Emotional Impact of COVID-19 and Emotional Eating and the Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder in Peruvian Healthcare Students.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the association between the emotional impact of COVID-19 and emotional eating and the risk of alcohol use disorder among Peruvian health science students. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study in which an online questionnaire was administered to 456 health science interns from four cities in Peru. We used the COVID-19 Emotional Impact Profile questionnaire, Mindful Eating Questionnaire, and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Spearman's correlations were calculated and two multiple linear regression models were developed. RESULTS: 68.4% of the participants were emotional eaters and 8.6% reported low-risk levels of alcohol use disorder. Based on the results of the first model, the overall emotional impact of COVID-19, being overweight or obese, depression and anxiety levels, and living with only one parent were factors associated with emotional eating. The results of the second model showed that the level of depression, living with just one parent, living alone, sex, and number of months as an intern were factors associated with the risk of alcohol use disorder. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce emotional eating and the risk of alcohol use disorder among interns, universities should implement interventions aimed at reducing the emotional impact of COVID-19 and provide nutritional counseling.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Brief-COPE Inventory and Exploration of Factors Associated with Perceived Stress among Peruvian Nurses.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Brief-COPE Inventory and to determine its concurrent validity by examining its association with perceived stress among Peruvian nurses. METHODS: A psychometric study was conducted with 434 Peruvian nurses to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brief-COPE Inventory through confirmatory factor analysis. Three stepwise variable selection regression models were implemented. RESULTS: The three-factor model of the Brief-COPE Inventory demonstrated adequate fit indices (root mean square error of approximation = 0.052, standardized root mean square residual = 0.068, and both the comparative fit index and the Tucker-Lewis index = 0.95). Additionally, the factors were significantly correlated (p < 0.001), and the reliability was adequate (ω = 0.90). Nurses reported a medium level of perceived stress, with associated factors including having received stress management training, fear of COVID-19, and problem-focused coping strategies (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study confirms that the Brief-COPE Inventory is a valid tool for measuring coping strategies among Peruvian nurses due to its good model fit, excellent reliability, and concurrent validity with perceived stress. However, further research is needed to assess its validity in the specific areas of performance perceived by nursing professionals.

Effectiveness of the self-regulation educational program in increasing knowledge about COVID-19 in Peruvian soldiers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of the educational program based on self-regulation of learning in the level of knowledge about COVID-19 in the soldiers. METHODS: Pre-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a single group, carried out in 2020. 179 soldiers from Puno, Peru participated. Two expository-participatory sessions and a demonstrative workshop were developed. A valid (Aiken's V = 0.69) and reliable (McDonald's Omega = 0.81) questionnaire was used. The Friedman's test was used to compare the results pre and post-test. RESULTS: The level of knowledge about COVID-19 and in two of its dimensions changed from poor (pre-test) to regular (post-test). However, in the preventive measures dimension, it changed from poor (pre-test) to excellent (post-test). CONCLUSION: The proposed educational intervention was effective in increasing knowledge about COVID-19 in the soldiers, mainly in terms of preventive measures.

Development and validation of a COVID-19 risk perception scale in Peru. / Desarrollo y validación de una escala de percepción de riesgo de COVID-19 en Perú.

OBJECTIVES.: Motivation for the study. Risk perception of COVID-19 is a construct that varies according to the characteristics of the population in each geographic area; however, there is no validated scale to measure this construct in the Peruvian population. Main findings. A COVID-19 risk perception scale composed of two dimensions (cognitive and emotional) was designed and validated using qualitative and quantitative techniques. Implications. Having a valid and reliable instrument will help identify the variation of risk perception of COVID-19 according to contextual and psychological factors in the Peruvian population. . To develop and validate a risk perception scale for COVID-19 (PR-COVID-19-PE) in the Peruvian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: Psychometric cross-sectional study conducted in 2022. In phase 1, in order to design the scale, we carried out a theoretical review and a documentary review of scales, we also used focus groups as well as an expert panel. Phase 2 included expert judgment and a pilot test. A virtual survey was conducted among 678 Peruvian adults during phase 3. A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out as well. We used a correlational analysis (Pearson's r) with a valid risk perception scale and the COVID-19 fear scale to determine criterion validity. RESULTS.: The PR-COVID-19-PE has two dimensions (cognitive and emotional) and showed good fit during construct validity (x2/gl=2.34, Comparative Fit Index=0.96, Tucker-Lewis Index=0.96, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation= 0.05 and Standardized Root Mean-Square=0.07) and optimal internal consistency (ώ=0.88). Likewise, the PR-COVID-19-PE showed correlation with another COVID-19 risk perception scale (r=0.70, p< 0.001) and a fear of COVID-19 scale (r=0.41, p<0.001). In addition, it presents metric and scalar invariance by both sex and educational level. CONCLUSIONS.: The PR-COVID-19-PE scale showed adequate reliability and content, construct and criterion validity. It is an instrument that can measure COVID-19 risk perception in similar populations. However, further studies are required for different populations.

