Large-Scale Comparative Analyses of Tick Genomes Elucidate Their Genetic Diversity and Vector Capacities.

Among arthropod vectors, ticks transmit the most diverse human and animal pathogens, leading to an increasing number of new challenges worldwide. Here we sequenced and assembled high-quality genomes of six ixodid tick species and further resequenced 678 tick specimens to understand three key aspects of ticks: genetic diversity, population structure, and pathogen distribution. We explored the genetic basis common to ticks, including heme and hemoglobin digestion, iron metabolism, and reactive oxygen species, and unveiled for the first time that genetic structure and pathogen composition in different tick species are mainly shaped by ecological and geographic factors. We further identified species-specific determinants associated with different host ranges, life cycles, and distributions. The findings of this study are an invaluable resource for research and control of ticks and tick-borne diseases.

Surface Engineering and Programmed Self-Assembly of Silica Nanoparticles with Controllable Polystyrene/Poly(4-vinybenzyl azide) Patches.

The programmed self-assembly of patchy nanoparticles (NPs) through a bottom-up approach is an efficient strategy for producing highly organized materials with a predetermined architecture. Herein, we report the preparation of di- and trivalent silica NPs with polystyrene (PS)/poly(4-vinylbenzyl azide) (PVBA) patches and assemble them in a THF mixture by lowering the solvent quality. Silica-PS/PVBA colloidal hybrid clusters were synthesized through the seeded growth emulsion copolymerization of styrene and 4-vinylbenzyl azide (VBA) in varying ratios. Subsequently, macromolecules on silica NPs originating from the copolymerization of growing PS or PVBA chains with the surface-grafted MMS compatibilizer are engineered by fine-tuning of polymer compositions or adjustment of solvent qualities. Moreover, multistage silica regrowth of tripod and tetrapod allowed a fine control of the patch-to-particle size ratio ranging from 0.69 to 1.54. Intriguingly, patchy silica NPs (1-, 2-, 3-PSNs) rather than hybrid clusters are successfully used as templates for multistep regrowth experiments, leading to the formation of silica NPs with a new morphology and size controllable PVBA/PS patches. Last but not least, combined with mesoscale dynamics simulations, the self-assembly kinetics of 2-PSN and 3-PSN into linear colloidal polymers and honeycomb-like lattices are studied. This work paves a new avenue for constructing colloidal polymers with a well-defined sequence and colloidal crystals with a predetermined architecture.

The synthesis of triacylglycerol by diacylglycerol acyltransferases (CsDGAT1A and CsDGAT2D) is essential for tolerance of cucumber's resistance to low-temperature stress.

KEY MESSAGE: CsDGAT1A and CsDGAT2D play a positive regulatory role in cucumber's response to low-temperature stress and positively regulate the synthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG). Triacylglycerol (TAG), a highly abundant and significant organic compound in plants, plays crucial roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. The final acetylation step of TAG synthesis is catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs). However, the involvement of DGATs in cucumber's low-temperature stress response remains unexplored. This study focused on two DGAT genes, CsDGAT1A and CsDGAT2D, investigating their function in enhancing cucumber's low-temperature stress tolerance. Our results revealed that both proteins were the members of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase family and were predominantly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Functional analysis demonstrated that transient silencing of CsDGAT1A and CsDGAT2D significantly compromised cucumber's low-temperature stress tolerance, whereas transient overexpression enhanced it. Furthermore, the TAG content quantification indicated that CsDGAT1A and CsDGAT2D promoted TAG accumulation. In conclusion, this study elucidates the lipid metabolism mechanism in cucumber's low-temperature stress response and offers valuable insights for the cultivation of cold-tolerant cucumber plants.

Activating peroxymonosulfate with Fe-doped biochar for efficient removal of tetracycline: Dual action of reactive oxygen species and electron transfer.

