Teaching Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to Later Elementary School Students.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) rates remain low in the United States. Training children is a proposed method to increase this rate, but data on the compression efficacy of US elementary school-aged children are scarce. We hypothesized that fourth and fifth graders could learn how to respond to cardiac arrests and provide effective chest compressions. METHODS: We conducted a nonrandomized before-and-after study with fourth- and fifth-grade elementary students. Two 2-hour CPR educational sessions were held. Two weeks later, skills were assessed using a de novo checklist, and manikin-analyzed compression effectiveness (dichotomized at 50% efficacy) was analyzed using Chi-squared tests. We used paired t tests to evaluate knowledge change on identical pre- and post-tests. Secondary analysis evaluated associations between compression effectiveness and grade, age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) using Chi-squared tests. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-six students completed the study. The mean change in test scores measuring CPR knowledge increased from 8.2 to 9.3 (1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9 to 1.2). Self-reported adequate CPR knowledge increased from 44% to 97% (odds ratio [OR] 44.17, 95% CI 12.62 to 154.62). Seventy-two percent of students completed >7/11 predefined resuscitation steps, and 76% delivered ≥50% effective compressions. Grade was significantly associated with achieving ≥50% effective compression (OR 2.02, 95% CI, 1.19 to 3.43). Age, BMI, and sex were not significantly associated with greater compression efficacy. CONCLUSION: Most students were able to learn hands-only CPR, apply their knowledge during a simulated cardiac arrest scenario, and deliver effective chest compressions. Students' confidence and willingness to perform CPR increased after the intervention.

Entropy scaling of viscosity for molecular models of molten salts.

Entropy scaling relates dynamic and thermodynamic properties by reducing the viscosity to a function of only the residual entropy. Molecular simulations are used to investigate the entropy scaling of the viscosity of three models of sodium chloride and five monovalent salts. Even though the correlation between the potential energy and the virial is weak, entropy scaling applies at liquid densities for all models and salts investigated. At lower densities, entropy scaling breaks down due to the formation of ion pairs and chains. Entropy scaling can be used to develop more extendable correlations for the dynamic properties of molten salts.

Effects of anesthesia exposure on postnatal maturation of white matter in rhesus monkeys.

There is increasing concern about the potential effects of anesthesia exposure on the developing brain. The effects of relatively brief anesthesia exposures used repeatedly to acquire serial magnetic resonance imaging scans could be examined prospectively in rhesus macaques. We analyzed magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of 32 rhesus macaques (14 females, 18 males) aged 2 weeks to 36 months to assess postnatal white matter (WM) maturation. We investigated the longitudinal relationships between each DTI property and anesthesia exposure, taking age, sex, and weight of the monkeys into consideration. Quantification of anesthesia exposure was normalized to account for variation in exposures. Segmented linear regression with two knots provided the best model for quantifying WM DTI properties across brain development as well as the summative effect of anesthesia exposure. The resulting model revealed statistically significant age and anesthesia effects in most WM tracts. Our analysis indicated there were major effects on WM associated with low levels of anesthesia even when repeated as few as three times. Fractional anisotropy values were reduced across several WM tracts in the brain, indicating that anesthesia exposure may delay WM maturation, and highlight the potential clinical concerns with even a few exposures in young children.

Value Analysis of Methods of Inguinal Hernia Repair.

OBJECTIVE: Value is defined as health outcomes important to patients relative to cost of achieving those outcomes: Value = Quality/Cost. For inguinal hernia repair, Level 1 evidence shows no differences in long-term functional status or recurrence rates when comparing surgical approaches. Differences in value reside within differences in cost. The aim of this study is to compare the value of different surgical approaches to inguinal hernia repair: Open (Open-IH), Laparoscopic (Lap-IH), and Robotic (R-TAPP). METHODS: Variable and fixed hospital costs were compared among consecutive Open-IH, Lap-IH, and R-TAPP repairs (100 each) performed in a university hospital. Variable costs (VC) including direct materials, labor, and variable overhead ($/min operating room [OR] time) were evaluated using Value Driven Outcomes, an internal activity-based costing methodology. Variable and fixed costs were allocated using full absorption costing to evaluate the impact of surgical approach on value. As cost data is proprietary, differences in cost were normalized to Open-IH cost. RESULTS: Compared to Open-IH, VC for Lap-IH were 1.02X higher (including a 0.81X reduction in cost for operating room [OR] time). For R-TAPP, VC were 2.11X higher (including 1.36X increased costs for OR time). With allocation of fixed cost, a Lap-IH was 1.03X more costly, whereas R-TAPP was 3.18X more costly than Open-IH. Using equivalent recurrence as the quality metric in the value equation, Lap-IH decreases value by 3% and R-TAPP by 69% compared to Open-IH. CONCLUSIONS: Use of higher cost technology to repair inguinal hernias reduces value. Incremental health benefits must be realized to justify increased costs. We expect payors and patients will incorporate value into payment decisions.