OBJETIVOS.: Desarrollar y validar una escala de percepción de riesgo ante la COVID-19 (PR-COVID-19-PE) en población peruana. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Estudio transversal psicométrico, realizado en el 2022. En la fase 1 se diseñó la escala inicial mediante revisión teórica, grupos focales, panel de expertos y revisión documental de escalas. En la fase 2 se determinó la escala mediante juicio de expertos y una prueba piloto. En la fase 3 se hizo una encuesta virtual en 678 pobladores peruanos adultos. Se efectuó un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Para determinar la validez de criterio se realizó un análisis correlacional (r de Pearson) con una escala válida de percepción de riesgo y la escala de miedo a la COVID-19. RESULTADOS.: La PR-COVID-19-PE está compuesta por dos dimensiones (cognitivo y emocional), presentó buen ajuste en la validez de constructo (x2/gl=2,34, Comparative Fit Index = 0,96, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0,96, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0,05 y Standarized Root Mean-Square = 0,07) y óptima consistencia interna (ώ=0,88). Asimismo, reportó correlación con otra escala de percepción de riesgo ante la COVID-19 (r=0,70, p<0,001) y miedo a la COVID-19 (r = 0,41, p < 0,001). Además, presenta invarianza métrica y escalar tanto por sexo como por nivel educativo. CONCLUSIONES.: La escala PR-COVID-19-PE presentó adecuada confiabilidad y validez de contenido, constructo y criterio. Constituye un instrumento para medir la percepción de riesgo ante la COVID-19 en poblaciones similares. Sin embargo, se requiere estudios adicionales en diferentes grupos poblacionales.

Perceptions, maltreatment and religion as predictors of the psycho-emotional impact on nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the relationship between perceptions, abuse and religion with the psycho-emotional impact on nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. It took place between 2020 and 2021 and a total of 319 clinical nurses in Peru were interviewed using the DASS-21. Associations were assessed using Spearman's Rho and multiple regression. RESULTS: 18.5% had some degree of stress; 50.2%, anxiety and 29.1%, depression. Experience of abuse, self-perception of mental health and religion were predictors of stress, anxiety and depression. The length of work experience predicts stress and anxiety. In addition, self-perception of information and gender were predictors of depression. CONCLUSIONS: peruvian nurses have high levels of stress, anxiety and depression, and this psycho-emotional impact was associated with perceptions, experiences of abuse and religion.

Association between the Nursing Practice Environment and Safety Perception with Patient Safety Culture during COVID-19.

AIMS: In this study, we aimed to identify the relationship between nursing practice environments (NPEs) and safety perceptions with patient safety culture (PSC) during COVID-19. DESIGN: We conducted a quantitative, non-experimental, correlational, and cross-sectional study. We interviewed 211 nurses from Peru using two scales: PES-NWI and HSOPSC. We used the Shapiro-Wilk test and Spearman's coefficient and estimated two regression models. RESULTS: NPE was reported as favorable by 45.5% of the participants, and PSC was reported as neutral by 61.1%. Safety perception, the workplace, and NPE predict PSC. All NPE factors were correlated with PSC. However, safety perception, support of nurses subscale, the nurse manager's ability, and leadership were predictors of PSC. CONCLUSION: To promote a safe work culture, health institutions should foster leadership that prioritizes safety, strengthens managers' abilities, encourages interprofessional collaboration, and considers nurses' feedback for constant improvement.

Technological variables predictors of academic stress in nursing students in times of COVID-19. / Variables tecnológicas predictoras del estrés académico en estudiantes de Enfermería en tiempos de COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze which technological variables, derived from the use of electronic devices, predict academic stress and its dimensions in Nursing students. METHOD: analytical cross-sectional study carried out with a total of 796 students from six universities in Peru. The SISCO scale was used and four logistic regression models were estimated for the analysis, with selection of variables in stages. RESULTS: among the participants, 87.6% had a high level of academic stress; time using the electronic device, screen brightness, age and sex were associated with academic stress and its three dimensions; the position of using the electronic device was associated with the total scale and the stressors and reactions dimensions. Finally, the distance between the face and the electronic device was associated with the total scale and size of reactions. CONCLUSION: technological variables and sociodemographic characteristics predict academic stress in nursing students. It is suggested to optimize the time of use of computers, regulate the brightness of the screen, avoid sitting in inappropriate positions and pay attention to the distance, in order to reduce academic stress during distance learning.

analizar cuáles son las variables tecnológicas, derivadas del uso de dispositivo electrónico, predicen el estrés académico, y sus dimensiones en estudiantes de enfermería. estudio transversal de tipo analítico, realizado en 796 estudiantes de seis universidades de Perú. Se empleó la escala SISCO y para el análisis se estimaron cuatro modelos de regresión logística, con selección de variables por pasos. entre los participantes, 87,6% presentaron un nivel alto de estrés académico; el tiempo de uso del dispositivo electrónico, el brillo de la pantalla, la edad y el sexo, estuvieron asociados con el estrés académico y sus tres dimensiones; la posición de uso del dispositivo electrónico estuvo asociada con la escala total y con las dimensiones estresores y reacciones. Finalmente, la distancia entre el rostro y el dispositivo electrónico estuvo asociada con la escala total y la dimensión reacciones. las variables tecnológicas y las características sociodemográficas predicen el estrés académico en estudiantes de enfermería. Se sugiere optimizar el tiempo de uso de las computadoras, regular el brillo de la pantalla, evitar sentarse en posiciones inadecuadas y vigilar la distancia, con la finalidad de reducir el estrés académico durante la enseñanza a distancia.

