The effect of computerised decision support alerts tailored to intensive care on the administration of high-risk drug combinations, and their monitoring: a cluster randomised stepped-wedge trial.

BACKGROUND: Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can harm patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Yet, clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) aimed at helping physicians prevent DDIs are plagued by low-yield alerts, causing alert fatigue and compromising patient safety. The aim of this multicentre study was to evaluate the effect of tailoring potential DDI alerts to the ICU setting on the frequency of administered high-risk drug combinations. METHODS: We implemented a cluster randomised stepped-wedge trial in nine ICUs in the Netherlands. Five ICUs already used potential DDI alerts. Patients aged 18 years or older admitted to the ICU with at least two drugs administered were included. Our intervention was an adapted CDSS, only providing alerts for potential DDIs considered as high risk. The intervention was delivered at the ICU level and targeted physicians. We hypothesised that showing only relevant alerts would improve CDSS effectiveness and lead to a decreased number of administered high-risk drug combinations. The order in which the intervention was implemented in the ICUs was randomised by an independent researcher. The primary outcome was the number of administered high-risk drug combinations per 1000 drug administrations per patient and was assessed in all included patients. This trial was registered in the Netherlands Trial Register (identifier NL6762) on Nov 26, 2018, and is now closed. FINDINGS: In total, 10 423 patients admitted to the ICU between Sept 1, 2018, and Sept 1, 2019, were assessed and 9887 patients were included. The mean number of administered high-risk drug combinations per 1000 drug administrations per patient was 26·2 (SD 53·4) in the intervention group (n=5534), compared with 35·6 (65·0) in the control group (n=4353). Tailoring potential DDI alerts to the ICU led to a 12% decrease (95% CI 5-18%; p=0·0008) in the number of administered high-risk drug combinations per 1000 drug administrations per patient, after adjusting for clustering and prognostic factors. INTERPRETATION: This cluster randomised stepped-wedge trial showed that tailoring potential DDI alerts to the ICU setting significantly reduced the number of administered high-risk drug combinations. Our list of high-risk drug combinations can be used in other ICUs, and our strategy of tailoring alerts based on clinical relevance could be applied to other clinical settings. FUNDING: ZonMw.

Detecting measurable residual disease beyond 10-4 by an IGHV leader-based NGS approach improves prognostic stratification in CLL.

The sensitivity of conventional techniques for reliable quantification of minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is limited to MRD 10-4. Measuring MRD <10-4 could help to further distinguish between patients with CLL with durable remission and those at risk of early relapse. We herein present an academically developed immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (IGHV) leader-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay for the quantification of MRD in CLL. We demonstrate, based on measurements in contrived MRD samples, that the linear range of detection and quantification of our assay reaches beyond MRD 10-5. If provided with sufficient DNA input, MRD can be detected down to MRD 10-6. There was high interassay concordance between measurements of the IGHV leader-based NGS assay and allele-specific oligonucleotide quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (r = 0.92 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.86-0.96]) and droplet digital PCR (r = 0.93 [95% CI, 0.88-0.96]) on contrived MRD samples. In a cohort of 67 patients from the CLL11 trial, using MRD 10-5 as a cutoff, undetectable MRD was associated with superior progression-free survival (PFS) and time to next treatment. More important, deeper MRD measurement allowed for additional stratification of patients with MRD <10-4 but ≥10-5. PFS of patients in this MRD range was significantly shorter, compared with patients with MRD <10-5 (hazard ratio [HR], 4.0 [95% CI, 1.6-10.3]; P = .004), but significantly longer, compared with patients with MRD ≥10-4 (HR, 0.44 [95% CI, 0.23-0.87]; P = .018). These results support the clinical utility of the IGHV leader-based NGS assay.

