PTI-ETI synergistic signal mechanisms in plant immunity.

Plants face a relentless onslaught from a diverse array of pathogens in their natural environment, to which they have evolved a myriad of strategies that unfold across various temporal scales. Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect conserved elicitors from pathogens or endogenous molecules released during pathogen invasion, initiating the first line of defence in plants, known as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which imparts a baseline level of disease resistance. Inside host cells, pathogen effectors are sensed by the nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors, which then activate the second line of defence: effector-triggered immunity (ETI), offering a more potent and enduring defence mechanism. Moreover, PTI and ETI collaborate synergistically to bolster disease resistance and collectively trigger a cascade of downstream defence responses. This article provides a comprehensive review of plant defence responses, offering an overview of the stepwise activation of plant immunity and the interactions between PTI-ETI synergistic signal transduction.

Liraglutide ameliorates hepatic steatosis via retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor α-mediated autophagy pathway.

Liraglutide, an analog of human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), has been found to improve hepatic steatosis in clinical practice. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be fully defined. Increasing evidence suggests that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor α (RORα) is involved in hepatic lipid accumulation. In the current study, we investigated whether the ameliorating impact of liraglutide on lipid-induced hepatic steatosis is dependent on RORα activity and examined the underlying mechanisms. Cre-loxP-mediated, liver-specific Rorα knockout (Rora LKO) mice, and littermate controls with a Roraloxp/loxp genotype were established. The effects of liraglutide on lipid accumulation were evaluated in mice challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Moreover, mouse AML12 hepatocytes expressing small interfering RNA (siRNA) of Rora were exposed to palmitic acid to explore the pharmacological mechanism of liraglutide. The results showed that liraglutide treatment significantly alleviated HFD-induced liver steatosis, marked by reduced liver weight and triglyceride accumulation, improved glucose tolerance and serum levels of lipid profiles and aminotransferase. Consistently, liraglutide also ameliorated lipid deposits in a steatotic hepatocyte model in vitro. In addition, liraglutide treatment reversed the HFD-induced downregulation of Rora expression and autophagic activity in mouse liver tissues. However, the beneficial effect of liraglutide on hepatic steatosis was not observed in Rora LKO mice. Mechanistically, the ablation of Rorα in hepatocytes diminished liraglutide-induced autophagosome formation and the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, resulting in weakened autophagic flux activation. Thus, our findings suggest that RORα is essential for the beneficial impact of liraglutide on lipid deposition in hepatocytes and regulates autophagic activity in the underlying mechanism.

MicrobiomeCensus estimates human population sizes from wastewater samples based on inter-individual variability in gut microbiomes.

The metagenome embedded in urban sewage is an attractive new data source to understand urban ecology and assess human health status at scales beyond a single host. Analyzing the viral fraction of wastewater in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has shown the potential of wastewater as aggregated samples for early detection, prevalence monitoring, and variant identification of human diseases in large populations. However, using census-based population size instead of real-time population estimates can mislead the interpretation of data acquired from sewage, hindering assessment of representativeness, inference of prevalence, or comparisons of taxa across sites. Here, we show that taxon abundance and sub-species diversisty in gut-associated microbiomes are new feature space to utilize for human population estimation. Using a population-scale human gut microbiome sample of over 1,100 people, we found that taxon-abundance distributions of gut-associated multi-person microbiomes exhibited generalizable relationships with respect to human population size. Here and throughout this paper, the human population size is essentially the sample size from the wastewater sample. We present a new algorithm, MicrobiomeCensus, for estimating human population size from sewage samples. MicrobiomeCensus harnesses the inter-individual variability in human gut microbiomes and performs maximum likelihood estimation based on simultaneous deviation of multiple taxa's relative abundances from their population means. MicrobiomeCensus outperformed generic algorithms in data-driven simulation benchmarks and detected population size differences in field data. New theorems are provided to justify our approach. This research provides a mathematical framework for inferring population sizes in real time from sewage samples, paving the way for more accurate ecological and public health studies utilizing the sewage metagenome.

