Stimuli strategy and learning dynamics promote the wisdom of crowds.

ABSTRACT: Collective wisdom is the ability of a group to perform more effectively than any individual alone. Through an evolutionary game-theoretic model of collective prediction, we investigate the role that reinforcement learning stimulus may play the role in enhancing collective voting accuracy. And collective voting bias can be dismissed through self-reinforcing global cooperative learning. Numeric simulations suggest that the provided method can increase collective voting accuracy. We conclude that real-world systems might seek reward-based incentive mechanism as an alternative to surmount group decision error.

Application value and significance analysis of transcranial color-coded duplex examination and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and neuron-specific enolase detection in the evaluation of the condition of cerebral infarction / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To explore the value and significance of transcranial color-coded duplex (TCCD) parameters, serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels in the evaluation of the condition of cerebral infarction.Methods:One hundred and ten patients with cerebral infarction in Anhui Wanbei Coal-Electricity Group General Hosptial were selected from April 2018 to February 2020, and TCCD examination was performed after admission. Blood samples were taken to determine the levels of serum IGF-1 and NSE, and corresponding treatment was given. The TCCD parameters and serum IGF-1 and NSE levels were compared in patients with different disease severity, plaque nature and different prognosis after 3 months′ follow-up. The correlation between the above indicators and the condition and plaque nature and the predictive value of the prognosis of patients with cerebral infarction were analyzed.Results:The level of IGF-1 were negatively correlated with the severity of disease ( r=- 0.650) and the nature of plaques ( r=- 0.711); and the level of NSE and resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI) were positively correlated with the severity of the disease ( r=0.609, 0.613, 0.645) and the nature of plaques ( r=0.589, 0.579, 0.608), and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). After 3 months′ follow-up, the level of IGF-1 in the favourable prognosispatients was higher than that in the unfavourable prognosis patients, the levels of NSE, RI and PI in the favourable prognosis patients were lower than those in the unfavourable prognosis patients: (9.01 ± 2.64) μg/L vs. (25.13 ± 3.82) μg/L, 1.05 ± 0.19 vs. 1.32 ± 0.22, 0.69 ± 0.06 vs. 0.89 ± 0.07, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of RI, PI, IGF-1 and NSE in predicting the prognosis of cerebral infarction was less than that of combined diagnosis. Conclusions:The early use of TCCD parameters, serum IGF-1 and NSE combined detection can provide evidence-based guidance for evaluating the condition and prognosis of cerebral infarction.

Egr-1 mediating oxidative stress caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation in cardiomyocytes / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate whether ROS/JNK/Egr-1 signaling pathway was activated in cardiomyocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation ( H/R).Methods H9c2 cardiomyocytes were grouped randomly as follows: control group, H/R group, control +the ROS donor xanthine oxidase /hypoxanthine (XO/HX) group, H/R +the ROS scavenger edaravones (EDA) group, H/R +the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) group, H/R +JNK inhibitor SP60012 group.To establish H9c2 H/R models and the myocardial cells were treated with different concentrations of EDA (2 × 10 -6,2 ×10 -5,2 ×10 -4 M), NAC (5 ×10 -4,2 ×10 -3,8 ×10 -3 M), XO/HX (1mU/mL/1.2 ×10 -4 M , 3mU/mL/3.6 ×10 -4 M, 5mU/mL/6.0 × 10 -4 M) and SP600125 (2 ×10 -5 M).ROS level was measured by flow cytometry, and Egr-1, p-JNK and total JNK protein levels were detected by Western blot.ResuIts ROS levels and Egr-1 protein levels in H/R group were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05).The moderate and high concentrations EDA and NAC of ROS scavenger significantly decreased the high levels of ROS and Egr-1 protein ( P<0.05 ) , but there were no significant differences of low concentration.There was a significant positive correlation between ROS levels and Egr-1 protein (r=0.91,P<0.01).JNK activation levels in each concentrations of XO/HX were significantly higher than control group, and JNK activation increased with the increasing of XO/HX concentrations (P<0.05).JNK activation level in H/R group was higher than control group, after treated by EDA and NAC of ROS scavenger and JNK inhibitor, JNA activation reduced (P<0.05).Egr-1 protein levels in H/R group was higher than that in control group, and JNK inhibitor reduced the expression of Egr-1 protein induced by H/R.ConcIusion H/R activates ROS/Egr-1 signaling pathway in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, and JNK activation plays an important role in this pathway.