If pharmaceutical wastewater is not managed effectively, the presence of residual antibiotics will result in significant environmental contamination. In addition, inadequate utilization of agricultural waste represents a squandering of resources. The objective of this research was to assess the efficacy of iron-doped biochar (Fe-BC) derived from peanut shells in degrading high concentrations of Tetracycline (TC) wastewater through activated peroxymonosulfate. Fe-BC demonstrated significant efficacy, achieving a removal efficiency of 87.5% for TC within 60 min without the need to adjust the initial pH (20 mg/L TC, 2 mM PMS, 0.5 g/L catalyst). The degradation mechanism of TC in this system involved a dual action, namely Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and electron transfer. The primary active sites were the Fe species, which facilitated the generation of SO4•-, •OH, O2•-, and 1O2. The presence of Fe species and the C=C structure in the Fe-BC catalyst support the electron transfer. Degradation pathways were elucidated through the identification of intermediate products and calculation of the Fukui index. The Toxicity Estimator Software Tool (T.E.S.T.) suggested that the intermediates exhibited lower levels of toxicity. Furthermore, the system exhibited exceptional capabilities in real water and circulation experiments, offering significant economic advantages. This investigation provides an efficient strategy for resource recycling and the treatment of high-concentration antibiotic wastewater.

CDBN-YGXZ, a Novel Small-Molecule Drug, Shows Efficacy against Clostridioides difficile Infection and Recurrence in Mouse and Hamster Infection Models.

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) causes severe diarrhea and colitis, leading to significant morbidity, mortality, and high medical costs worldwide. Oral vancomycin, a first-line treatment for CDI, is associated with a high risk of recurrence, necessitating novel therapies for primary and recurrent CDI. A novel small-molecule compound, CDBN-YGXZ, was synthesized by modifying the benzene ring of nitazoxanide with lauric acid. The mechanism of action of CDBN-YGXZ was validated using a pyruvate:ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) inhibition assay. The efficacy of CDBN-YGXZ was evaluated using the MIC test and CDI infection model in mice and hamsters. Furthermore, metagenomics was used to reveal the underlying reasons for the effective reduction or prevention of CDI after CDBN-YGXZ treatment. The inhibitory activity against PFOR induced by CDBN-YGXZ. MIC tests showed that the in vitro activity of CDBN-YGXZ against C. difficile ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 µg/mL. In the mouse and hamster CDI models, CDBN-YGXZ provided protection during both treatment and relapse, while vancomycin treatment resulted in severe relapse and significant clinical scores. Compared with global effects on the indigenous gut microbiota induced by vancomycin, CDBN-YGXZ treatment had a mild influence on gut microbes, thus resulting in the disappearance or reduction of CDI recurrence. CDBN-YGXZ displayed potent activity against C. difficile in vitro and in vivo, reducing or preventing relapse in infected animals, which could merit further development as a potential drug candidate for treating CDI.

Hsa_circRNA_102051 regulates colorectal cancer proliferation and metastasis by mediating Notch pathway.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of hsa_circRNA_102051 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its effect on the stemness of tumor cells. METHODS: CircRNA microarray was under analysis to screen differentially expressed novel circRNAs in the pathology of CRC. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the relative RNA expression in CRC cells and samples. The effects of hsa_circRNA_102051 on biological functions in CRC cells were accessed both in vitro and in vivo. FISH, RIP and luciferase reporter assay were conducted to confirm the regulatory correlations between hsa_circRNA_102051 and miR-203a, as well as miR-203a and BPTF. Xenograft models were applied to further verify the impacts and fluctuations of hsa_circRNA_102051/miR-203a/BPTF. Moreover, the mechanism how hsa_circRNA_102051 affected the Notch signals was also elucidated. RESULTS: Hsa_circRNA_102051 was up-regulated in CRC tissues and cell lines, capable to promote the growth and invasion of CRC. In addition, hsa_circRNA_102051 could enhance stemness of CRC cells. BPTF was identified as downstream factors of hsa_circRNA_102051, and miR-203a was determined directly targeting both hsa_circRNA_102051 and BPTF as an intermediate regulator. Hsa_circRNA_102051 in CRC could block miR-203a expression, and subsequently activated BPTF. Hsa_circRNA_102051/miR-203a/BPTF axis modulated stemness of CRC cells by affecting Notch pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provided new clues that hsa_circRNA_102051 might be a potential predictive or prognostic factor in CRC, which induced the fluctuation of downstream miR-203a/BPTF, and subsequently influenced tumor growth, activities and stemness. Thereinto, the Notch signals were also involved. Hence, the hsa_circRNA_102051/miR-203a/BPTF axis could be further explored as a therapeutic target for anti-metastatic therapy in CRC patients.