Perspectives of ICU Patients on Deferred Consent in the Context of Post-ICU Quality of Life: A Substudy of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVES: Deferred consent enables research to be conducted in the ICU when patients are unable to provide consent themselves, and there is insufficient time to obtain consent from surrogates before commencing (trial) treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate how former ICU patients reflect on their participation in a study with deferred consent and examine whether their opinions are influenced by the quality of life (QoL) following hospital discharge. DESIGN: Survey study by questionnaire. SETTING: Eight ICUs in The Netherlands. PATIENTS: Former ICU patients who participated in the ICONIC trial, a multicenter randomized clinical trial that evaluated oxygenation targets in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. INTERVENTIONS: Participants enrolled in the ICONIC trial in one of the eight participating centers in The Netherlands received a questionnaire 6 months after randomization. The questionnaire included 12 close-ended questions on their opinion about the deferred consent procedure. QoL was measured using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. By calculating the EQ-5D index, patients were divided into four QoL quartiles, where Q1 reflects the lowest and Q4 is the highest. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 362 participants who were contacted, 197 responded (54%). More than half of the respondents (59%) were unaware of their participation in the ICONIC study. In total 61% were content with the deferred consent procedure, 1% were not content, 25% neutral, 9% did not know, and 9% answered "other." Those with a higher QoL were more likely to be content ( p = 0.02). In all QoL groups, the legal representative was the most often preferred individual to provide consent. CONCLUSIONS: Former ICU patients who participated in the ICONIC study often did not remember their participation but were predominantly positive regarding the use of deferred consent. Those with a higher QoL were most likely to be content.

Emergency Department Triage, Transfer Times, and Hospital Mortality of Patients Admitted to the ICU: A Retrospective Replication and Continuation Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to provide new insights into the impact of emergency department (ED) to ICU time on hospital mortality, stratifying patients by academic and nonacademic teaching (NACT) hospitals, and considering Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE)-IV probability and ED-triage scores. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study (2009-2020) using data from the Dutch National Intensive Care Evaluation registry. Patients directly admitted from the ED to the ICU were included from four academic and eight NACT hospitals. Odds ratios (ORs) for mortality associated with ED-to-ICU time were estimated using multivariable regression, both crude and after adjusting for and stratifying by APACHE-IV probability and ED-triage scores. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 28,455 patients were included. The median ED-to-ICU time was 1.9 hours (interquartile range, 1.2-3.1 hr). No overall association was observed between ED-to-ICU time and hospital mortality after adjusting for APACHE-IV probability (p = 0.36). For patients with an APACHE-IV probability greater than 55.4% (highest quintile) and an ED-to-ICU time greater than 3.4 hours the adjusted OR (ORsadjApache) was 1.24 (95% CI, 1.00-1.54; p < 0.05) as compared with the reference category (< 1.1 hr). In the academic hospitals, the ORsadjApache for ED-to-ICU times of 1.6-2.3, 2.3-3.4, and greater than 3.4 hours were 1.21 (1.01-1.46), 1.21 (1.00-1.46), and 1.34 (1.10-1.64), respectively. In NACT hospitals, no association was observed (p = 0.07). Subsequently, ORs were adjusted for ED-triage score (ORsadjED). In the academic hospitals the ORsadjED for ED-to-ICU times greater than 3.4 hours was 0.98 (0.81-1.19), no overall association was observed (p = 0.08). In NACT hospitals, all time-ascending quintiles had ORsadjED values of less than 1.0 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with the highest APACHE-IV probability at academic hospitals, a prolonged ED-to-ICU time was associated with increased hospital mortality. We found no significant or consistent unfavorable association in lower APACHE-IV probability groups and NACT hospitals. The association between longer ED-to-ICU time and higher mortality was not found after adjustment and stratification for ED-triage score.

MUC5AC concentrations in lung lavage fluids are associated with acute lung injury after cardiac surgery.

Heart surgery may be complicated by acute lung injury and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Expression and release of mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B in the lungs has been reported to be increased in acute lung injury. The aim of our study was to [1] investigate the perioperative changes of MUC5AC, MUC5B and other biomarkers in mini-bronchoalveolar lavage (minBAL), and [2] relate these to clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery. In this prospective cohort study in 49 adult cardiac surgery patients pre- and post-surgery non-fiberscopic miniBAL fluids were analysed for MUC5AC, MUC5B, IL-8, human neutrophil elastase, and neutrophils. All measured biomarkers increased after surgery. Perioperative MUC5AC-change showed a significant negative association with postoperative P/F ratio (p = 0.018), and a positive association with ICU stay (p = 0.027). In conclusion, development of lung injury after cardiac surgery and prolonged ICU stay are associated with an early increase of MUC5AC as detected in mini-BAL.

Adverse drug events caused by three high-risk drug-drug interactions in patients admitted to intensive care units: A multicentre retrospective observational study.