Real-Time fMRI Functional Connectivity Neurofeedback Reducing Repetitive Negative Thinking in Depression: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Proof-of-Concept Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is a cognitive process focusing on self-relevant and negative experiences, leading to a poor prognosis of major depressive disorder (MDD). We previously identified that connectivity between the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) was positively correlated with levels of RNT. OBJECTIVE: In this double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, proof-of-concept trial, we employed real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) to delineate the neural processes that may be causally linked to RNT and could potentially become treatment targets for MDD. METHODS: MDD-affected individuals were assigned to either active (n = 20) or sham feedback group (n = 19). RNT was measured by the Ruminative Response Scale-brooding subscale (RRS-B) before and 1 week after the intervention. RESULTS: Individuals in the active but not in the sham group showed a significant reduction in the RRS-B; however, a greater reduction in the PCC-rTPJ connectivity was unrelated to a greater reduction in the RRS-B. Exploratory analyses revealed that a greater reduction in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC)-rTPJ connectivity yielded a more pronounced reduction in the RRS-B in the active but not in the sham group. CONCLUSIONS: RtfMRI-nf was effective in reducing RNT. Considering the underlying mechanism of rtfMIR-nf, the RSC and rTPJ could be part of a network (i.e., default mode network) that might collectively affect the intensity of RNT. Understanding the relationship between the functional organization of targeted neural changes and clinical metrics, such as RNT, has the potential to guide the development of mechanism-based treatment of MDD.

EZH2 serves as a promising therapeutic target for fibrosis.

Fibrosis affects the function of many organs and tissues, and its persistent development can lead to tissue sclerosis and cancer, even leading to death further. Recent studies suggested that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a major regulator of epigenetic repression, played an important role in the occurrence and development of fibrosis through gene silencing or transcriptional activation. As the most studied and powerful pro-fibrotic cytokine closely related to EZH2, TGF-ß1 was primarily involved in the regulation of fibrosis along with the typical Smads and non-Smads signaling pathways. In addition, EZH2 inhibitors demonstrated inhibitory effects in several types of fibrosis. This review summarized the relationship underlying the action of EZH2, TGF-ß1/Smads, and TGF-ß1/non-Smads with fibrosis and described the research progress of EZH2 inhibitors in the treatment of fibrosis.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Hormone Signal Transduction, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Heat Shock Proteins, and SCF Complexes before and after Fertilization of Korean Pine Ovules.

The fertilization process is a critical step in plant reproduction. However, the mechanism of action and mode of regulation of the fertilization process in gymnosperms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the molecular regulatory networks involved in the fertilization process in Korean pine ovules through anatomical observation, physiological and biochemical assays, and transcriptome sequencing technology. The morphological and physiological results indicated that fertilization proceeds through the demise of the proteinaceous vacuole, egg cell division, and pollen tube elongation. Auxin, cytokinin, soluble sugar, and soluble starch contents begin to decline upon fertilization. Transcriptomic data analysis revealed a large number of differentially expressed genes at different times before and after fertilization. These genes were primarily involved in pathways associated with plant hormone signal transduction, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, fructose metabolism, and mannose metabolism. The expression levels of several key genes were further confirmed by qRT-PCR. These findings represent an important step towards understanding the mechanisms underlying morphological changes in the Korean pine ovule during fertilization, and the physiological and transcriptional analyses lay a foundation for in-depth studies of the molecular regulatory network of the Korean pine fertilization process.

A multi-method examination of sluggish cognitive tempo in relation to adolescent sleep, daytime sleepiness, and circadian preference.