General anaesthesia during infancy reduces white matter micro-organisation in developing rhesus monkeys.

BACKGROUND: Non-human primates are commonly used in neuroimaging research for which general anaesthesia or sedation is typically required for data acquisition. In this analysis, the cumulative effects of exposure to ketamine, Telazol® (tiletamine and zolazepam), and the inhaled anaesthetic isoflurane on early brain development were evaluated in two independent cohorts of typically developing rhesus macaques. METHODS: Diffusion MRI scans were analysed from 43 rhesus macaques (20 females and 23 males) at either 12 or 18 months of age from two separate primate colonies. RESULTS: Significant, widespread reductions in fractional anisotropy with corresponding increased axial, mean, and radial diffusivity were observed across the brain as a result of repeated anaesthesia exposures. These effects were dose dependent and remained after accounting for age and sex at time of exposure in a generalised linear model. Decreases of up to 40% in fractional anisotropy were detected in some brain regions. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple exposures to commonly used anaesthetics were associated with marked changes in white matter microstructure. This study is amongst the first to examine clinically relevant anaesthesia exposures on the developing primate brain. It will be important to examine if, or to what degree, the maturing brain can recover from these white matter changes.

Molecular simulation of liquid-vapor coexistence for NaCl: Full-charge vs scaled-charge interaction models.

Scaled-charge models have been recently introduced for molecular simulations of electrolyte solutions and molten salts to attempt to implicitly represent polarizability. Although these models have been found to accurately predict electrolyte solution dynamic properties, they have not been tested for coexistence properties, such as the vapor pressure of the melt. In this work, we evaluate the vapor pressure of a scaled-charge sodium chloride (NaCl) force field and compare the results against experiments and a non-polarizable full-charge force field. The scaled-charge force field predicts a higher vapor pressure than found in experiments, due to its overprediction of the liquid-phase chemical potential. Reanalyzing the trajectories generated from the scaled-charge model with full charges improves the estimation of the liquid-phase chemical potential but not the vapor pressure.

Leishmania parasitophorous vacuole membranes display phosphoinositides that create conditions for continuous Akt activation and a target for miltefosine in Leishmania infections.

Miltefosine is an important drug for the treatment of leishmaniasis; however, its mechanism of action is still poorly understood. In these studies, we tested the hypothesis that like in cancer cells, miltefosine's efficacy in leishmaniasis is due to its inhibition of Akt activation in host cells. We show using pharmacologic agents that block Akt activation by different mechanisms and also using an inducible knockdown approach that miltefosine loses its efficacy when its access to Akt1 is limited. Interestingly, limitation of Akt activation results in clearance of established Leishmania infections. We then show, using fluorophore-tagged probes that bind to phosphoinositides, that Leishmania parasitophorous vacuole membranes (LPVMs) display the relevant phosphoinositides to which Akt can be recruited and activated continuously. Taken together, we propose that the acquisition of PI(4) P and the display of PI (3,4)P2 on LPVMs initiate the machinery that supports continuous Akt activation and sensitivity to miltefosine.

Relative Mortality Analysis Of The "Golden Hour": A Comprehensive Acuity Stratification Approach To Address Disagreement In Current Literature.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to address the disagreement in literature regarding the "golden hour" in trauma by using the Relative Mortality Analysis to overcome previous studies' limitations in accounting for acuity when evaluating the impact of prehospital time on mortality. METHODS: The previous studies that failed to support the "golden hour" suffered from limitations in their efforts to account for the confounding effects of patient acuity on the relationship between prehospital time and mortality in their trauma populations. The Relative Mortality Analysis was designed to directly address these limitations using a novel acuity stratification approach, based on patients' probability of survival (PoS), a comprehensive triage metric calculated using Trauma and Injury Severity Score methodology. For this analysis, the population selection and analysis methods of these previous studies were compared to the Relative Mortality Analysis on how they capture the relationship between prehospital time and mortality in the University of Virginia (UVA) Trauma Center population. RESULTS: The methods of the previous studies that failed to support the "golden hour" also failed to do so when applied to the UVA Trauma Center population. However, when applied to the same population, the Relative Mortality Analysis identified a subgroup, 9.9% (with a PoS 23%-91%), of the 5,063 patient population with significantly lower mortality when transported to the hospital within 1 hour, supporting the "golden hour." CONCLUSION: These results suggest that previous studies failed to support the "golden hour" not due to a lack of patients significantly impacted by prehospital time within their trauma populations, but instead due to limitations in their efforts to account for patient acuity. As a result, these studies inappropriately rejected the "golden hour," leading to the current disagreement in literature regarding the relationship between prehospital time and trauma patient mortality. The Relative Mortality Analysis was shown to overcome the limitations of these studies and demonstrated that the "golden hour" was significant for patients who were not low acuity (PoS >91%) or severely high acuity (PoS <23%).