AIMS: Knowledge about adverse drug events caused by drug-drug interactions (DDI-ADEs) is limited. We aimed to provide detailed insights about DDI-ADEs related to three frequent, high-risk potential DDIs (pDDIs) in the critical care setting: pDDIs with international normalized ratio increase (INR+ ) potential, pDDIs with acute kidney injury (AKI) potential, and pDDIs with QTc prolongation potential. METHODS: We extracted routinely collected retrospective data from electronic health records of intensive care units (ICUs) patients (≥18 years), admitted to ten hospitals in the Netherlands between January 2010 and September 2019. We used computerized triggers (e-triggers) to preselect patients with potential DDI-ADEs. Between September 2020 and October 2021, clinical experts conducted a retrospective manual patient chart review on a subset of preselected patients, and assessed causality, severity, preventability, and contribution to ICU length of stay of DDI-ADEs using internationally prevailing standards. RESULTS: In total 85 422 patients with ≥1 pDDI were included. Of these patients, 32 820 (38.4%) have been exposed to one of the three pDDIs. In the exposed group, 1141 (3.5%) patients were preselected using e-triggers. Of 237 patients (21%) assessed, 155 (65.4%) experienced an actual DDI-ADE; 52.9% had severity level of serious or higher, 75.5% were preventable, and 19.3% contributed to a longer ICU length of stay. The positive predictive value was the highest for DDI-INR+ e-trigger (0.76), followed by DDI-AKI e-trigger (0.57). CONCLUSION: The highly preventable nature and severity of DDI-ADEs, calls for action to optimize ICU patient safety. Use of e-triggers proved to be a promising preselection strategy.

Conservative versus Liberal Oxygenation Targets in Intensive Care Unit Patients (ICONIC): A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Rationale: Supplemental oxygen is widely administered to ICU patients, but appropriate oxygenation targets remain unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether a low-oxygenation strategy would lower 28-day mortality compared with a high-oxygenation strategy. Methods: This randomized multicenter trial included mechanically ventilated ICU patients with an expected ventilation duration of at least 24 hours. Patients were randomized 1:1 to a low-oxygenation (PaO2, 55-80 mm Hg; or oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry, 91-94%) or high-oxygenation (PaO2, 110-150 mm Hg; or oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry, 96-100%) target until ICU discharge or 28 days after randomization, whichever came first. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. The study was stopped prematurely because of the COVID-19 pandemic when 664 of the planned 1,512 patients were included. Measurements and Main Results: Between November 2018 and November 2021, a total of 664 patients were included in the trial: 335 in the low-oxygenation group and 329 in the high-oxygenation group. The median achieved PaO2 was 75 mm Hg (interquartile range, 70-84) and 115 mm Hg (interquartile range, 100-129) in the low- and high-oxygenation groups, respectively. At Day 28, 129 (38.5%) and 114 (34.7%) patients had died in the low- and high-oxygenation groups, respectively (risk ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-1.4; P = 0.30). At least one serious adverse event was reported in 12 (3.6%) and 17 (5.2%) patients in the low- and high-oxygenation groups, respectively. Conclusions: Among mechanically ventilated ICU patients with an expected mechanical ventilation duration of at least 24 hours, using a low-oxygenation strategy did not result in a reduction of 28-day mortality compared with a high-oxygenation strategy. Clinical trial registered with the National Trial Register and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (NTR7376).

Development and External Validation of the International Early Warning Score for Improved Age- and Sex-Adjusted In-Hospital Mortality Prediction in the Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVES: Early Warning Scores (EWSs) have a great potential to assist clinical decision-making in the emergency department (ED). However, many EWS contain methodological weaknesses in development and validation and have poor predictive performance in older patients. The aim of this study was to develop and externally validate an International Early Warning Score (IEWS) based on a recalibrated National Early warning Score (NEWS) model including age and sex and evaluate its performance independently at arrival to the ED in three age categories (18-65, 66-80, > 80 yr). DESIGN: International multicenter cohort study. SETTING: Data was used from three Dutch EDs. External validation was performed in two EDs in Denmark. PATIENTS: All consecutive ED patients greater than or equal to 18 years in the Netherlands Emergency department Evaluation Database (NEED) with at least two registered vital signs were included, resulting in 95,553 patients. For external validation, 14,809 patients were included from a Danish Multicenter Cohort (DMC). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Model performance to predict in-hospital mortality was evaluated by discrimination, calibration curves and summary statistics, reclassification, and clinical usefulness by decision curve analysis. In-hospital mortality rate was 2.4% ( n = 2,314) in the NEED and 2.5% ( n = 365) in the DMC. Overall, the IEWS performed significantly better than NEWS with an area under the receiving operating characteristic of 0.89 (95% CIs, 0.89-0.90) versus 0.82 (0.82-0.83) in the NEED and 0.87 (0.85-0.88) versus 0.82 (0.80-0.84) at external validation. Calibration for NEWS predictions underestimated risk in older patients and overestimated risk in the youngest, while calibration improved for IEWS with a substantial reclassification of patients from low to high risk and a standardized net benefit of 5-15% in the relevant risk range for all age categories. CONCLUSIONS: The IEWS substantially improves in-hospital mortality prediction for all ED patients greater than or equal to18 years.