Enzymatic Janus Liposome Micromotors.

A liposome-based micromotor system that utilizes regional enzymatic conversion and gas generation to achieve directional motion in water is presented. Constituted mainly of a low-melting lipid and a high-melting lipid together with cholesterol, these liposomes maintain stable Janus configuration at room temperature as a result of lipid liquid-liquid phase separation. Local placement of enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase is realized via affinity binding between avidin and biotin, the latter as a lipid conjugate sorted specifically into one domain of these Janus liposomes as a minor component. In the presence of the substrate, hydrogen peroxide, these enzyme-decorated Janus liposomes undergo directional motion, yielding velocities exceeding thermal diffusion by three folds in some cases. Experimental details on liposome size control, motor assembly, and substrate distribution are presented; effects of key experimental factors on liposome motion, such as substrate concentration and liposome Janus ratio, are also examined. This work thus provides a viable approach to building asymmetrical lipid-assembled, enzyme-attached colloids and, in addition, stresses the importance of asymmetry in achieving particle directional motion.

Defect transition of smectic liquid crystals confined in spherical cavities.

The formation and transformation of defects in confined liquid crystals are fascinating fundamental problems in soft matter. Here, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study ellipsoidal liquid crystals (LCs) confined in a spherical cavity, which significantly affects the orientation and translation of LC molecules near the surface. The liquid-crystal droplet can present the isotropic to smectic-B phase transition through the smectic-A phase, as the number density of the LC molecules increases. We further find the change of LC structure from bipolar to watermelon-striped during the phase transition from smectic-A (SmA) to smectic-B (SmB) phases. Our results reveal the transition from bipolar defects to the inhomogeneous structures with the coexistence of nematic and smectic phases in smectic liquid-crystal droplets. We also study the influence of the sphere size in the range of 10σ0 ≤ Rsphere ≤ 50σ0 on the structural inhomogeneities. It shows a weak dependence on the sphere size. We further focus on how the structures can be affected by the interaction strength εGB-LJ. Interestingly, we find the watermelon-striped structure can be changed into a configuration with four defects at the vertices of a tetrahedron upon increasing the interaction strength. The liquid crystals at a strong interaction strength of εGB-LJ = 10.0ε0 show the two-dimensional nematic phase at the surface. We further present an explanation for the origin of the striped-pattern formation. Our results highlight the potential for using confinement to control these defects and their associated nanostructural heterogeneity.

Organophosphine as an Alkyl Transfer Shuttle for the Direct ß-Alkylation of Chalcones Using Alkyl Halides.

We report an efficient alkyl transfer strategy for the direct ß-alkylation of chalcones using commercially available alkyl bromides as alkyl reagents. In this transformation, the ortho-phosphanyl substituent in the chalcones is crucial for controlling their reactivity and selectivity. It also serves as a reliable alkyl transfer shuttle to transform electrophilic alkyl bromides into nucleophilic alkyl species in the form of quaternary phosphonium salts and transfer the alkyl group effectively to the ß-position of the chalcones. This alkyl transfer strategy can be further extended to the alkenylation of ortho-phosphanyl benzaldehydes to assemble functionalized polyenes.

Integration of transcriptome and proteome analyses reveals the regulation mechanisms of Larimichthys polyactis liver exposed to heat stress.

Small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) is one of the most economically important marine fishery species. L. polyactis aquaculture has experienced stress response and the frequent occurrence of diseases, bringing huge losses to the aquaculture industry. Little is known about the regulation mechanism of heat stress response in L. polyactis. In this study, to provide an overview of the heat-tolerance mechanism of L. polyactis, the transcriptome and proteome of the liver of L. polyactis on the 6 h after high temperature (32 °C) treatment were analyzed using Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform and isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). A total of 3700 upregulated and 1628 downregulated genes (differentially expressed genes, DEGs) were identified after heat stress in L. polyactis. Also, 198 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 117 upregulated and 81 downregulated proteins, were identified. Integrative analysis revealed that 72 genes were significantly differentially expressed at transcriptome and protein levels. Functional analysis showed that arginine biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum were the main pathways responding to heat stress. Among the pathways, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum was enriched by most DEGs/DEPs, which suggests that this pathway may play a more important role in the heat stress response. Further insights into the pathway revealed that transcripts and proteins, especially HSPs and PDIs, were differentially expressed in response to heat stress. These findings contribute to existing data describing the fish response to heat stress and provide information about protein levels, which are of great significance to a deeper understanding of the heat stress responding regulation mechanism in L. polyactis and other fish species.