(1) Los estudiantes de enfermería presentan un nivel alto de estrés académico. (2) El tiempo de uso de la computadora es un predictor del estrés académico. (3) El brillo de la pantalla de la computadora es un predictor del estrés académico. (4) Tener entre 30 a 39 años y ser hombre es un factor protector del estrés académico. (5) Estudio realizado en seis universidades peruanas.

analisar quais variáveis tecnológicas, derivadas do uso de dispositivos eletrônicos, predizem o estresse acadêmico e suas dimensões em estudantes de enfermagem. estudo transversal do tipo analítico, realizado em 796 estudantes de seis universidades do Peru. Foi utilizada a escala SISCO e foram estimados quatro modelos de regressão logística para a análise, com seleção das variáveis por etapas. entre os participantes, 87,6% apresentaram alto nível de estresse acadêmico; o tempo de uso do aparelho eletrônico, o brilho da tela, a idade e o sexo foram associados ao estresse acadêmico e suas três dimensões; a posição de uso do aparelho eletrônico foi associada à escala total e às dimensões estressores e reações. Por fim, a distância entre o rosto e o dispositivo eletrônico foi associada à escala total e à dimensão das reações. variáveis tecnológicas e características sociodemográficas predizem estresse acadêmico em estudantes de Enfermagem. Sugere-se otimizar o tempo de uso dos computadores, regular o brilho da tela, evitar sentar-se em posições inadequadas e atentar-se à distância da tela, a fim de diminuir o estresse acadêmico durante o ensino a distância.

Digital Eye Strain among Peruvian Nursing Students: Prevalence and Associated Factors.

There has been a high prevalence of digital eye strain (DES) among students who have received distance-learning lessons due to COVID-19. However, in low- and middle-income countries, there are few studies that have analyzed its associated factors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of DES and its associated factors among nursing students during COVID-19 distance learning. This was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted between May and June 2021 in six Peruvian universities. The sample comprised 796 nursing students. DES was measured using the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q). A bivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. DES was found in 87.6% of nursing students. Sitting upright (OR, 0.47; 95% IC, 0.30-0.74), using electronic devices for more than four hours a day (OR, 1.73; 95% IC, 1.02-2.86), not following the 20-20-20 rule (OR, 2.60; 95% IC, 1.25-5.20), having the screen brightness very high (OR, 3.36; 95% IC, 1.23-11.8), and not wearing glasses (OR, 0.59; 95% IC, 0.37-0.93) are factors associated with DES. The prevalence of DES among nursing students is high. Improving the ergonomics of study environments, reducing the time of exposure to electronic devices, adjusting the screen brightness, and taking eye-care measures are key to controlling computer vision syndrome in virtual learning.

Worry and fear as predictors of fatalism by COVID-19 in the daily work of nurses. / Preocupação e medo como preditores de fatalismo por COVID-19 no cotidiano de trabalho dos enfermeiros.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the relationship between the concern and fear of COVID-19 with fatalism in the daily work of nurses. METHOD: analytical cross-sectional study carried out with a total of 449 nurses. Data collection was performed using instruments validated in Peru. In the analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Spearman correlation coefficient were used, and two multiple regression models were estimated, with variable selection in stages. RESULTS: nurses had a moderate level of fatalism and a low level of fear and concern about COVID-19. The first statistical model, which included sociodemographic variables, explains only 3% of the fatalism variance. However, a second model that includes fear and perception explains 33% of it. CONCLUSION: Worry, fear and having been diagnosed with COVID-19 were predictors of fatalism. It is suggested the implementation of psycho-emotional interventions in daily work - aimed at Nursing professionals who present high levels of fear or concern - to reduce fatalism and prevent fatal consequences of the pandemic and promote health.

Validation of a Bullying Scale in Peruvian Adolescents and Gender-Specific Differences.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIPQ) inPeruvian adolescents and to determine gender-specific differences. The sample comprised 532 students in sixth grade of elementary school to third grade of high school. To validate the instrument, we requested an expert judgement and conducted a pilot test. Subsequently, we performed the exploratory factorial analysis, which showed that all the questions were correctly loaded in both components, an aspect that explained the 48.6%variance. We determined the reliability by means of the internal-consistency method using the Cronbach's alfa (αtotal= .856;αvictimization= .807;αaggression= .828). We found gender-specific differences in bullying roles(p<.001). In conclusion, the factorial structure of the EBIPQ in Peruvian adolescents is similar to the original questionnaire and presents high reliability and construct validity.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIPQ) en adolescentes peruanos y determinar sus diferencias según el género. La muestra estuvo conformada por 532 escolares de sexto grado de Primaria a tercer grado de Secundaria. Para la validez del contenido, se realizó el juicio de expertos y una prueba piloto. Posteriormente, se realizó el análisis factorial exploratorio, el cual mostró que todas las preguntas fueron cargadas en forma correcta en los dos componentes, lo que explica el 48.6% de varianza. La confiabilidad se estableció mediante el método de consistencia interna, a través del Alfa de Cronbach (αtotal=.856;αvictimización= .807;αagresión= .828). Se encontraron diferenciasen el rol de acoso escolar según el género (p<.001).En conclusión, la estructura factorial del EBIPQ en adolescentes peruanos es similar al cuestionario original y presenta elevada confiabilidad y validez de constructo.

