ABSTRACT
This report describes the detection of zoonotic Cryptosporidium muris, C. parvum subgenotype IIa and Giardia duodenalis genotype B in urban rodents in Malaysia. A rare occurrence of C. meleagridis was also reported suggesting a role of rodents in mechanical transmission of this pathogen. Utilization of DNA sequencing and subtyping analysis confirmed the presence of zoonotic C. parvum subtypes IIaA17G2R1 and IIaA16G3R1 for the first time in rodents.
Subject(s)
Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology , Cryptosporidium/genetics , Genotype , Giardia lamblia/genetics , Giardiasis/veterinary , Rodentia/parasitology , Animals , Cryptosporidiosis/transmission , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , Feces/parasitology , Giardiasis/epidemiology , Giardiasis/transmission , Malaysia/epidemiology , Phylogeny , RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Urban Renewal , Zoonoses/epidemiology , Zoonoses/parasitologyABSTRACT
Objective: Genetical characterization of human Cryptosporidium isolates to determine species diversity. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study in Valparaiso, Chile, was performed. A total of 458 patients participated in the study: 259 immunodeficient (HIV, cancer, renal transplant hyper-IgM syndrome, HIV and unintended pregnancy) and 178 immunocompetent individuals provided stool samples and 21 patients bile samples. Results: We obtained 29 (6.3%) positive samples. 25 (9.7%) derived from immunodeficient patients: 18 (7.3%) from HIV patients and 7 from patients with other immunodeficiencies. The remaining 4 (2.2%) samples originated from immunocompetent individuals. Cryptosporidium genotyping was performed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragments length polymorphism and/or PCR followed by sequencing of the SSU rRNA from oocysts in stool samples. 4 species were identified: C. parvum, C. hominis, C. muris, and C. meleagridis. In immunodeficient patients, 16 C. parvum, 8 C. hominis, and 1 C. muris strain were identified. In immunocompetent participants, 3 C. hominis and 1 C. meleagridis isolate were found. Conclusion: The results indicate that zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission occurs and that C. parvum is the predominant species in our study population. Cryptosporidium species of zoonotic transmission accounted for 62% of the human infections detected in this study.
Objetivo: Caracterizar genéticamente Cryptosporidium spp para determinar la diversidad de especies en seres humanos. Pacientes y Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en Valparaíso, Chile, Un total de 458 pacientes participaron del estudio; 259 inmunodeficientes (pacientes con infección por VIH, oncológicos, con trasplante renal, síndrome de hiper IgM y una mujer embarazada sin infección por VIH) y 178 inmunocompetentes proporcionaron muestras fecales y 21 muestras de bilis. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 29 (6,3%) muestras positivas; 25 (9,7%) de inmunodeficientes: 18 (7,3%) de pacientes con infección por VIH y 7 con otras inmunodeficiencias; los restantes 4 (2,2%) fueron de personas inmunocompetentes. La genotipificación de Cryptosporidium se efectuó mediante reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC) anidada y el polimorfismo de la longitud de los fragmentos de restricción y/o RPC - secuenciación de la SSU ARNr, a partir de ooquistes en la muestra fecal. Se identificaron 4 especies: C. parvum, C. hominis, C. muris y C. meleagridis. En pacientes inmunodeficientes, se caracterizaron 16 C. parvum, 8 C. hominis y un C. muris; en inmunocompetentes: 3 C. hominis y un C. meleagridis. Conclusión: Los resultados indican que se produce transmisión zoonótica y antroponótica y que C. parvum es la especie predominante en este estudio. Las especies de Cryptosporidium de transmisión zoonótica representan el 62% en los seres humanos participantes de este estudio.