BACKGROUND: The field's understanding of the association between sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and sleep is severely limited by the lack of multi-method and multi-informant research designs that move beyond global ratings, often focused on a limited number of sleep-related domains, such as daytime sleepiness. The current study begins to address these limitations by using actigraphy, daily sleep diary, and self- and parent-report global ratings of sleep in adolescents, a developmental period marked by changes in SCT, sleep, and circadian function. As SCT and sleep are also associated with ADHD symptoms, we tested these associations in a sample of adolescents with and without ADHD. METHODS: Adolescents (N = 302; M age = 13.17 years, 44.7% female) with (n = 162) and without ADHD (n = 140) and parents completed global ratings of sleep and daytime sleepiness, and adolescents completed a measure of circadian preference. Adolescents also wore actigraphs for approximately two weeks, during which daily diaries were completed. RESULTS: Above and beyond demographic characteristics (i.e., sex, race, and family income), pubertal development, medication use, and ADHD group status, adolescents' self-reported SCT symptoms were uniquely associated with shorter sleep duration and later sleep onset per both actigraphy and daily diary. SCT symptoms were also uniquely associated with longer sleep onset latency and poorer overall sleep (per daily diary), more sleep/wake problems and daytime sleepiness (per adolescent rating), more difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep (per parent rating), and later eveningness preference (per adolescent rating). Nearly all significant effects remained in sensitivity analyses controlling for adolescent- or parent-reported ADHD symptom dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide the strongest evidence to date for SCT being uniquely linked to poorer sleep, greater daytime sleepiness, and a later evening circadian preference across subjective and objective measures. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate predictive and bidirectional associations.

Clinical and histological evaluation of the use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) membrane in peri-implant vertical soft tissue augmentation: A controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to clinically and histologically evaluate the efficacy of using acellular dermal matrix (ADM) for peri-implant vertical soft tissue augmentation at implant placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients were enrolled in this study. According to the initial thickness of vertical soft tissue, patients were assigned into the ADM group (≤2 mm) or the control group (>2 mm) prior to implant surgery +ADM grafting or implant surgery alone. Second-stage surgery was carried out 3 months later, and a small piece of ridge membrane was harvested for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) were also assessed 1 week, 1 month, and 5 months after second-stage surgery. Clinical parameters were recorded to evaluate peri-implant health at 1 week and 3 months after implant restoration. RESULTS: All 20 implants healed uneventfully and successfully. Soft tissue thicknesses were comparable in the two groups at second-stage surgery (3.20 ± 0.42 mm vs. 3.50 ± 0.58 mm). In the ADM group, the mean increase in soft tissue thickness was 1.85 ± 0.34 mm. Histological and immunohistochemical outcomes showed no differences between the two groups. VEGF and PDGF-BB levels in PICF were significantly lower in the ADM group 1 week after second-stage surgery (p < .01), yet they decreased in both groups later. The difference between the groups had disappeared by 5 months after second-stage surgery. The clinical peri-implant parameters were good and stable by the end of the study (3 months after restoration). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that using ADM at implant placement was effective in increasing the thickness of peri-implant vertical soft tissue and achieved comparable clinical and histological performance to the control group. However, the incremental soft tissue showed inferior angiogenic ability in the early stage of wound healing.

Effect of partial restorative treatment on stress distributions in non-carious cervical lesions: a three-dimensional finite element analysis.

BACKGROUND: Partial restoration combined with periodontal root coverage surgery can be applied to the treatment of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) accompanied with gingival recessions in clinical practice. However, the feasibility of NCCL partial restorative treatment from a biomechanical perspective remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of partial restorations on stress distributions in the NCCLs of mandibular first premolars via three-dimensional finite element analysis. METHODS: Three-dimensional finite element models of buccal wedge-shaped NCCLs in various locations of a defected zenith (0 mm, 1 mm, and 2 mm) were constructed and divided into three groups (A, B, and C). Three partially restored NCCL models with different locations of the lower restoration border (1 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2 mm), and one completely restored NCCL model were further constructed for each group. The following restorative materials were used in all restoration models: composite resin (CR), glass-ionomer cement (GIC), and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). The first principal stress distributions under buccal oblique loads of 100 N were analyzed. Restoration bond failures were also evaluated based on stress distributions at dentin-restoration interfaces. RESULTS: When the partial restoration fully covered the defected zenith, the first principal stress around the zenith decreased and the maximum tensile stress was concentrated at the lower restoration border. When the partial restoration did not cover the defected zenith, the first principal stress distribution patterns were similar to those in unrestored models, with the maximum tensile stress remaining concentrated at the zenith. As the elastic modulus of the restorative material was altered, the stress distributions at the interface were not obviously changed. Restoration bond failures were not observed in CR, but occurred in GIC and MTA in most models. CONCLUSIONS: Partial restorations that fully covered defected zeniths improved the stress distributions in NCCLs, while the stress distributions were unchanged or worsened under other circumstances. CR was the optimal material for partial restorations compared to GIC and MTA.