Removal of sulfonamide antibiotics by a sonocatalytic Fenton-like reaction: Efficiency and mechanisms.

With the widespread use of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs), SAs are detected as residues in aquatic environments, posing a serious threat to human life and safety. Because of their high water solubility, fast transmission rate, and strong antibacterial properties, the safe disposal of SAs has become a key constraint for water quality assurance. Therefore, an ultrasound (US)-assisted zero-valent iron (ZVI)/persulfate (PS) system was proposed to explore the rapid and effective degradation of SAs. Comparative experiments were performed to study the removal of sulfadiazine (SDZ) by US, ZVI, PS, US/ZVI, US/PS, ZVI/PS, and US-ZVI/PS systems, respectively. Experimental results indicated that the highest removal efficiency of SDZ was ahieved in US-ZVI/PS system (97.4%), which were 2-44 times higher than that in other systems. Furthermore, the degradation efficiency of five typical SAs was achieved over 95%, demonstrating the effectiveness of the US ZVI/PS system for SAs removal. Also, quantum chemical computations for potential reactive sites of SAs and intermediate product detection by HPLC‒MS/MS were performed. The radical attack on active sites of SAs, such as N atom (number 7), was the main reason for SAs removal in US-ZVI/PS system. Besides, the common degradation pathways of six typical SAs were defined as S-N bond cleavage, C-N bond cleavage, benzene ring hydroxylation, aniline oxidation, and R substituent oxidation. Interestingly, the unique pathway of "SO2 group extraction" was observed in the degradation of six-membered ring SAs. Therefore, the US-ZVI/PS system is a promising and cost-effective method for the removal of SAs and other refractory pollutants.

Surface plasmonic coupling of Au nanoparticle arrays with ultrathin hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets for Raman enhancement.

Integration of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with plasmonic nanostructures that possess nanoscale field confinement will enable unusual properties; hence, the manipulation and understanding of the light interactions are highly desirable. Here, we demonstrate the surface plasmonic coupling of Au nanoparticles (ANPs) with ultrathin h-BN nanosheets (BNNS) in nonspecific nanocomposites leading to a great enhancement of the Raman signal of E2g in both experimental and theoretical manner. The nanocomposites were fabricated from liquid-exfoliated atomically thin BNNS and diblock copolymer-based ANPs with excellent dispersion through a self-assembly approach. By precisely varying the size of ANPs from 3 to 9 nm, the Raman signal of BNNS was improved from 1.7 to 71. In addition, the underlying mechanism has been explored from the aspects of electromagnetic field coupling strength between the localized surface plasmons excited from ANPs and the surrounding dielectric h-BN layers, as well as the charge transfer at the BNNS/ANPs interfaces. Moreover, we also demonstrate its capability to detect dye molecules as a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. This work provides a basis for the self-assembly of BNNS hierarchical nanocomposites allowing for plasmon-mediated modulation of their optoelectronic properties, thereby showing the great potential not only in the field of SERS but also in large-scale h-BN-based plasmonic devices.

Helical structures of achiral liquid crystals under cylindrical confinement.

Confined liquid crystals (LCs) exhibit complex and intriguing structures, which are fascinating fundamental problems in soft matter. The helical structure of cylindrical cavities is of great importance in LC studies, particularly for their application in optical devices. In this study, we employ molecular dynamics simulations to explore the behavior of achiral smectic-B LCs confined in narrow cylindrical cavities, where geometric frustration plays an important role. By increasing the cylinder size, LCs exhibit a transition from multi-helical to layered structures. Notably, we observe two stable structures, namely the helical structure and the layered structure, at moderate cylinder size. We also investigate the effects of the arrangement of cylindrical wall particles (hexagonal or square array) and anchoring strength on the LC structure. Our findings reveal that both the hexagonal array and strong anchoring strength promote the formation of helical structures. Our study provides novel insights into the confinement physics of LCs and highlights the potential for achieving helical structures in achiral LCs, which will expand the future applications of LCs.