Trans-Metaphyseal Screws Placed in Children: An Argument for Monitoring and Potentially Removing the Implants.

BACKGROUND: Surgeons frequently use trans-metaphyseal screws in children to achieve osteosynthesis after fractures or stability after reconstructive osteotomies. Screws that were initially inserted below the cortex of bone can become prominent and symptomatic due to the process of funnelization that narrows the wide metaphysis to the diameter of the thinner diaphysis. METHODS: Case series presentation of 11 children who presented with screw prominence after the cutback process range in age from 19 to 169 months. We used the screws as radiographic markers to quantitate the amount of bone "cutback" or lost during the process of funnelization. RESULTS: The average length of screw protrusion beyond the edge of the bone when symptomatic was 8.7 mm (range, 3.3 to 14.3 mm). Time from implantation to the last radiograph averaged 40 months (range, 19 to 84 mo). The average loss of bone width at the time of presentation was 21% (range, 7% to 36%). CONCLUSIONS: These cases suggest that orthopaedic surgeons should consider monitoring children after implantation of trans-metaphyseal screws and informing parents and patients about the possibility of screw prominence necessitating removal due to the process of metaphyseal funnelization. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

The Leishmania Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane at the Parasite-Host Interface.

The Leishmania parasitophorous vacuole membrane (LPVM) sits at the interface of the parasite and its host. Evidence shows that molecules from the endocytic pathway as well as molecules from the secretory pathway are localized in the LPV and displayed on LPVM. In the review, we discuss our current understanding of the composition of the LPVM.

A new look at the schema therapy model: organization and role of early maladaptive schemas.

This study reexamined the organization of Young's 18 early maladaptive schemas and their hypothesized associations with experiences of need-thwarting parental experiences in childhood and the "vulnerable child" mode of emotional distress in adulthood. A large Danish sample (N = 1054) of 658 clinical- and 391 nonclinical adults completed measures of early maladaptive schemas, parenting styles, and the vulnerable child mode. We identified four higher-order schema domains as most appropriate in terms of interpretability and empirical indices ("Disconnection & Rejection", "Impaired Autonomy & Performance", "Excessive Responsibility & Standards", and "Impaired Limits"). All four schema domains were differentially associated with conceptually relevant need-thwarting parental experiences. Apart from "Impaired Limits", the schema domains meaningfully accounted for the association between need-thwarting parental experiences in childhood and emotional states of feeling like a "vulnerable child" in adulthood. We conclude that four domains of early maladaptive schemas are empirically and conceptually consistent with Young's schema therapy model of personality pathology and longstanding emotional disorders. Findings warrant replication using different populations and if possible a prospective multi-method design. A scoring key for computing the four schema domains is provided.

Fast comprehensive single-sequence four-dimensional pediatric knee MRI with T2 shuffling.

PURPOSE: To develop and clinically evaluate a pediatric knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique based on volumetric fast spin-echo (3DFSE) and compare its diagnostic performance, image quality, and imaging time to that of a conventional 2D protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 3DFSE sequence was modified and combined with a compressed sensing-based reconstruction resolving multiple image contrasts, a technique termed T2 Shuffling (T2 Sh). With Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, 28 consecutive children referred for 3T knee MRI prospectively underwent a standard clinical knee protocol followed by T2 Sh. T2 Sh performance was assessed by two readers blinded to diagnostic reports. Interpretive discrepancies were resolved by medical record chart review and consensus between the readers and an orthopedic surgeon. Image quality was evaluated by rating anatomic delineation, with 95% confidence interval. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test assessed the null hypothesis that T2 Sh structure delineation compared to conventional 2D is unchanged. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for interobserver agreement. Imaging time of the conventional protocol and T2 Sh was compared. RESULTS: There was 81% and 87% concordance between T2 Sh reports and diagnostic reports, respectively, for each reader. Upon consensus review, T2 Sh had 93% sensitivity and 100% specificity compared to clinical reports for detection of clinically relevant findings. The 95% confidence interval of diagnostic or better rating was 95-100%, with 34-80% interobserver agreement. There was no significant difference in structure delineation between T2 Sh and 2D, except for the retinaculum (P < 0.05), where 2D was preferred. Typical imaging time for T2 Sh and the conventional exam was 7 and 13 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSION: A single-sequence pediatric knee exam is feasible with T2 Sh, providing multiplanar, reformattable 4D images. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1700-1711.

