ABSTRACT
An alcohol dehydrogenase LkADH was successfully engineered to exhibit improved activity and substrate tolerance for the production of (S)-2-chloro-1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)ethanol, an important precursor of ticagrelor. Five potential hotspots were identified for enzyme mutagenesis by using natural residue abundance as an indicator to evaluate their potential plasticity. A semi-rational strategy named "aromatic residue scanning" was applied to randomly mutate these five sites simultaneously by using tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine as "exploratory residues" to introduce steric hindrance or potential π-π interactions. The best variant Lk-S96Y/L199W identified with 17.2-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency could completely reduce up to 600â g/L (3.1â M) 2-chloro-1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)ethenone in 12â h with >99.5 % ee, giving the highest space-time yield ever reported. This study, therefore, offers a strategy for mutating alcohol dehydrogenase to reduce aromatic substrates and provides an efficient variant for the efficient synthesis of (S)-2-chloro-1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)ethanol.
Subject(s)
Alcohol Dehydrogenase , Tryptophan , Alcohol Dehydrogenase/genetics , Alcohol Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Ethanol , Binding SitesABSTRACT
The rapid and convenient method for identification of all kinds of G-quadruplex is highly desirable. In the present study, a novel colorimetric indicator for a vast variety of G-quadruplex was designed and synthesized on the basis of thiazole orange and isaindigotone skeleton. Its distinct color change enables label-free visual detection of G-quadruplexes, which is due to the disassembly of dye H-aggregates to monomers. This specific detection of G-quadruplex arises from its end-stacking interaction with G-quartet. On the basis of this universal indicator, a facile approach for large-scale identification of G-quadruplex was developed.
Subject(s)
Alkaloids/chemistry , Benzothiazoles/chemistry , Colorimetry , G-Quadruplexes , Quinazolines/chemistry , Quinolines/chemistry , Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer , Indicators and Reagents/chemistryABSTRACT
A series of isaindigotone derivatives and analogues were designed, synthesized and evaluated as dual inhibitors of cholinesterases (ChEs) and self-induced ß-amyloid (Aß) aggregation. The synthetic compounds had IC(50) values at micro or nano molar range for cholinesterase inhibition, and some compounds exhibited strong inhibitory activity for AChE and high selectivity for AChE over BuChE, which were much better than the isaindigotone derivatives previously reported by our group. Most of these compounds showed higher self-induced Aß aggregation inhibitory activity than a reference compound curcumin. The structure-activity relationship studies revealed that the derivatives with higher inhibition activity on AChE also showed higher selectivity for AChE over BuChE. Compound 6c exhibiting excellent inhibition for both AChE and self-induced Aß aggregation was further studied using CD, EM, molecular docking and kinetics.
Subject(s)
Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Alkaloids/pharmacology , Amyloid beta-Peptides/antagonists & inhibitors , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Drug Design , Quinazolines/pharmacology , Acetylcholinesterase/blood , Alkaloids/chemical synthesis , Alkaloids/chemistry , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Animals , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Electrophorus , Horses , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Protein Binding/drug effects , Quinazolines/chemical synthesis , Quinazolines/chemistry , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A tailor-made colorimetric and red-emitting fluorescent dual probe for G-quadruplex nucleic acids was developed by incorporating a coumarin-hemicyanine fluorophore into an isaindigotone framework. The significant and distinct changes in both the color and fluorescence of this probe enable the label-free and visual detection of G-quadruplex structures.