Validation of the Steinberg Parenting Styles Scale in Peruvian adolescents.

Introduction: There are numerous scales of parenting styles adapted for Peruvian adolescents. In addition, some report a structural model that does not match the model of the original version. Objective: Evaluate the psychometric properties of the Steinberg's Parenting Styles Scale in Peruvian adolescents. Method: The sample included 563 students. A model of relationships in three dimensions is confirmed: involvement, psychological autonomy, and parental supervision. Results: The analysis suggested the elimination of five items. The resulting scale shows a good fit: χ 2 = 469.051, df = 184, χ 2 /df = 2.54, CFI = .95, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .053, SRMR = .063. Likewise, it shows an optimal internal consistency determined by the McDonald's omega index. Conclusion: The internal structure of the questionnaire was similar to the original questionnaire and presented adequate reliability and construct validity. however, additional studies with larger age range samples and different Peruvian subcultures are required to achieve its generalization.

Introducción: Existen numerosas escalas de estilos de crianza adaptadas para adolescentes peruanos. Además, algunos reportan un modelo estructural que no coincide con el modelo de la versión original. Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de estilos de crianza de Steinberg en adolescentes peruanos. Método: La muestra integró 563 estudiantes. Se confirma un modelo de relaciones en tres dimensiones: compromiso, autonomía psicológica y control parental. Resultados: El análisis sugirió la eliminación de cinco ítems. La escala resultante muestra un buen ajuste: χ 2 = 469.051, df = 184, χ 2 /df = 2.54, CFI=.95, TLI=.94, RMSEA=.053, SRMR=.063. Así mismo, da cuenta de una óptima consistencia interna determinada por el índice Omega McDonald. Conclusión: La estructura interna del cuestionario fue similar al cuestionario original y presentó adecuada confiabilidad y validez de constructo. Sin embargo, se requieren estudios adicionales con muestras de mayor rango de edad y diferentes subculturas peruanas para lograr su generalización.

NAT2 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms and antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in Peruvian patients.

BACKGROUND: In Peru, 32,970 people were diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in 2019. Although TB treatment is effective, 3.4%-13% is associated with significant adverse drug reactions (ADR), considering drug-induced liver injury (DILI) as the most prevalent. Among the first-line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid (INH) is primarily responsible for the occurrence of DILI. INH is metabolized in the liver by the enzymes N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) and Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). Based on the previous studies, we hypothesized that the interactions between slow CYP2E1 genotype and NAT2 slow acetylators will induce DILI in TB patients. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, all 377 participants completed their anti-TB treatment, and we genotyped SNPs: rs1041983, rs1801280, rs1799929, rs1799930, rs1208, and rs1799931 for NAT2 and rs3813867 and rs2031920 for CYP2E1. RESULTS: We found that rapid, intermediate, and slow NAT2 acetylator were 15%, 38%, and 47%, respectively, in the general population. Intermediate NAT2 acetylator is the least prevalent among patients with adverse reactions (p = 0.024). We did not confirm our hypothesis, however, we found that the combination of intermediate NAT2 acetylators and CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype significantly protected (OR = 0.16; p = 0.049) against the development of DILI in our population. CONCLUSION: We propose that the presence of NAT2 intermediate and CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype could help in therapeutic drug monitoring, and optimize its therapeutic benefits while minimizing its risk for side effects or toxicity.

Implementation of isoniazid preventive therapy in southern Lima, Peru: an analysis of health center characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) prevention through the use of preventive treatment is a critical activity in the elimination of TB. In multiple settings, limited staffing has been identified as a barrier to managing preventive treatment for TB contacts. This study aims to determine how health center staffing, service type, and TB caseload affects implementation of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for TB contacts in southern Lima. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study in 2019 in southern Lima, Peru. Through the review of medical records, we identified contacts of TB patients who initiated IPT during 2016-2018, and who were 0-19 years old, the age group eligible for IPT according to Peruvian guidelines. We assessed bivariate associations between health center characteristics (numbers of physicians and nurses, types of services available, annual TB caseload) and IPT initiation and completion using binomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 977 contacts, 69% took more than a week to start IPT and 41% did not complete IPT. For those who successfully completed IPT, 58% did not complete full medical follow-up. There was no significant difference in IPT completion or adherence based on whether health centers had more physicians and nurses, more comprehensive services, or higher TB caseloads. Among contacts, female sex was associated with delay in initiating IPT (P = 0.005), age 5-19 years old was associated with completion of IPT (P = 0.025) and age < 5 years old was associated with completion of clinical evaluations (P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: There are significant gaps in IPT implementation in health centers of southern Lima, Peru, but insufficient staffing of health centers may not be responsible. Further research is needed to identify how IPT implementation can be improved, potentially through improving staff training or monitoring and supervision.

Allelic and genotypic frequencies of NAT2, CYP2E1, and AADAC genes in a cohort of Peruvian tuberculosis patients.

