODUCTION/AIMS: The current diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) relies mainly on the clinical presentation and nerve electrodiagnostic (EDX) testing, which can be uncomfortable and yield false negatives. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of conventional ultrasound, shear wave elastography (SWE), and superb microvascular imaging (SMI) in diagnosing UNE. METHODS: We enrolled 40 patients (48 elbows) with UNE and 48 healthy volunteers (48 elbows). The patients were categorized as having mild, moderate or severe UNE based on the findings of EDX testing. The cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured using conventional ultrasound. Ulnar nerve (UN) shear wave velocity (SWV) and SMI were performed in a longitudinal plane. RESULTS: Based on the EDX findings, UNE severity was graded as mild in 4, moderate in 10, and severe in 34. The patient group showed increased ulnar nerve CSA and stiffness at the site of maximal enlargement (CSA mean at the site of max enlargement [CSAmax] and SWV mean at the site of max enlargement [SWVmax]), ulnar nerve CSA ratio, and stiffness ratio (elbow-to-upper arm), compared with the control group (p < .001). Furthermore, the severe UNE group showed higher ulnar nerve CSAmax and SWVmax compared with the mild and moderate UNE groups (p < .001). The cutoff values for diagnosis of UNE were 9.5 mm2 for CSAmax, 3.06 m/s for SWVmax, 2.00 for CSA ratio, 1.36 for stiffness ratio, and grade 1 for SMI. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that SWE and SMI are valuable diagnostic tools for the diagnosis and assessment of severity of UNE.

Diagnostic performance of endorectal ultrasound combined with shear wave elastography for rectal tumors staging.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the performance of endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) combined with shear wave elastography (SWE) for rectal tumor staging. METHODS: Forty patients with rectal tumors who had surgery were enrolled. They underwent ERUS and SWE examinations before surgery. Pathological results were used as the gold standard for tumor staging. The stiffness values of the rectal tumor, peritumoral fat, distal normal intestinal wall, and distal perirectal fat were analyzed. The diagnostic accuracy of ERUS stage, tumor SWE stage, ERUS combined with tumor SWE stage, and ERUS combined with peritumoral fat SWE stage were compared and evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to select the best staging index. RESULTS: From T1 to T3 stage, the maximum elasticity (Emax) of the rectal tumor increased gradually (p < 0.05). The cut-off values of adenoma/T1 and T2, T2 and T3 tumors were 36.75 and 85.15kPa, respectively. The diagnostic coincidence rate of tumor SWE stage was higher than that of ERUS stage. Overall diagnostic accuracy of ERUS combined with peritumoral fat SWE Emax restaging was significantly higher than that of ERUS. CONCLUSIONS: ERUS combined with peritumoral fat SWE Emax for tumor restaging can effectively distinguish between stage T2 and T3 rectal tumors, which provides an effective imaging basis for clinical decisions.

Ultrasound and elastography role in pre- and post-operative evaluation of median neuropathy in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.

Introduction: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common compression neuropathy of the median nerve in the wrist. Early diagnosis of CTS is essential for selecting treatment options and assessing prognosis. The current diagnosis of CTS is based on the patient's clinical symptoms, signs, and an electromyography (EMG) test. However, they have some limitations. Recently, ultrasound has been adopted as an adjunct diagnostic tool for electromyography (EMG). Ultrasound is a non-invasive and cost-effective technique. It provides a dynamic display of morphological changes in the median nerve and an assessment of CTS etiology such as tenosynovitis, mass compression, and tendon disease. This study aimed to investigate the value of conventional ultrasound and real-time shear wave elastography (SWE) in evaluation of median neuropathy in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) before and after surgery. Methods: First, the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) was administered to patients with CTS. All subjects were measured at three levels: the distal 1/3 of the forearm, the carpal tunnel inlet, and the distal carpal tunnel using conventional ultrasound and SWE. Median nerve parameters were examined in patients with CTS 1 week after surgery. Results: The cross-sectional area (CSA) and stiffness of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel inlet and distal carpal tunnel were significantly higher in patients with CTS than in healthy controls (p < 0.001). The CSA and stiffness of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel inlet were statistically significantly significantly between pre- and postoperative patients with CTS (p < 0.001). The CSA and stiffness of the nerve in patients with CTS had a positive correlation with electrophysiology severity. Conclusions and discussion: Conventional ultrasound and elastography are valuable in the diagnosis of CTS and are useful in the clinical assessment of patient's nerve recovery after operation.

Application value of conventional ultrasound and real-time shear wave elastography in patients with type 2 diabetic polyneuropathy.

PURPOSE: To explore the application value of conventional ultrasound and real-time shear wave elastography (SWE) to the tibial nerve (TN) and the common peroneal nerve (CPN) in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three healthy volunteers, 33 diabetic patients without DPN, and 30 diabetic patients with DPN were enrolled in this study. The anteroposterior diameter (APD), the cross-sectional area (CSA), and the perimeter of the TN and the CPN were measured by conventional ultrasound, and the stiffness of the nerves was measured by SWE. RESULTS: The conventional ultrasound parameters and stiffness of the TN in patients with DPN were significantly larger than those of the other two groups (P < 0.01). The conventional ultrasound parameters of the CPN were significantly higher in patients with DPN than in the other two groups (P < 0.01).The patients with DPN demonstrated a greater stiffness of the CPN compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The comparison of all parameters for the left and right TNs and CPNs among the three groups showed no significant difference. The area under the curve (AUC) of TN stiffness for the diagnosis of DPN was significantly greater than that of conventional ultrasound parameters. CONCLUSION: The conventional ultrasound parameters and the stiffness of the TN and the CPN were significantly higher in patients with DPN. The stiffness of the TN could better diagnose DPN than conventional ultrasound parameters. In short, conventional ultrasound and SWE of nerves are of good application value in the diagnosis of DPN.