Efficacy and Safety of Sacubitril/Valsartan Therapy for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction during the Vulnerable Phase: A Multicenter, Assessor-Blinded, Prospective, Observational, Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The 3-month period after hospitalization for acute cardiac failure is a vulnerable phase with the highest risk of mortality and rehospitalization. Safety and efficacy of early initiation of sacubitril/valsartan during the index hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is unclear. Therefore, we tested whether sacubitril/valsartan could result in a lower rate of a composite outcome of first hospitalization for heart failure and death from cardiovascular causes compared to inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system alone. METHODS: We enrolled patients hospitalized for ADHF and reduced ejection fraction at 4 sites; patients were divided into a sacubitril/valsartan group or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) group. All patients were followed up for 3 months after discharge. The primary endpoint was outcomes as a composite of death from cardiovascular causes and rehospitalization for heart failure. RESULTS: In total, 251 patients who received sacubitril/valsartan and 251 patients who received ACEIs/ARBs had similar propensity scores and were included and compared. The primary endpoint was reached in 40 patients (15.9%) treated with sacubitril/valsartan and in 59 patients (23.5%) managed by ACEI/ARB (HR, 0.650; 95% CI: 0.435-0.971; p = 0.035). The NYHA class improved in 72.1% of patients in the sacubitril/valsartan group and in 59.8% of patients in the ACEI/ARB group (HR, 1.303; 95% CI: 1.097-1.548, p = 0.004). The key safety outcomes endpoints did not significantly differ. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients hospitalized with ADHF and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, we observed that sacubitril/valsartan therapy led to reduction in death from cardiovascular causes and rehospitalizations for heart failure when compared to ACEI/ARB therapy alone during the vulnerable phase. Our results support that sacubitril/valsartan may be administered early in the vulnerable phase after ADHF and improves NYHA class.

Measuring the subgingival microbiota in periodontitis patients: Comparison of the surface layer and the underlying layers.

Periodontitis is a major cause of tooth loss in adults that initially results from dental plaque. Subgingival plaque pathogenesis is affected by both community composition and plaque structures, although limited data are available concerning the latter. To bridge this knowledge gap, subgingival plaques were obtained using filter paper (the fourth layer) and curette (the first-third layers) sequentially and the phylogenetic differences between the first-third layers and the fourth layer were characterized by sequencing the V3-V4 regions of 16S rRNA. A total of 11 phyla, 148 genera, and 308 species were obtained by bioinformatic analysis, and no significant differences between the operational taxonomic unit numbers were observed for these groups. In both groups, the most abundant species were Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus intermedius, and Prevotella intermedia possessed relatively high proportions in the first-third layers; while in the fourth layer, both traditional pathogens (Treponema denticola and Campylobacter rectus) and novel pathobionts (Eubacterium saphenum, Filifactor alocis, Treponema sp. HOT238) were prominent. Network analysis showed that either of them exhibited a scale-free property and was constructed by two negatively correlated components (the pathogen component and the nonpathogen component), while the synergy in the nonpathogen component was lower in the first-third layers than that in the fourth layer. After merging these two parts into a whole plaque group, the negative/positive correlation ratio increased. With potential connections, the first-third layers and the fourth layer showed characteristic key nodes in bacterial networks.

Autophagy and Its Regulators in Response to Stress in Plants.

To survive in stressful conditions, plants have developed multiple strategies to relieve damage. One of the strategies is to clear the damaged protein and organelles. Autophagy is a highly conservative degradation process, which refers to the recycling of damaged protein and organelles. Over the past decades, increasing evidence has revealed the important roles of autophagy in response to stress conditions, and many factors have been revealed involved in the sophisticated regulation of the autophagy signaling pathway. However, the accurate regulation pathway of the autophagy pathway is largely unknown. The current review proposes how stress-response factors respond to stress conditions involved in regulating the autophagy signaling pathway. In short, clarifying the regulating pathway of autophagy in response to stress conditions is beneficial to plant breeding.