BACKGROUND: We determined the frequency of genetic polymorphisms in three anti-TB drug metabolic proteins previously reported: N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) within a Peruvian population in a cohort of TB patients. METHODS: We genotyped SNPs rs1041983, rs1801280, rs1799929, rs1799930, rs1208, and rs1799931 for NAT2; rs3813867 and rs2031920 for CYP2E1; and rs1803155 for AADAC in 395 participants completed their antituberculosis treatment. RESULTS: Seventy-four percent of the participants are carriers of slow metabolizer genotypes: NAT2*5, NAT2*6, and NAT2*7, which increase the sensitivity of INH at low doses and increase the risk of drug-induced liver injuries. Sixty-four percent are homozygous for the wild-type CYP2E1*1A allele, which could increase the risk of hepatotoxicity. However, 16% had a NAT2 fast metabolizer phenotype which could increase the risk of acquiring resistance to INH, thereby increasing the risk of multidrug-resistant (MDR) or treatment failure. The frequency of rs1803155 (AADAC*2 allele) was higher (99.9%) in Peruvians than in European American, African American, Japanese, and Korean populations. CONCLUSIONS: This high prevalence of slow metabolizers for isoniazid in the Peruvian population should be further studied and considered to help individualize drug regimens, especially in countries with a great genetic diversity like Peru. These data will help the Peruvian National Tuberculosis Control Program develop new strategies for therapies.

Factors associated with attitudes towards violence in schoolchildren from marginal urban areas of Metropolitan Lima, 2019. / Factores asociados a las actitudes hacia la violencia en escolares de las zonas urbano-marginales de Lima Metropolitana, 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with attitudes towards violence (ATV) in schoolchildren from public educational institutions (EI) located in marginal urban areas of Metropolitan Lima in 2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive and transversal study. The sample was made up of adolescents from 10 mixed-gender EIs enrolled between the sixth grade of primary school and the third year of secondary school. The questionnaire of attitudes towards violence (CAHV-25) was used. During the bivariate analysis, the Spearman Correlation Coefficient, the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis H test with Dunn's post-hoc adjusted by Bonferroni were used. To determine the associated factors, multivariate analysis was performed using negative binomial regression model. RESULTS: 45.1% of the schoolchildren were female and 87.3% received information on school bullying. In the bivariate analysis, statistically significant differences were found between the ATV scores and age (p = 0.003), sex (p < 0.001), having a social network account (p = 0.009) and year of study (p < 0.001); however, in the multivariate model, the factors associated with the total ATV scores were age (p = 0.012) and sex (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The factors associated with ATV in schoolchildren from public EIs were age and sex, these findings would indicate the need to consider the gender perspective in the analysis of school violence and differentiate interventions according to age.

OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores asociados a las actitudes hacia la violencia (AHV) en escolares de instituciones educativas (IE) públicas ubicadas en zonas urbano-marginales de Lima Metropolitana en 2019. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Los participantes fueron adolescentes de diez IE mixtas del sexto grado de primaria al tercer año de secundaria. Se empleó el cuestionario de actitudes hacia la violencia (CAHV25). En el análisis bivariado se empleó la prueba de coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, la U de Mann-Whitney y la H de Kruskal Wallis con post hoc de Dunn, ajustado por método de Bonferroni. Para determinar los factores asociados se realizó el análisis multivariado mediante un modelo de regresión binomial negative. RESULTADOS: El 45,1% de escolares fueron de sexo femenino y el 87,3% recibió información sobre acoso escolar. En el análisis bivariado, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los puntajes de las AHV con la edad (p = 0,003), el sexo (p < 0,001), tener una cuenta de red social (p = 0,009) y el año de estudios (p < 0,001); sin embargo, en el modelo multivariado, los factores que estuvieron asociados al puntaje total de las AHV fueron la edad (p = 0,012) y el sexo (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: Los factores asociados a las AHV en escolares de IE públicas fueron la edad y el sexo; estos hallazgos indicarían la necesidad de considerar la perspectiva de género en el análisis de la violencia escolar y diferenciar las intervenciones según edad.

Effectiveness of the self-regulation educational program in increasing knowledge about COVID-19 in Peruvian soldiers / Efetividade do Programa Educacional de Autorregulação no Aumento do Conhecimento da COVID-19 em Militares Peruanos / Efectividad del Programa educativo de autorregulación en incrementar conocimientos sobre COVID-19 en militares peruanos

