ABSTRACT
Parkinson's disease is a severe neurodegenerative disorder. Currently, deep brain electrical stimulation (DBS) is the first line of surgical treatment. However, serious neurological impairments such as speech disorders, disturbances of consciousness, and depression after surgery limit the efficacy of treatment. In this review, we summarize the recent experimental and clinical studies that have explored the possible causes of neurological deficits after DBS. Furthermore, we tried to identify clues from oxidative stress and pathological changes in patients that could lead to the activation of microglia and astrocytes in DBS surgical injury. Notably, reliable evidence supports the idea that neuroinflammation is caused by microglia and astrocytes, which may contribute to caspase-1 pathway-mediated neuronal pyroptosis. Finally, existing drugs and treatments may partially ameliorate the loss of neurological function in patients following DBS surgery by exerting neuroprotective effects.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the indication of bone scan for patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of continual 95 patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer was involved between January 2006 and December 2010. The relationship between age, PSA, Gleason scores, clinical stage and positive bone scans was respectively compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 33 patients (34.7%) with positive bone scans and 62 patients (65.3%) with negative bone scans. The mean age was (74±7) years and (76±7) years respectively in 2 groups respectively. PSA was (70.7±38.1) ng/ml and (28.4±27.2) ng/ml respectively, the difference was significant (t=-5.499, P=0.000). Clinical stage had positive correlation with positive bone scan, the OR value was 4.684. If the Gleason score>7, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of positive bone scan was 64%, 63%, 48% and 77% respectively. If PSA>50 ng/ml, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value was 67%, 86%, 71% and 83% respectively. If Clinical stage>T2, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value was 82%, 81%, 69% and 89% respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>For patients with PSA≤10 ng/ml or simultaneously PSA≤50 ng/ml and Gleason score≤7 and clinical stage≤T2, bone scan is not necessary. Patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer and PSA>50 ng/ml or Gleason score>7 or clinical stage>T2 should undergo bone scan.</p>