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT PATIENTS: A MULTICENTER COHORT STUDY.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines and textbooks assert that tachycardia is an early and reliable sign of hypotension, and an increased heart rate (HR) is believed to be an early warning sign for the development of shock, although this response may change by aging, pain, and stress. OBJECTIVE: To assess the unadjusted and adjusted associations between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and HR in emergency department (ED) patients of different age categories (18-50 years; 50-80 years; > 80 years). METHODS: A multicenter cohort study using the Netherlands Emergency department Evaluation Database (NEED) including all ED patients ≥ 18 years from three hospitals in whom HR and SBP were registered at arrival to the ED. Findings were validated in a Danish cohort including ED patients. In addition, a separate cohort was used including ED patients with a suspected infection who were hospitalized from whom measurement of SBP and HR were available prior to, during, and after ED treatment. Associations between SBP and HR were visualized and quantified with scatterplots and regression coefficients (95% confidence interval [CI]). RESULTS: A total of 81,750 ED patients were included from the NEED, and a total of 2358 patients with a suspected infection. No associations were found between SBP and HR in any age category (18-50 years: -0.03 beats/min/10 mm Hg, 95% CI -0.13-0.07, 51-80 years: -0.43 beats/min/10 mm Hg, 95% CI -0.38 to -0.50, > 80 years: -0.61 beats/min/10 mm Hg, 95% CI -0.53 to -0.71), nor in different subgroups of ED patient. No increase in HR existed with a decreasing SBP during ED treatment in ED patients with a suspected infection. CONCLUSION: No association between SBP and HR existed in ED patients of any age category, nor in ED patients who were hospitalized with a suspected infection, even during and after ED treatment. Emergency physicians may be misled by traditional concepts about HR disturbances because tachycardia may be absent in hypotension.

The Impact of Age on Predictive Performance of National Early Warning Score at Arrival to Emergency Departments: Development and External Validation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate how age affects the predictive performance of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) at arrival to the emergency department (ED) regarding inhospital mortality and intensive care admission. METHODS: International multicenter retrospective cohorts from 2 Danish and 3 Dutch ED. Development cohort: 14,809 Danish patients aged ≥18 years with at least systolic blood pressure or pulse measured from the Danish Multicenter Cohort. External validation cohort: 50,448 Dutch patients aged ≥18 years with all vital signs measured from the Netherlands Emergency Department Evaluation Database (NEED). Multivariable logistic regression was used for model building. Performance was evaluated overall and within age categories: 18 to 64 years, 65 to 80 years, and more than 80 years. RESULTS: In the Danish Multicenter Cohort, a total of 2.5% died inhospital, and 2.8% were admitted to the ICU, compared with 2.8% and 1.6%, respectively, in the NEED. Age did not add information for the prediction of intensive care admission but was the strongest predictor for inhospital mortality. For NEWS alone, severe underestimation of risk was observed for persons above 80 while overall Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) was 0.82 (confidence interval [CI] 0.80 to 0.84) in the Danish Multicenter Cohort versus 0.75 (CI 0.75 to 0.77) in the NEED. When combining NEWS with age, underestimation of risks was eliminated for persons above 80, and overall AUROC increased significantly to 0.86 (CI 0.85 to 0.88) in the Danish Multicenter Cohort versus 0.82 (CI 0.81 to 0.83) in the NEED. CONCLUSION: Combining NEWS with age improved the prediction performance regarding inhospital mortality, mostly for persons aged above 80, and can potentially improve decision policies at arrival to EDs.

Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA for the Detection of Heart Allograft Injury: The Impact of the Timing of the Liquid Biopsy.

Background: In heart transplant recipients, donor-derived cell-free DNA (ddcfDNA) is a potential biomarker for acute rejection (AR), in that increased values may indicate rejection. For the assessment of ddcfDNA as new biomarker for rejection, blood plasma sampling around the endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) seems a practical approach. To evaluate the effect of the EMB procedure on ddcfDNA values, ddcfDNA values before the EMB were pairwise compared to ddcfDNA values after the EMB. We aimed at evaluating whether it matters whether the ddcfDNA sampling is done before or after the EMB-procedure. Methods: Plasma samples from heart transplant recipients were obtained pre-EMB and post-EMB. A droplet digital PCR method was used for measuring ddcfDNA, making use of single-nucleotide polymorphisms that allowed both relative quantification, as well as absolute quantification of ddcfDNA. Results: Pairwise comparison of ddcfDNA values pre-EMB with post-EMB samples (n = 113) showed significantly increased ddcfDNA concentrations and ddcfDNA% in post-EMB samples: an average 1.28-fold increase in ddcfDNA concentrations and a 1.31-fold increase in ddcfDNA% was observed (p = 0.007 and p = 0.03, respectively). Conclusion: The EMB procedure causes iatrogenic injury to the allograft that results in an increase in ddcfDNA% and ddcfDNA concentrations. For the assessment of ddcfDNA as marker for AR, collection of plasma samples before the EMB procedure is therefore essential.

The effect of treatment and clinical course during Emergency Department stay on severity scoring and predicted mortality risk in Intensive Care patients.

BACKGROUND: Treatment and the clinical course during Emergency Department (ED) stay before Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission may affect predicted mortality risk calculated by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE)-IV, causing lead-time bias. As a result, comparing standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) among hospitals may be difficult if they differ in the location where initial stabilization takes place. The aim of this study was to assess to what extent predicted mortality risk would be affected if the APACHE-IV score was recalculated with the initial physiological variables from the ED. Secondly, to evaluate whether ED Length of Stay (LOS) was associated with a change (delta) in these APACHE-IV scores. METHODS: An observational multicenter cohort study including ICU patients admitted from the ED. Data from two Dutch quality registries were linked: the Netherlands Emergency department Evaluation Database (NEED) and the National Intensive Care Evaluation (NICE) registry. The ICU APACHE-IV, predicted mortality, and SMR based on data of the first 24 h of ICU admission were compared with an ED APACHE-IV model, using the most deviating physiological variables from the ED or ICU. RESULTS: A total of 1398 patients were included. The predicted mortality from the ICU APACHE-IV (median 0.10; IQR 0.03-0.30) was significantly lower compared to the ED APACHE-IV model (median 0.13; 0.04-0.36; p < 0.01). The SMR changed from 0.63 (95%CI 0.54-0.72) to 0.55 (95%CI 0.47-0.63) based on ED APACHE-IV. Predicted mortality risk changed more than 5% in 321 (23.2%) patients by using the ED APACHE-IV. ED LOS > 3.9 h was associated with a slight increase in delta APACHE-IV of 1.6 (95% CI 0.4-2.8) compared to ED LOS < 1.7 h. CONCLUSION: Predicted mortality risks and SMRs calculated by the APACHE IV scores are not directly comparable in patients admitted from the ED if hospitals differ in their policy to stabilize patients in the ED before ICU admission. Future research should focus on developing models to adjust for these differences.

The association between vital signs and clinical outcomes in emergency department patients of different age categories.