External field induced defect transformation in circular confined Gay-Berne liquid crystals.

Normally, defects in two-dimensional, circular, confined liquid crystals can be classified into four types based on the position of singularities formed by liquid crystal molecules, i.e., the singularities located inside the circle, at the boundary, outside the circle, and outside the circle at infinity. However, it is considered difficult for small aspect ratio liquid crystals to generate all these four types of defects. In this study, we use molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the defect formed in Gay-Berne, ellipsoidal liquid crystals, with small aspect ratios confined in a circular cavity. As expected, we only find two types of defects (inside the circle and at the boundary) in circular, confined, Gay-Berne ellipsoids under static conditions at various densities, aspect ratios, and interactions between the wall and liquid crystals. However, when introducing an external field to the system, four types of defects can be observed. With increasing the strength of the external field, the singularities in the circular, confined system change from the inside to the boundary and the outside, and the farthest position that the singularities can reach depends on the strength of the external field. We further introduce an alternating, triangular wave, external field to the system to check if we can observe the transformation of different defects within an oscillating period. We find that the position of the singularities greatly depends on the oscillating intensity and oscillating period. By changing the oscillating intensity and oscillating period of the external field, the defect types can be adjusted, and the transformation between different defects can be easily observed. This provides a feasible way to modulate liquid crystal defects and investigate the transformation between different defects.

Real-Time Recognition and Detection of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Trypetidae) Grooming Behavior Using Body Region Localization and Improved C3D Network.

Pest management has long been a critical aspect of crop protection. Insect behavior is of great research value as an important indicator for assessing insect characteristics. Currently, insect behavior research is increasingly based on the quantification of behavior. Traditional manual observation and analysis methods can no longer meet the requirements of data volume and observation time. In this paper, we propose a method based on region localization combined with an improved 3D convolutional neural network for six grooming behaviors of Bactrocera minax: head grooming, foreleg grooming, fore-mid leg grooming, mid-hind leg grooming, hind leg grooming, and wing grooming. The overall recognition accuracy reached 93.46%. We compared the results obtained from the detection model with manual observations; the average difference was about 12%. This shows that the model reached a level close to manual observation. Additionally, recognition time using this method is only one-third of that required for manual observation, making it suitable for real-time detection needs. Experimental data demonstrate that this method effectively eliminates the interference caused by the walking behavior of Bactrocera minax, enabling efficient and automated detection of grooming behavior. Consequently, it offers a convenient means of studying pest characteristics in the field of crop protection.

mGluR5/ERK signaling regulated the phosphorylation and function of glycine receptor α1ins subunit in spinal dorsal horn of mice.

Inhibitory glycinergic transmission in adult spinal cord is primarily mediated by glycine receptors (GlyRs) containing the α1 subunit. Here, we found that α1ins, a longer α1 variant with 8 amino acids inserted into the intracellular large loop (IL) between transmembrane (TM)3 and TM4 domains, was expressed in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, distributed at inhibitory synapses, and engaged in negative control over nociceptive signal transduction. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) specifically suppressed α1ins-mediated glycinergic transmission and evoked pain sensitization. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was critical for mGluR5 to inhibit α1ins. By binding to a D-docking site created by the 8-amino-acid insert within the TM3-TM4 loop of α1ins, the active ERK catalyzed α1ins phosphorylation at Ser380, which favored α1ins ubiquitination at Lys379 and led to α1ins endocytosis. Disruption of ERK interaction with α1ins blocked Ser380 phosphorylation, potentiated glycinergic synaptic currents, and alleviated inflammatory and neuropathic pain. These data thus unraveled a novel, to our knowledge, mechanism for the activity-dependent regulation of glycinergic neurotransmission.

Enzyme-Free Liposome Active Motion via Asymmetrical Lipid Efflux.