Poplar PdPTP1 Gene Negatively Regulates Salt Tolerance by Affecting Ion and ROS Homeostasis in Populus.

High concentrations of Na+ in saline soil impair plant growth and agricultural production. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is crucial in many cellular regulatory mechanisms. However, regulatory mechanisms of plant protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in controlling responses to abiotic stress remain limited. We report here the identification of a Tyrosine (Tyr)-specific phosphatase, PdPTP1, from NE19 (Populus nigra × (P. deltoides × P. nigra). Transcript levels of PdPTP1 were upregulated significantly by NaCl treatment and oxidative stress. PdPTP1 was found both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Under NaCl treatment, transgenic plants overexpressing PdPTP1 (OxPdPTP1) accumulated more Na+ and less K+. In addition, OxPdPTP1 poplars accumulated more H2O2 and O2·-, which is consistent with the downregulation of enzymatic ROS-scavengers activity. Furthermore, PdPTP1 interacted with PdMAPK3/6 in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that PdPTP1 functions as a negative regulator of salt tolerance via a mechanism of affecting Na+/K+ and ROS homeostasis.

Dually Cross-Linked Supramolecular Hydrogel as Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for Small Molecule Detection.

Dually cross-linked supramolecular hydrogels (DCSH) are designed to show responsive properties while maintaining the gel structure by introducing two different kinds of cross-links. This is realized by utilizing a photo-cross-linker for permanent cross-linking and ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) and ferrocene (Fc) as host-guest recognition pair. The DCSH shows increased swelling in the presence of the small target molecule adamantane amine (Ada). Ada can break the non-covalent bonding between ß-CD and Fc through competitive molecular guest interaction with ß-CD. By using a combination of surface plasmon resonance and optical waveguide spectroscopy, it is possible to use this behavior to construct a reversible sensor for specific small molecule detection.

Biomolecule Sensor Based on Azlactone-Modified Hydrogel Films.

A 3D hydrogel layer is probed by combining surface plasmon resonance with optical waveguide spectroscopy to detect biomolecules. A template terpolymer P(DMAAm-co-DMIAAm-co-VDMA) is synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization. The terpolymer is then modified with an amino group bearing biotin to enable biomolecular recognition for streptavidin. A hydrogel thin layer is prepared onto a gold surface after spin-coating and photo-crosslinking of the modified polymer. Finally, the hydrogel is utilized to quantitatively detect streptavidin by using surface plasmon resonance-optical waveguide spectroscopy measurements.

Evolution of a Vegetarian Vibrio: Metabolic Specialization of Vibrio breoganii to Macroalgal Substrates.

While most Vibrionaceae are considered generalists that thrive on diverse substrates, including animal-derived material, we show that Vibrio breoganii has specialized for the consumption of marine macroalga-derived substrates. Genomic and physiological comparisons of V. breoganii with other Vibrionaceae isolates revealed the ability to degrade alginate, laminarin, and additional glycans present in algal cell walls. Moreover, the widely conserved ability to hydrolyze animal-derived polymers, including chitin and glycogen, was lost, along with the ability to efficiently grow on a variety of amino acids. Ecological data showing associations with particulate algal material but not zooplankton further support this shift in niche preference, and the loss of motility appears to reflect a sessile macroalga-associated lifestyle. Together, these findings indicate that algal polysaccharides have become a major source of carbon and energy in V. breoganii, and these ecophysiological adaptations may facilitate transient commensal associations with marine invertebrates that feed on algae.IMPORTANCE Vibrios are often considered animal specialists or generalists. Here, we show that Vibrio breoganii has undergone massive genomic changes to become specialized on algal carbohydrates. Accompanying genomic changes include massive gene import and loss. These vibrios may help us better understand how algal biomass is degraded in the environment and may serve as a blueprint on how to optimize the conversion of algae to biofuels.

Shift in the subgingival microbiome following scaling and root planing in generalized aggressive periodontitis.