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the educational program based on self-regulation of learning in the level of knowledge about COVID-19 in the soldiers. Methods: Pre-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a single group, carried out in 2020. 179 soldiers from Puno, Peru participated. Two expository-participatory sessions and a demonstrative workshop were developed. A valid (Aiken's V = 0.69) and reliable (McDonald's Omega = 0.81) questionnaire was used. The Friedman's test was used to compare the results pre and post-test. Results: The level of knowledge about COVID-19 and in two of its dimensions changed from poor (pre-test) to regular (post-test). However, in the preventive measures dimension, it changed from poor (pre-test) to excellent (post-test). Conclusion: The proposed educational intervention was effective in increasing knowledge about COVID-19 in the soldiers, mainly in terms of preventive measures.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar a efetividade do programa educacional baseado na autorregulação da aprendizagem a respeito do nível de conhecimento da COVID-19 em militares. Métodos: estudo pré-experimental de desenho pré-teste e pós-teste com um grupo só, realizado em 2020. Participaram 179 militares de Puno, Peru. Duas sessões expositivo-participativas e uma oficina demonstrativa foram desenvolvidas. Foi utilizado um questionário válido (V de Aiken = 0,69) e fiável (Ômega de McDonald = 0,81). O teste de Friedman foi empregado para comparar os resultados em pré e pós-teste. Resultados: o nível de conhecimento sobre a COVID-19 em duas das dimensões mudou de deficiente (pré-teste) para regular (pós-teste). Contudo, na dimensão de medidas preventivas, passou de deficiente (pré-teste) para excelente (pós-teste). Conclusão: a intervenção educacional proposta foi eficaz no aumento do conhecimento da COVID-19 entre os militares, principalmente em termos de medidas preventivas.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad del Programa educativo basado en autorregulación del aprendizaje en el nivel de conocimiento sobre COVID-19 en militares. Métodos: Estudio preexperimental de diseño pretest y postest con un solo grupo, realizado en 2020. Participaron 179 militares de Puno, Perú. Se desarrollaron dos sesiones expositivo-participativas y un taller demostrativo. Se empleó un cuestionario válido (V de Aiken = 0,69) y confiable (Omega de McDonald = 0,81). Se utilizó el test de Friedman para comparar los resultados en pre y postest. Resultados: El nivel de conocimientos sobre COVID-19 y en dos de sus dimensiones cambió de deficiente (pretest) a regular (postest). Sin embargo, en la dimensión medidas preventivas, cambió de deficiente (pretest) a excelente (postest). Conclusión: La intervención educativa propuesta fue efectiva al incrementar los conocimientos sobre COVID-19 en militares, principalmente en cuanto a medidas preventivas.

Perceptions, maltreatment and religion as predictors of the psycho-emotional impact on nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic / Percepções, maltrato e religião como preditores do impacto psicoemocional em enfermeiros durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Percepciones, maltrato y religión como predictores del impacto psicoemocional en enfermeros durante la pandemia COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the relationship between perceptions, abuse and religion with the psycho-emotional impact on nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. It took place between 2020 and 2021 and a total of 319 clinical nurses in Peru were interviewed using the DASS-21. Associations were assessed using Spearman's Rho and multiple regression. Results: 18.5% had some degree of stress; 50.2%, anxiety and 29.1%, depression. Experience of abuse, self-perception of mental health and religion were predictors of stress, anxiety and depression. The length of work experience predicts stress and anxiety. In addition, self-perception of information and gender were predictors of depression. Conclusions: peruvian nurses have high levels of stress, anxiety and depression, and this psycho-emotional impact was associated with perceptions, experiences of abuse and religion.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a relação entre percepções, abuso e religião com o impacto psicoemocional nos enfermeiros durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: estudo transversal descritivo-analítico. Realizado entre 2020 e 2021; foram entrevistados 319 enfermeiros assistenciais no Peru por meio do DASS-21; as associações foram avaliadas usando Rho de Spearman e regressão múltipla. Resultados: 18,5% apresentaram algum grau de estresse; 50,2%, ansiedade e 29,1%, depressão. Experiência de abuso, autopercepção de saúde mental e religião foram preditores de estresse, ansiedade e depressão. O tempo de experiência de trabalho prediz estresse e ansiedade. Além disso, a autopercepção das informações e o gênero foram preditores de depressão. Conclusões: os enfermeiros peruanos apresentam altos níveis de estresse, ansiedade e depressão; e esse impacto psicoemocional foi associado a percepções, experiências de abuso e religião.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la relación entre percepciones, maltrato y religión con el impacto psicoemocional en enfermeros durante la pandemia por covid-19. Métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo-analítico. Fue realizado entre los años 2020 y 2021; se encuestó a 319 enfermeros asistenciales de Perú mediante DASS-21; se evaluaron asociaciones mediante Rho de Spearman y regresión múltiple. Resultados: el 18,5 % presentó algún grado de estrés; el 50,2 %, ansiedad y el 29,1 %, depresión. La experiencia de maltrato, la autopercepción de la salud mental y la religión fueron predictores de estrés, ansiedad y depresión. El tiempo de experiencia laboral predice el estrés y ansiedad. Además, la autopercepción de la información y el género fueron predictores de la depresión. Conclusiones: los enfermeros peruanos presentaron altos niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión; y este impacto psicoemocional estuvo asociado a las percepciones, experiencias de maltrato y la religión.

Variables tecnológicas predictoras del estrés académico en estudiantes de Enfermería en tiempos de COVID-19 / Technological variables predictors of academic stress in nursing students in times of COVID-19 / Variáveis tecnológicas preditoras do estresse acadêmico em estudantes de Enfermagem em tempos de COVID-19

Objetivo: analizar cuáles son las variables tecnológicas, derivadas del uso de dispositivo electrónico, predicen el estrés académico, y sus dimensiones en estudiantes de enfermería. Método: estudio transversal de tipo analítico, realizado en 796 estudiantes de seis universidades de Perú. Se empleó la escala SISCO y para el análisis se estimaron cuatro modelos de regresión logística, con selección de variables por pasos. Resultados: entre los participantes, 87,6% presentaron un nivel alto de estrés académico; el tiempo de uso del dispositivo electrónico, el brillo de la pantalla, la edad y el sexo, estuvieron asociados con el estrés académico y sus tres dimensiones; la posición de uso del dispositivo electrónico estuvo asociada con la escala total y con las dimensiones estresores y reacciones. Finalmente, la distancia entre el rostro y el dispositivo electrónico estuvo asociada con la escala total y la dimensión reacciones. Conclusión: las variables tecnológicas y las características sociodemográficas predicen el estrés académico en estudiantes de enfermería. Se sugiere optimizar el tiempo de uso de las computadoras, regular el brillo de la pantalla, evitar sentarse en posiciones inadecuadas y vigilar la distancia, con la finalidad de reducir el estrés académico durante la enseñanza a distancia.