Implementation of a Value-Driven Outcomes Program to Identify High Variability in Clinical Costs and Outcomes and Association With Reduced Cost and Improved Quality.

IMPORTANCE: Transformation of US health care from volume to value requires meaningful quantification of costs and outcomes at the level of individual patients. OBJECTIVE: To measure the association of a value-driven outcomes tool that allocates costs of care and quality measures to individual patient encounters with cost reduction and health outcome optimization. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Uncontrolled, pre-post, longitudinal, observational study measuring quality and outcomes relative to cost from 2012 to 2016 at University of Utah Health Care. Clinical improvement projects included total hip and knee joint replacement, hospitalist laboratory utilization, and management of sepsis. EXPOSURES: Physicians were given access to a tool with information about outcomes, costs (not charges), and variation and partnered with process improvement experts. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Total and component inpatient and outpatient direct costs across departments; cost variability for Medicare severity diagnosis related groups measured as coefficient of variation (CV); and care costs and composite quality indexes. RESULTS: From July 1, 2014, to June 30, 2015, there were 1.7 million total patient visits, including 34 000 inpatient discharges. Professional costs accounted for 24.3% of total costs for inpatient episodes ($114.4 million of $470.4 million) and 41.9% of total costs for outpatient visits ($231.7 million of $553.1 million). For Medicare severity diagnosis related groups with the highest total direct costs, cost variability was highest for postoperative infection (CV = 1.71) and sepsis (CV = 1.37) and among the lowest for organ transplantation (CV ≤ 0.43). For total joint replacement, a composite quality index was 54% at baseline (n = 233 encounters) and 80% 1 year into the implementation (n = 188 encounters) (absolute change, 26%; 95% CI, 18%-35%; P < .001). Compared with the baseline year, mean direct costs were 7% lower in the implementation year (95% CI, 3%-11%; P < .001) and 11% lower in the postimplementation year (95% CI, 7%-14%; P < .001). The hospitalist laboratory testing mean cost per day was $138 (median [IQR], $113 [$79-160]; n = 2034 encounters) at baseline and $123 (median [IQR], $99 [$66-147]; n = 4276 encounters) in the evaluation period (mean difference, -$15; 95% CI, -$19 to -$11; P < .001), with no significant change in mean length of stay. For a pilot sepsis intervention, the mean time to anti-infective administration following fulfillment of systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in patients with infection was 7.8 hours (median [IQR], 3.4 [0.8-7.8] hours; n = 29 encounters) at baseline and 3.6 hours (median [IQR], 2.2 [1.0-4.5] hours; n = 76 encounters) in the evaluation period (mean difference, -4.1 hours; 95% CI, -9.9 to -1.0 hours; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Implementation of a multifaceted value-driven outcomes tool to identify high variability in costs and outcomes in a large single health care system was associated with reduced costs and improved quality for 3 selected clinical projects. There may be benefit for individual physicians to understand actual care costs (not charges) and outcomes achieved for individual patients with defined clinical conditions.

Biomechanical and clinical correlates of swing-phase knee flexion in individuals with spastic cerebral palsy who walk with flexed-knee gait.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical and biomechanical parameters that influence swing-phase knee flexion and contribute to stiff-knee gait in individuals with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) and flexed-knee gait. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of clinical data and gait kinematics collected from 2010 to 2013. SETTING: Motion and gait analysis laboratory at a children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals with spastic CP (N=34; 20 boys, 14 girls; mean age ± SD, 10.1±4.1y [range, 5-20y]; Gross Motor Function Classification System I-III) who walked with flexed-knee gait ≥20° at initial contact and had no prior surgery were included; the more-involved limb was analyzed. INTERVENTION: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The magnitude and timing of peak knee flexion (PKF) during swing were analyzed with respect to clinical data, including passive range of motion and Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity, and biomechanical data, including joint kinematics and hamstring, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius muscle-tendon length during gait. RESULTS: Data from participants demonstrated that achieving a higher magnitude of PKF during swing correlated with a higher maximum knee flexion velocity in swing (ρ=.582, P<0.001) and a longer maximum length of the rectus femoris (ρ=.491, P=.003). In contrast, attaining earlier timing of PKF during swing correlated with a higher knee flexion velocity at toe-off (ρ=-.576, P<.001), a longer maximum length of the gastrocnemius (ρ=-.355, P=.039), and a greater peak knee extension during single-limb support phase (ρ=-.354, P=.040). CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that the magnitude and timing of PKF during swing were independent, and their biomechanical correlates differed, suggesting important treatment implications for both stiff-knee and flexed-knee gait.