AIM: To investigate the shift in the subgingival microbiota under scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: After undergoing supragingival scaling, 12 individuals with GAgP were enrolled in this longitudinal study. Full-mouth SRP was accomplished in 3 weeks and re-evaluated 6 weeks later. Pooled subgingival samples (posterior-mesial, posterior-buccal, anterior-mesial, and anterior-buccal) were obtained from each patient before SRP (pre-treatment group) and at the time of re-evaluation (post-treatment group). 16S rRNA PCR products were generated and sequenced after DNA isolation. RESULTS: Under SRP, the diversity of the subgingival community was consistent, whereas genus-level biomarkers transformed from Porphyromonas, Treponema, and Fretibacterium to Actinomyces, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus. In a network analysis, pathogen-related and non-pathogen-related components were identified in both the pre- and post-treatment groups; the pathogen component was dramatically augmented, while the non-pathogen component shrank after treatment. Hubs were also distributed in both components pre-treatment and were confined to the pathogen component post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Scaling and root planing decreased periodontal pathogens in the subgingival microbiota of patients with GAgP. However, the shift in the microbiota composition was characterized by the expansion of pathogen-related components and the contraction of non-pathogen-related components 6 weeks after SRP. Clinicaltrials.gov #NCT03090282.

An investigation of physical and mental health consequences among Chinese parents who lost their only child.

BACKGROUND: The term "loss-of-only-child family" means that the only child in a family passed away or is disabled due to an accident or other events. The parents who cannot conceive or do not adopt another child, are known as Shidu parents in China. This study compares the physical and mental health of Shidu parents with those parents who have not experienced such loss. METHODS: The target group is comprised of parents being Shidu for more than 1 year (N = 95) and the control group is comprised of parents with a living child (N = 97) from the same area as the Shidu parents. Socio-demographic information and physical health outcomes were collected by the adapted questionnaires. PCL-C (PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version), CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) and GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire) were applied to evaluate the parents' physical and mental status. RESULTS: Shidu parents have a higher risk of developing PTSD and depression, and suffer more severe psychiatric disorders compared to parents with a living child. The rate of PTSD in the Shidu group was up to 32.6% and the scores of PCL-C are much higher than the control group. The physical status of Shidu parents were much worse than that of the control group, characterized by higher morbidity of chronic diseases and more hospital visits. CONCLUSIONS: Shidu parents have more severe mental health problems and a higher rate of chronic diseases than parents who have a living child. Loss of the only child is the most traumatic event for the parents, which is a serious and unique problem in Chinese society that deserves attention. More studies and support are desired to improve the physical and mental health of Shidu parents.

B10 Cells Alleviate Periodontal Bone Loss in Experimental Periodontitis.

B10 cells can regulate inflammatory responses in innate immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in B cell-mediated immune responses in periodontal disease. This study aimed to determine the effects of TLR-activated B10 cells on periodontal bone loss in experimental periodontitis. Spleen B cells isolated from C57BL/6J mice were cultured with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytosine-phospho-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides for 48 h. B10-enriched CD1dhi CD5+ B cells were sorted by flow cytometry and were adoptively transferred to recipient mice through tail vein injection. At the same time, P. gingivalis-soaked ligatures were placed subgingivally around the maxillary second molars and remained there for 2 weeks before the mice were euthanized. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) production and the percentage of CD1dhi CD5+ B cells were significantly increased with treatment with P. gingivalis LPS plus CpG compared to those in mice treated with P. gingivalis LPS or CpG alone. Mice with CD1dhi CD5+ B cell transfer demonstrated reduced periodontal bone loss compared to the no-transfer group and the group with CD1dlo CD5- B cell transfer. Gingival IL-10 mRNA expression was significantly increased, whereas expressions of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-1ß were significantly inhibited in the CD1dhi CD5+ B cell transfer group. The percentages of CD19+ IL-10+ cells, CD19+ CD1dhi CD5+ cells, and P. gingivalis-binding CD19+ cells were significantly higher in recovered mononuclear cells from gingival tissues of the CD1dhi CD5+ B cell transfer group than in tissues of the no-transfer group and the CD1dlo CD5- B cell transfer group. This study indicated that the adoptive transfer of B10 cells alleviated periodontal inflammation and bone loss in experimental periodontitis in mice.