BACKGROUND: Appropriate interpretation of vital signs is essential for risk stratification in the emergency department (ED) but may change with advancing age. In several guidelines, risk scores such as the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) scores, commonly used in emergency medicine practice (as well as critical care) specify a single cut-off or threshold for each of the commonly measured vital signs. Although a single cut-off may be convenient, it is unknown whether a single cut-off for vital signs truly exists and if the association between vital signs and in-hospital mortality differs per age-category. AIMS: To assess the association between initial vital signs and case-mix adjusted in-hospital mortality in different age categories. METHODS: Observational multicentre cohort study using the Netherlands Emergency Department Evaluation Database (NEED) in which consecutive ED patients ≥18 years were included between 1 January 2017 and 12 January 2020. The association between vital signs and case-mix adjusted mortality were assessed in three age categories (18-65; 66-80; >80 years) using multivariable logistic regression. Vital signs were each divided into five to six categories, for example, systolic blood pressure (SBP) categories (≤80, 81-100, 101-120, 121-140, >140 mm Hg). RESULTS: We included 101 416 patients of whom 2374 (2.3%) died. Adjusted ORs for mortality increased gradually with decreasing SBP and decreasing peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2). Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) had quasi-U-shaped associations with mortality. Mortality did not increase for temperatures anywhere in the range between 35.5°C and 42.0°C, with a single cut-off around 35.5°C below which mortality increased. Single cut-offs were also found for MAP <70 mm Hg and respiratory rate >22/min. For all vital signs, older patients had larger increases in absolute mortality compared with younger patients. CONCLUSION: For SBP, DBP, SpO2 and HR, no single cut-off existed. The impact of changing vital sign categories on prognosis was larger in older patients. Our results have implications for the interpretation of vital signs in existing risk stratification tools and acute care guidelines.

Association Between an Increase in Serum Sodium and In-Hospital Mortality in Critically Ill Patients.

OBJECTIVES: In critically ill patients, dysnatremia is common, and in these patients, in-hospital mortality is higher. It remains unknown whether changes of serum sodium after ICU admission affect mortality, especially whether normalization of mild hyponatremia improves survival. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Ten Dutch ICUs between January 2011 and April 2017. PATIENTS: Adult patients were included if at least one serum sodium measurement within 24 hours of ICU admission and at least one serum sodium measurement 24-48 hours after ICU admission were available. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-IV-predicted mortality was used to assess the difference between mean of sodium measurements 24-48 hours after ICU admission and first serum sodium measurement at ICU admission (Δ48 hr-[Na]) and in-hospital mortality. In total, 36,660 patients were included for analysis. An increase in serum sodium was independently associated with a higher risk of in-hospital mortality in patients admitted with normonatremia (Δ48 hr-[Na] 5-10 mmol/L odds ratio: 1.61 [1.44-1.79], Δ48 hr-[Na] > 10 mmol/L odds ratio: 4.10 [3.20-5.24]) and hypernatremia (Δ48 hr-[Na] 5-10 mmol/L odds ratio: 1.47 [1.02-2.14], Δ48 hr-[Na] > 10 mmol/L odds ratio: 8.46 [3.31-21.64]). In patients admitted with mild hyponatremia and Δ48 hr-[Na] greater than 5 mmol/L, no significant difference in hospital mortality was found (odds ratio, 1.11 [0.99-1.25]). CONCLUSIONS: An increase in serum sodium in the first 48 hours of ICU admission was associated with higher in-hospital mortality in patients admitted with normonatremia and in patients admitted with hypernatremia.

Rhinovirus Detection in the Nasopharynx of Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery Is Not Associated With Longer PICU Length of Stay: Results of the Impact of Rhinovirus Infection After Cardiac Surgery in Kids (RISK) Study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether children with asymptomatic carriage of rhinovirus in the nasopharynx before elective cardiac surgery have an increased risk of prolonged PICU length of stay. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, single-center, blinded observational cohort study. SETTING: PICU in a tertiary hospital in The Netherlands. PATIENTS: Children under 12 years old undergoing elective cardiac surgery were enrolled in the study after informed consent of the parents/guardians. INTERVENTIONS: The parents/guardians filled out a questionnaire regarding respiratory symptoms. On the day of the operation, a nasopharyngeal swab was obtained. Clinical data were collected during PICU admission, and PICU/hospital length of stay were reported. If a patient was still intubated 3 days after operation, an additional nasopharyngeal swab was collected. Nasopharyngeal swabs were tested for rhinovirus and other respiratory viruses with polymerase chain reaction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 163 included children, 74 (45%) tested rhinovirus positive. Rhinovirus-positive patients did not have a prolonged PICU length of stay (median 2 d each; p = 0.257). Rhinovirus-positive patients had a significantly shorter median hospital length of stay compared with rhinovirus-negative patients (8 vs 9 d, respectively; p = 0.006). Overall, 97 of the patients (60%) tested positive for one or more respiratory virus. Virus-positive patients had significantly shorter PICU and hospital length of stay, ventilatory support, and nonmechanical ventilation. Virus-negative patients had respiratory symptoms suspected for a respiratory infection more often. In 31% of the children, the parents reported mild upper respiratory complaints a day prior to the cardiac surgery, this was associated with postextubation stridor, but no other clinical outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative rhinovirus polymerase chain reaction positivity is not associated with prolonged PICU length of stay. Our findings do not support the use of routine polymerase chain reaction testing for respiratory viruses in asymptomatic children admitted for elective cardiac surgery.