Malignant cardiac neoplasms and associated malignancies over 16 years in the USA.

BACKGROUND: Malignant cardiac neoplasms (MCNs), both primary and metastatic, are rare with few epidemiologic studies. METHODS: This retrospective study used the Healthcare Utilization Project/Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2002 to 2018 to evaluate the co-occurrences with other malignancies, and mortality of MCNs in the USA. RESULTS: The data contained 7207 weighted discharges of MCN. Median patient age was 51.4 years, 52.29 % were male, in-hospital mortality was 10.51 %, mean cost of hospitalization was $34,280 USD. Lung, mediastinum, and airways were the most common primary cancers associated with metastatic MCN. CONCLUSIONS: MCN are rare in the USA, however they carry a high in-hospital mortality, high morbidity, and hospital cost.

Outcomes of Injured Patients Before and After the Institution of a Third-Tier Activation at a Level 1 Trauma Center.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that the addition of a third-level trauma activation would improve outcomes by formalizing an evaluation process for patients in need of urgent evaluation who did not meet the criteria for full or partial trauma alert activation. METHODS: Admission records for all trauma patients admitted between 2000 and 2021 were obtained. The gamma alert trauma activation was implemented in 2011. A washout period of 6 months was used to account for adjustment to the new protocol. Propensity score matching was performed based on ISS scores, age, injury mechanism, and best-validated comorbidities to create a balanced patient distribution. Patients with missing data were excluded from this study. The association between era and outcomes was determined using logistic and linear regression analyses. RESULTS: The matched cohort was well balanced (SMD <.1, all balanced covariates) and included 18,572 patients. Patients in the gamma alert era had decreased ED dwell time, hospital length of stay, and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Readmission rates and rates of upgrade to ICU status were reduced in the gamma alert era. This era was also associated with lower rates of renal failure, UTI, and pneumonia. There was no significant difference in mortality following implementation of the gamma alert. DISCUSSION: Implementation of the gamma alert was associated with an improvement in ED dwell times, fewer unplanned admissions to the ICU, decreased readmissions, and a reduction in other in-hospital events. We believe that this reflects improved triage of patients to the ICU and more effective care of trauma patients.

Behavioral Activation as an Adjunct Treatment to CBT-I.

Behavioral activation (BA) has long been long understood to be a particularly effective treatment for depression. Elements of BA are also to be found in components of insomnia treatment such as sleep restriction, stimulus control, and the setting of a morning routine. Although little research exists that examines the independent contribution of BA to the treatment of insomnia, it is reasonable to apportion some of the effect of cognitive-behavioral treatment of insomnia (CBT-I) to the implementation of BA whether that implementation is simply incidental to standard practice or more extensively deployed.

Revised Intensity Battle Score (RIBS): Development of a Clinical Score for Predicting Poor Outcomes After Rib Fractures.

BACKGROUND: Patients with rib fractures have variable clinical courses and it is difficult to predict which patients will do poorly. Ideally this prediction would happen at the time of admission to facilitate effective triage. One scoring system devised to this end, is the Battle score. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Battle score as triage tool, and to re-tool it for performance in an inpatient trauma setting. METHODS: A multivariate logistic regression model was trained on patients admitted to a level one trauma center with at least one rib fracture. A composite outcome was used to classify those who had poor outcomes. Eighteen candidate predictors were analyzed in univariate analysis, then the most promising fed into the logistic model until a triage score was built and internally validated by bootstrapping. RESULTS: Of the 838 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 145 (17.3%) patients had a defined poor outcome. The relevant predictors included in the final scoring system were number of ribs fractured, chest tube, pulmonary contusions, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Glasgow coma score. Age was not found to be predictive. This score was found to have higher fidelity in predicting poor outcomes than the original Battle score (AUROC .858 vs .649.). DISCUSSION: An easy to calculate clinical scoring system was created to triage patients with rib fractures at the time of admission. Age may be of less importance than previously thought, while injury burden and history of lung disease may play a larger role.