ABSTRACT
Self-DNA is present in the cytosol of many cancer cells and can promote effective immune rejection of tumor cells, but the mechanisms leading to the presence of cytosolic DNA are unknown. Here, we report that the cleavage of genomic DNA by DNA structure-specific endonuclease MUS81 and PARP-dependent DNA repair pathways leads to the accumulation of cytosolic DNA in prostate cancer cells. The number of nuclear MUS81 foci and the amount of cytosolic dsDNA increased in tandem from hyperplasia to clinical stage II prostate cancers and decreased at stage III. Cytosolic DNA generated by MUS81 stimulated DNA sensor STING-dependent type I interferon (IFN) expression and promoted phagocytic and T cell responses, resulting in type I and II IFN-mediated rejection of prostate tumor cells via mechanisms that partly depended on macrophages. Our results demonstrate that the tumor suppressor MUS81 alerts the immune system to the presence of transformed host cells.
Subject(s)
Autoantigens/metabolism , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , DNA/metabolism , Endonucleases/metabolism , Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Animals , Autoantigens/immunology , Cell Line, Tumor , DNA/immunology , Humans , Interferon Type I/metabolism , Lymphocyte Activation , Male , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Neoplasm Staging , Neoplasms, Experimental , Phagocytosis , Prostatic Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
The presence of damaged and microbial DNA can pose a threat to the survival of organisms. Cells express various sensors that recognize specific aspects of such potentially dangerous DNA. Recognition of damaged or microbial DNA by sensors induces cellular processes that are important for DNA repair and inflammation. Here, we review recent evidence that the cellular response to DNA damage and microbial DNA are tightly intertwined. We also discuss insights into the parameters that enable DNA sensors to distinguish damaged and microbial DNA from DNA present in healthy cells.