Mortality prediction by SOFA score in ICU-patients after cardiac surgery; comparison with traditional prognostic-models.

BACKGROUND: There are many prognostic models and scoring systems in use to predict mortality in ICU patients. The only general ICU scoring system developed and validated for patients after cardiac surgery is the APACHE-IV model. This is, however, a labor-intensive scoring system requiring a lot of data and could therefore be prone to error. The SOFA score on the other hand is a simpler system, has been widely used in ICUs and could be a good alternative. The goal of the study was to compare the SOFA score with the APACHE-IV and other ICU prediction models. METHODS: We investigated, in a large cohort of cardiac surgery patients admitted to Dutch ICUs, how well the SOFA score from the first 24 h after admission, predict hospital and ICU mortality in comparison with other recalibrated general ICU scoring systems. Measures of discrimination, accuracy, and calibration (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Brier score, R2, and C-statistic) were calculated using bootstrapping. The cohort consisted of 36,632 Patients from the Dutch National Intensive Care Evaluation (NICE) registry having had a cardiac surgery procedure for which ICU admission was necessary between January 1st, 2006 and June 31st, 2018. RESULTS: Discrimination of the SOFA-, APACHE-IV-, APACHE-II-, SAPS-II-, MPM24-II - models to predict hospital mortality was good with an AUC of respectively: 0.809, 0.851, 0.830, 0.850, 0.801. Discrimination of the SOFA-, APACHE-IV-, APACHE-II-, SAPS-II-, MPM24-II - models to predict ICU mortality was slightly better with AUCs of respectively: 0.809, 0.906, 0.892, 0.919, 0.862. Calibration of the models was generally poor. CONCLUSION: Although the SOFA score had a good discriminatory power for hospital- and ICU mortality the discriminatory power of the APACHE-IV and SAPS-II was better. The SOFA score should not be preferred as mortality prediction model above traditional prognostic ICU-models.

Emergency Department to ICU Time Is Associated With Hospital Mortality: A Registry Analysis of 14,788 Patients From Six University Hospitals in The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVES: Prolonged emergency department to ICU waiting time may delay intensive care treatment, which could negatively affect patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether emergency department to ICU time is associated with hospital mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study using data from the Dutch quality registry National Intensive Care Evaluation. Adult patients admitted to the ICU directly from the emergency department in six university hospitals, between 2009 and 2016, were included. Using a logistic regression model, we investigated the crude and adjusted (for disease severity; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV probability) odds ratios of emergency department to ICU time on mortality. In addition, we assessed whether the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV probability modified the effect of emergency department to ICU time on mortality. Secondary outcomes were ICU, 30-day, and 90-day mortality. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 14,788 patients were included. The median emergency department to ICU time was 2.0 hours (interquartile range, 1.3-3.3 hr). Emergency department to ICU time was correlated to adjusted hospital mortality (p < 0.002), in particular in patients with the highest Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV probability and long emergency department to ICU time quintiles: odds ratio, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.02-1.64 (2.4-3.7 hr) and odds ratio, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.11-2.14 (> 3.7 hr), both compared with the reference category (< 1.2 hr). For 30-day and 90-day mortality, we found similar results. However, emergency department to ICU time was not correlated to adjusted ICU mortality (p = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged emergency department to ICU time (> 2.4 hr) is associated with increased hospital mortality after ICU admission, mainly driven by patients who had a higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV probability. We hereby provide evidence that rapid admission of the most critically ill patients to the ICU might reduce hospital mortality.

Respiratory Viruses in Invasively Ventilated Critically Ill Patients-A Prospective Multicenter Observational Study.