Objective: to analyze which technological variables, derived from the use of electronic devices, predict academic stress and its dimensions in Nursing students. Method: analytical cross-sectional study carried out with a total of 796 students from six universities in Peru. The SISCO scale was used and four logistic regression models were estimated for the analysis, with selection of variables in stages. Results: among the participants, 87.6% had a high level of academic stress; time using the electronic device, screen brightness, age and sex were associated with academic stress and its three dimensions; the position of using the electronic device was associated with the total scale and the stressors and reactions dimensions. Finally, the distance between the face and the electronic device was associated with the total scale and size of reactions. Conclusion: technological variables and sociodemographic characteristics predict academic stress in nursing students. It is suggested to optimize the time of use of computers, regulate the brightness of the screen, avoid sitting in inappropriate positions and pay attention to the distance, in order to reduce academic stress during distance learning.

Objetivo: analisar quais variáveis tecnológicas, derivadas do uso de dispositivos eletrônicos, predizem o estresse acadêmico e suas dimensões em estudantes de enfermagem. Método: estudo transversal do tipo analítico, realizado em 796 estudantes de seis universidades do Peru. Foi utilizada a escala SISCO e foram estimados quatro modelos de regressão logística para a análise, com seleção das variáveis por etapas. Resultados: entre os participantes, 87,6% apresentaram alto nível de estresse acadêmico; o tempo de uso do aparelho eletrônico, o brilho da tela, a idade e o sexo foram associados ao estresse acadêmico e suas três dimensões; a posição de uso do aparelho eletrônico foi associada à escala total e às dimensões estressores e reações. Por fim, a distância entre o rosto e o dispositivo eletrônico foi associada à escala total e à dimensão das reações. Conclusão: variáveis tecnológicas e características sociodemográficas predizem estresse acadêmico em estudantes de Enfermagem. Sugere-se otimizar o tempo de uso dos computadores, regular o brilho da tela, evitar sentar-se em posições inadequadas e atentar-se à distância da tela, a fim de diminuir o estresse acadêmico durante o ensino a distância.

Desarrollo y validación de una escala de percepción de riesgo de COVID-19 en Perú / Development and validation of a COVID-19 risk perception scale in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Desarrollar y validar una escala de percepción de riesgo ante la COVID-19 (PR-COVID-19-PE) en población peruana. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal psicométrico, realizado en el 2022. En la fase 1 se diseñó la escala inicial mediante revisión teórica, grupos focales, panel de expertos y revisión documental de escalas. En la fase 2 se determinó la escala mediante juicio de expertos y una prueba piloto. En la fase 3 se hizo una encuesta virtual en 678 pobladores peruanos adultos. Se efectuó un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Para determinar la validez de criterio se realizó un análisis correlacional (r de Pearson) con una escala válida de percepción de riesgo y la escala de miedo a la COVID-19. Resultados. La PR-COVID-19-PE está compuesta por dos dimensiones (cognitivo y emocional), presentó buen ajuste en la validez de constructo (x2/gl=2,34, Comparative Fit Index = 0,96, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0,96, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0,05 y Standarized Root Mean-Square = 0,07) y óptima consistencia interna (ώ=0,88). Asimismo, reportó correlación con otra escala de percepción de riesgo ante la COVID-19 (r=0,70, p<0,001) y miedo a la COVID-19 (r = 0,41, p < 0,001). Además, presenta invarianza métrica y escalar tanto por sexo como por nivel educativo. Conclusiones. La escala PR-COVID-19-PE presentó adecuada confiabilidad y validez de contenido, constructo y criterio. Constituye un instrumento para medir la percepción de riesgo ante la COVID-19 en poblaciones similares. Sin embargo, se requiere estudios adicionales en diferentes grupos poblacionales.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To develop and validate a risk perception scale for COVID-19 (PR-COVID-19-PE) in the Peruvian population. Materials and methods. Psychometric cross-sectional study conducted in 2022. In phase 1, in order to design the scale, we carried out a theoretical review and a documentary review of scales, we also used focus groups as well as an expert panel. Phase 2 included expert judgment and a pilot test. A virtual survey was conducted among 678 Peruvian adults during phase 3. A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out as well. We used a correlational analysis (Pearson's r) with a valid risk perception scale and the COVID-19 fear scale to determine criterion validity. Results. The PR-COVID-19-PE has two dimensions (cognitive and emotional) and showed good fit during construct validity (x2/gl=2.34, Comparative Fit Index=0.96, Tucker-Lewis Index=0.96, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation= 0.05 and Standardized Root Mean-Square=0.07) and optimal internal consistency (ώ=0.88). Likewise, the PR-COVID-19-PE showed correlation with another COVID-19 risk perception scale (r=0.70, p< 0.001) and a fear of COVID-19 scale (r=0.41, p<0.001). In addition, it presents metric and scalar invariance by both sex and educational level. Conclusions. The PR-COVID-19-PE scale showed adequate reliability and content, construct and criterion validity. It is an instrument that can measure COVID-19 risk perception in similar populations. However, further studies are required for different populations.