Bioactive heterocycles containing a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl fragment exerting potent antiproliferative activity through microtubule destabilization.

Novel bioactive heterocycles containing a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl fragment as antiproliferative agents by targeting tubulin were synthesized and their preliminary structure activity relationships (SARs) were explored. Among all these chemical agents, 2-(Benzo[d]oxazol-2-ylthio)-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acetamide (4d) exhibited the potent antiproliferative activity against MGC-803 cells with an IC50 value of 0.45 µM by induction of G2/M pahse arrest and cell apoptosis. In addition, 4d could change the membrane potential (ΔΨ) of the mitochondria against MGC-803 cells. Importantly, 4d acted as a novel tubulin polymerization inhibitor binding to colchicine site with an IC50 value of 3.35 µM.

Therapeutic Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Overexpressing Interleukin-10 on Inflammatory Bowel Disease / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an, intractable inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by T-cell infiltration to the colon. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), owing to their immunosuppressive capabilities, have the potential to rescue IBD. But the therapeutic effectiveness of MSCs is sometime thwarted by their variable immunomodulatory ability in vivo. In the present study, we produced engineered MSCs that secrete interleukin10 (IL-10) and evaluated their therapeutic potential in IBD mouse model. The MSCs maintained the phenotype and cell proliferation rate after overexpression of IL-10 by lentivirus (LV) infection. Immune cells and MSCs in vitro co-culture systems exhibited that relative to unmodified MSCs, immune cells co-cultured with IL-10-overexpressing MSCs had significantly lower numbers of T helper 1 cells (Th1) and T helper 17 cells (Th17) (P0.05). Overall, LV induced MSCs overexpressing IL-10 might be a promising alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of IBD.

The Effects of Testosterone and Its Receptors on Cardiovascular Development and Function / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Testosterone (T) is a key member of the androgen family, and its biosynthesis is regulated by the hypothalamie-pituitary-gonadal axis, and it is an important hormone that drives sexual differentiation and body development in mammals. The regulatory effects of testosterone on the organism include the androgen receptor (AR) mediated genomic pathway and the non-genomic pathway independent of AR. The genomic approach is that testosterone binds to AR in the cytoplasm through the cell membrane, and then the ligand receptor complex is transferred into the nucleus and combines with androgen response elements (ARE) in the promoter region of the androgen response gene to regulate the downstream gene expression. By binding to receptors on the cell membrane, testosterone rapidly activates related signaling molecules on the membrane and in the cell, and produces effects by initiating transmembrane signal transduction mechanisms, a process known as non-genomic pathway. The heart is the first functional organ formed during embryonic development. Its main function is to provide power for blood flow. Its morphogenesis and function maintenance are closely related to the cell type that constitutes the heart. It is known that the heart is one of the target organs of androgens. In recent years, studies have found that ligand-dependent transcription factor AR is distributed in various cell types of heart tissues, including cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and cardiac fibroblasts. In addition to affecting gender differentiation and maintaining sexual characteristics, testosterone is also widely involved in the development and function maintenance of many tissues and organs. It also plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac physiological and pathological processes, including participating in heart development, inducing cardiac hypertrophy, regulating cardiac contraction, delaying cardiac aging and affecting vascular calcification. This paper reviews the function of testosterone and its receptor in the main cell types of the heart and their mechanism of action on cardiac physiological and pathological processes in order to provide a reference for the study of the mechanism of action of androgens in the heart.

Circular RNA in gastric cancer / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignancy and is the third leading cause of cancer-related death. At present, there is no simple and effective screening method for early-stage GC, and the treatment results and prognosis are poor. With the continuous improvement of molecular biology techniques, research on circular RNA (circRNA) has gradually expanded over time. Much data supports the role of circRNA in tumorigenesis. Moreover, due to its structural specificity and biological stability, circRNA is anticipated to be a potential biomarker for tumor diagnosis. Studies have confirmed that circRNA can participate in the proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis of GC. These findings will lead to novel directions for the diagnosis and treatment of GC. This article reviews the structure and function of circRNA, summarizes the current studies on circRNA, and discusses the potential diagnostic value of circRNA in GC.

The allylation reactions of aromatic aldehydes and ketones with tin dichloride in water.

The allylation reactions of aromatic aldehydes and ketones were carried out in 31-86% yield using SnCl(2)-H(2)O system under ultrasound irradiation at r.t. for 5h. The reactions in the same system gave homoallyl alcohols in 21-84% yield with stirring at r.t. for 24h. Compared with traditional stirring methods, ultrasonic irradiation is more convenient and efficient.

Operating rules of cotton-pave moxibustion and its samples for clinical application in dermatopathy / 中国针灸

In clinical researches, the authors find that cotton-pave moxibustion has obvious effect for treatment of common dermatopathy, such as herpes zoster. This therapy has some advantages such as easy operation, obvious clinical effect, slight and short burning pain and easy to be accepted by patients. The purpose of this paper is to make the operation of cotton-pave moxibustion standardized, spread and popularize the application of this therapy in dermatopathy through detailed description to the operation method and points for attention of cotton-pave moxibustion and its typical cases.