OBJECTIVES: The presence of respiratory viruses and the association with outcomes were assessed in invasively ventilated ICU patients, stratified by admission diagnosis. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Five ICUs in the Netherlands. PATIENTS: Between September 1, 2013, and April 30, 2014, 1,407 acutely admitted and invasively ventilated patients were included. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Nasopharyngeal swabs and tracheobronchial aspirates were collected upon intubation and tested for 14 respiratory viruses. Out of 1,407 patients, 156 were admitted because of a severe acute respiratory infection and 1,251 for other reasons (non-severe acute respiratory infection). Respiratory viruses were detected in 28.8% of severe acute respiratory infection patients and 17.0% in non-severe acute respiratory infection (p < 0.001). In one third, viruses were exclusively detected in tracheobronchial aspirates. Rhinovirus and human metapneumovirus were more prevalent in severe acute respiratory infection patients (9.6% and 2.6% vs 4.5 and 0.2%; p = 0.006 and p < 0.001). In both groups, there were no associations between the presence of viruses and the number of ICU-free days at day 28, crude mortality, and mortality in multivariate regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory viruses are frequently detected in acutely admitted and invasively ventilated patients. Rhinovirus and human metapneumovirus are more frequently found in severe acute respiratory infection patients. Detection of respiratory viruses is not associated with worse clinically relevant outcomes in the studied cohort of patients.

Estimating severity of influenza epidemics from severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in intensive care units.

BACKGROUND: While influenza-like-illness (ILI) surveillance is well-organized at primary care level in Europe, few data are available on more severe cases. With retrospective data from intensive care units (ICU) we aim to fill this current knowledge gap. Using multiple parameters proposed by the World Health Organization we estimate the burden of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in the ICU and how this varies between influenza epidemics. METHODS: We analyzed weekly ICU admissions in the Netherlands (2007-2016) from the National Intensive Care Evaluation (NICE) quality registry (100% coverage of adult ICUs in 2016; population size 14 million) to calculate SARI incidence, SARI peak levels, ICU SARI mortality, SARI mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV score, and the ICU SARI/ILI ratio. These parameters were calculated both yearly and per separate influenza epidemic (defined epidemic weeks). A SARI syndrome was defined as admission diagnosis being any of six pneumonia or pulmonary sepsis codes in the APACHE IV prognostic model. Influenza epidemic periods were retrieved from primary care sentinel influenza surveillance data. RESULTS: Annually, an average of 13% of medical admissions to adult ICUs were for a SARI but varied widely between weeks (minimum 5% to maximum 25% per week). Admissions for bacterial pneumonia (59%) and pulmonary sepsis (25%) contributed most to ICU SARI. Between the eight different influenza epidemics under study, the value of each of the severity parameters varied. Per parameter the minimum and maximum of those eight values were as follows: ICU SARI incidence 558-2400 cumulated admissions nationwide, rate 0.40-1.71/10,000 inhabitants; average APACHE score 71-78; ICU SARI mortality 13-20%; ICU SARI/ILI ratio 8-17 cases per 1000 expected medically attended ILI in primary care); peak-incidence 101-188 ICU SARI admissions in highest-incidence week, rate 0.07-0.13/10,000 population). CONCLUSIONS: In the ICU there is great variation between the yearly influenza epidemic periods in terms of different influenza severity parameters. The parameters also complement each other by reflecting different aspects of severity. Prospective syndromic ICU SARI surveillance, as proposed by the World Health Organization, thereby would provide insight into the severity of ongoing influenza epidemics, which differ from season to season.

A systematic approach to develop a core set of parameters for boards of directors to govern quality of care in the ICU.

OBJECTIVE: Hospital boards are legally responsible for the quality of care delivered by healthcare professionals in their hospitals, but experience difficulties in overseeing quality and safety risks. This study aimed to select a core set of parameters for boards to govern quality of care in the intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN: Two-round Delphi study. SETTING: Two university hospitals in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: An expert panel of 12 former ICU patients or their family members, 12 ICU nurses, 12 ICU physicians and 12 members of boards of directors and quality managers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants indicated the relevance of existing parameters for assessing the quality of ICU care for governance purposes (round 1) and selected 10 quality parameters that together provide boards of directors with a good representation of quality of care in their ICU (round 2). RESULTS: We identified 122 quality parameters related to care in the ICU, which we limited to a short list to present to participants in round 1. The response rate was 94% in round 1 and 85% in round 2. The final set consisted of the 10 most frequently selected quality parameters per hospital. Five parameters were included in both sets; all related to patient safety and continuous quality improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Parameters in the core set were mostly qualitative and generic, rather than quantitative and ICU-specific in nature. To engage in a true dialog about quality of care, boards are more interested in the story behind the numbers than in just the numbers themselves.