Replication kinetic properties of HIV-1 CRF_BC novel drug resistance associated mutations / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the drug sensitivity and analyze the replication kinetics of HIV-1 B and CRF07_BC subtypes with I132L or T139K/R mutations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The amino acids in position 132 and 139 of reverse transcriptase (RT) region of the infectious clone PNL4-3 (HIV-1 B subtype) were changed to L and T/R through site mutagenesis. Combined with the previously constructed infectious clone of HIV-1 CRF07_BC subtype with I132L and T139K/R mutations in RT region, mutated PNL4-3 infectious clones were transfected into 293T cells. The infection ability of mutated clones was detected. The drug sensitivity to NNRTIs (TMC-125, DLV, NVP, EFV) and the properties of replication kinetics were also evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mutated infectious clones were constructed including PNL4-3-RT-I132L, PNL4-3-RT-T139K and PNL4-3-RT-T139R. The I132L and T139K/R mutations in HIV-1 B and CRF07_BC infectious clones reduced their drug sensitivity to NNRTIs, which accompanied with the increase of EC50 (concentration for 50% of maximal effect). In subtype CRF07_BC, I132L mutation increased EC50 by 2.55, 19.35, 28.05, 6.13 fold, T139K mutation increased EC50 by 4.67, 3.66, 7.35, 3.30 fold, and T139R mutation increased EC50 by 1.82, 4.69, 25.12, 1.89 fold, respectively. In subtype B, I132L increased EC50 by 3.91, 4.61, 6.38, 3.56 fold, T139K increased EC50 by 3.13, 1.78, 2.26, 2.10 fold, T139R increased EC50 by 5.79, 3.99, 5.78, 2.75 fold, respectively. Similar as wild type PNL4-3, the replication ability of 132L/139K/139R mutated infectious clones reached the peak in day 11. However, compared to wild type BC-WT, I132L/T139R mutations delayed the peak time to day 14 and 21.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The novel drug resistance associated mutations I132L and T139K/R can reduce the drug sensitivity to NNRTIs in subtype B and CRF07_BC, and the replication ability of CRF_07BC declined by I132L mutation.</p>

Resistance evolutionary pathway analysis of HIV-1 CRF_07BC reverse transcriptase / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study resistance evolution pathway of HIV-1 CRF_BC under drug selection pressure, and compare with B subtype.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on the reverse transcriptase region of CRF_ 97BC HIV-1 from 588 treatment-naive and 274 treatment patients, selection pressure based method was used to select resistance-associated mutations, and Bayesian network was used to construct the resistance evolutionary pathway under antiretroviral therapy. Meanwhile, it was constructed that the resistance evolutionary pathway for B subtype with the same regimens using the data from HIV resistance database, and made a comparison with CRF_07BC.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The major resistance mutations for CRF_07BC were identified including K103N, Q197K, V179D and Y188L. While for B subtype, the major resistance mutations include M184V, K103N,Y181C, T69N,G190A, K238T,Y188H and P225H. Much difference was observed between these two classes. However, the classical TMA1 (41L, 210W and 215Y) and TMA2 (67N, 70R and 219E/Q) pathways exist in both pathways. As different from B subtype, the predicted major drug resistance mutations for CRF_07BC did not contain TAM-related mutations, and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-related mutations and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-related mutations were mutually depending on each other.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HIV-1 CRF_07BC showed distinctive resistance evolutionary pathway, the mutations K103N,Q197K,V179D and Y188L were the major resistance mutations, and different resistance evolutionary pathways were observed between HIV-1 CRF_07BC and B subtype.</p>

Analysis of Synonymous Codon Usage Bias in 09H1N1 / 中国病毒学·英文版

A novel subtype of influenza A virus 09H1N1 has rapidly spread across the world. Evolutionary analyses of this virus have revealed that 09H1N1 is a triple reassortant of segments from swine, avian and human influenza viruses. In this study, we investigated factors shaping the codon usage bias of 09H1N1 and carried out cluster analysis of 60 strains of influenza A virus from different subtypes based on their codon usage bias. We discovered that more preferentially used codons of 09H1N1 are A-ended or U-ended, and the intra-genomic codon usage bias of 09H1N1 is quite low. Base composition constraint, dinucleotide biases and translational selection are the main factors influencing the codon usage bias of 09H1N1. At the genome level, we find that the codon usage bias of 09H1N1 is similar to H1N1 (A/swine/Kansas/77778/2007H1N1), H9N2 from Asia, H1N2 from Asia and North America and H3N2 from North America. Our results provide insight for understanding the processes governing evolution, regulation of gene expression, and revealing the evolution of 09H1N1.