Asociación entre la salud mental positiva y habilidades sociales en estudiantes de enfermería / Associação entre saúde mental positiva e habilidades sociais em estudantes de enfermagem / Association between positive mental health and social skills in nursing students

Resumen Contexto: Los estudiantes de Enfermería (EE) tienen un alto nivel de salud mental positiva (SMP), aspecto que desde un enfoque positivo fue asociado con las habilidades blandas la autocompasión, resiliencia, empatía y autoeficacia; sin embargo, pocos estudios analizaron la relación entre la SMP y las habilidades sociales (HS) como conducta socialmente habilidosa para comportarse de manera asertiva. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre la SMP y las HS en EE de tres universidades del Perú. Metodología: Estudio transversal, descriptivo y correlacional, realizado en el año 2020 mediante un formulario Google Forms. Se empleó la escala de SMP (Lluch Canut, 2000) y la escala de HS (Gismero, 2010). La muestra estuvo conformada por 392 EE seleccionados por muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Para determinar la asociación se aplicaron dos modelos de regresión lineal múltiple, con un nivel de significancia de 0,01. Resultados: Se encontró que los EE tenían un nivel alto de SMP (73,5%), nivel medio de HS (57,9%). Las variables que se relacionan con la SMP de manera positiva fueron: la ocupación (B=0,11, p<0,05), autoexpresión en situaciones sociales (B=0,52, p<0,001), habilidad de hacer peticiones (B=0.18, p<0.001) y las HS (B=0.55, p<0.001); y de manera negativa, la expresión de enfado o disconformidad (B= -0,11, p=0,04) Conclusiones: Existe asociación entre la SMP y las HS; por lo tanto, para mantener el nivel alto de SMP que tienen los EE se sugiere implementar intervenciones multidisciplinarias dirigidas al fortalecimiento de las HS, particularmente en quienes solo se dedican a estudiar.

Resumo Contexto: Os estudantes de Enfermagem (EE) têm um alto nível de saúde mental positiva (SMP), um aspecto que, de um enfoque positivo, foi associado com as habilidades interpessoais de autocompaixão, resiliência, empatia e autoeficácia; contudo, poucos estudos analisaram a relação entre a SMP e as habilidades sociais (HS) como conduta socialmente hábil para comportar-se de forma assertiva. Objetivo: Determinar a associação entre a SMP e as HS nos EE em três universidades no Peru. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, descritivo e correlacional, realizado no ano de 2020 mediante um formulário do Google Forms. Utilizou-se a escala de SMP (Lluch, 2000) e a escala de HS (Gismero, 2010). A amostra consistiu em 392 EE seleccionados por amostragem não probabilística por conveniencia. Para determinar a associação, foram aplicados dois modelos de regressão linear múltipla, com nível de significância de 0,01. Resultados: Foi encontrado que os EE têm um alto nível de SMP (73,5%) e um médio nível de HS (57,9%). As variáveis que estão relacionadas à SMP de modo positivo foram: ocupação (B = 0,11, p < 0,05), autoexpressão em situações sociais (B = 0,55, p < 0,001); e negativamente, a expressão de raiva ou desacordo (B = -0,11, p = 0,04). Conclusões: Há uma associação entre SMP e HS; portanto, para manter o alto nível de SMP que os EE possuem, sugere-se a implementação de intervenções multidisciplinares voltadas ao fortalecimento de HS, principalmente naqueles que se dedicam apenas aos estudos.

Abstract Context: Nursing students (NS) have a high level of positive mental health (PMH), an aspect that since a positive approach was associated with the soft skills of self-compassion, resilience, empathy and self-efficacy; however, few studies have analyzed the relationship between PMH and social skills (SS) as a socially capable behavior to behave in an assertive manner. Objective: To determine the association between the PMH and the SS in NS of three universities in Peru. Methodology: Cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational study, carried out in 2020 using a Google Forms form. The PMH scale (Lluch Canut, 2000) and the SS scale (Gismero, 2010) were used. The sample consisted of 392 NS selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. To determine the association, two multiple linear regression models were applied, with a significance level of 0.01. Results: NS were found to have a high level of PMH (73,5%), a medium level of SS (57.9%). The variables that are related to the PMH in a positive way were: occupation (B=0,11, p<0,05), self-expression in social situations (B=0,52, p<0,001), ability to make requests (B=0.18, p<0.001) and SS (B=0.55, p<0.001); and negatively, the expression of anger or disagreement (B= -0,11, p=0,04) Conclusions: There is an association between PMH and SS; therefore, to maintain the high level of PMH that NS have, it is suggested to implement multidisciplinary interventions aimed at strengthening the SS, particularly in those who only dedicate themselves to study.