As a class of biocompatible, water-dispersed colloids, liposomes have found widespread applications ranging from food to drug delivery. Adding mobility to these colloids, i.e., liposome micromotors, represents an attractive approach to next-generation liposome carriers with enhanced functionality and effectiveness. Currently, it remains unclear as to the scope of material features useful for building liposome micromotors or how they may differ functionally from their inorganic/polymer counterparts. In this work, we demonstrate liposome active motion taking advantage of mainly a pair of intrinsic material properties associated with these assemblies: lipid phase separation and extraction. We show that global phase separation of ternary lipid systems (such as DPPC/DOPC/cholesterol) within individual liposomes yields stable Janus particles with two distinctive liquid domains. While these anisotropic liposomes undergo pure Brownian diffusion in water, similar to their homogeneous analogues, adding extracting agents, cyclodextrins, to the system triggers asymmetrical cholesterol efflux about the liposomes, setting the latter into active motion. We present detailed analyses of liposome movement and cholesterol extraction kinetics to establish their correlation. We explore various experimental parameters as well as mechanistic details to account for such motion. Our results highlight the rich possibility to hierarchically design lipid-based artificial motors, from individual lipids, to their organization, surface chemistry, and interfacial mechanics.

Colloidal cubic diamond photonic crystals through cooperative self-assembly.

Colloidal cubic diamond crystals with low-coordinated and staggered structures could display a wide photonic bandgap at low refractive index contrasts, which makes them extremely valuable for photonic applications. However, self-assembly of cubic diamond crystals using simple colloidal building blocks is still considerably challenging, due to their low packing fraction and mechanical instability. Here we propose a new strategy for constructing colloidal cubic diamond crystals through cooperative self-assembly of surface-anisotropic triblock Janus colloids and isotropic colloidal spheres into superlattices. In self-assembly, cooperativity is achieved by tuning the interaction and particle size ratio of colloidal building blocks. The pyrochlore lattice formed by self-assembly of triblock Janus colloids acts as a soft template to direct the packing of colloidal spheres into cubic diamond lattices. Numerical simulations show that this cooperative self-assembly strategy works well in a large range of particle size ratio of these two species. Moreover, photonic band structure calculations reveal that the resulting cubic diamond lattices exhibit wide and complete photonic bandgaps and the width and frequency of the bandgaps can also be easily adjusted by tuning the particle size ratio. Our work will open up a promising avenue toward photonic bandgap materials by cooperative self-assembly employing surface-anisotropic Janus or patchy colloids as a soft template.

A chiral smectic phase induced by an alternating external field.

Using simple achiral building blocks modulated by an external field to achieve chiral liquid crystal phases remains a challenge. In this study, a chiral helix liquid crystal phase is obtained for a simple Gay-Berne ellipsoid model under an alternating external field by using molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that the chiral helix liquid crystal phase can be observed in a wide range of external field strengths when the oscillation period is smaller than the rotational characteristic diffusion timescale of ellipsoids. In addition, we find that the pitch and tilt angle of the helix structure can also be adjusted by changing the strength and oscillation period of the applied alternating external field. This may provide a feasible route for the regulation of chiral liquid crystal phases by an alternating external field.

Five plants per RIL for phenotyping traits of high or moderate heritability ensure the power of QTL mapping in a rice MAGIC population.

Currently, the power of QTL mapping is mainly dependent on the quality of phenotypic data in a given population, regardless of the statistical method, as the quality of genotypic data is easily guaranteed in the laboratory. Increasing the sample size per line used for phenotyping is a good way to improve the quality of phenotypic data. However, accommodating a large-scale mapping population takes a large area of rice field, which frequently results in high costs and extra environmental noises. To acquire a reasonable small sample size without a penalty in mapping power, we conducted three experiments with a 4-way MAGIC population and measured phenotypes of 5, 10, and 20 plants per RIL. Three traits including heading date, plant height, and tillers per plant were focused. With SNP- and bin-based QTL mapping, 3 major and 3 minor QTLs for heading date with high heritability and 2 major QTLs for plant height with moderate heritability were commonly detected across the three experiments, but no QTL for tillers per plant with low heritability were commonly identified. In addition, bin-based QTL mapping was more powerful than SNP-based mapping and able to rank the genetic effects of parental alleles. Thus, 5 plants per RIL for phenotyping ensure the power of QTL mapping for traits of high or moderate heritability, and bin-based QTL mapping is recommended for multiparent populations.