ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Lupus erythematosus (LE) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease, that can affect the skin to varying degree. In particular, discoid LE (DLE) and the rare form of lupus panniculitis/profundus are associated with scarring alopecia. The heterogeneity of the clinical, dermatoscopic, and histologic presentation poses a major challenge to the clinician in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of other forms of scarring alopecia. OBJECTIVE: While noninvasive imaging techniques using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) have proven to be helpful in the diagnosis of scarring alopecia in the context of LE, this study aimed to investigate line-field confocal OCT (LC-OCT) to identify characteristic features of cicatricial alopecia in LE. METHODS: Fifteen patients with cicatricial alopecia in LE were included and the most affected/inflamed areas of the scalp were prospectively examined. In analogy to histopathology and previously reported criteria in RCM, all images were evaluated according to seven established criteria and underwent descriptive analyses. RESULTS: LC-OCT revealed characteristic features of cicatricial alopecia, such as lymphocytic interface dermatitis (14/15; 93.3%) and basal cell vacuolization (13/15; 86.7%). The most impressive feature was the occurrence of prominent hyperreflective fibers in 14/15 patients (93.3%). CONCLUSION: LC-OCT imaging can noninvasively detect morphologic criteria such as lymphocytic and vacuolar interface dermatitis of cicatricial alopecia due to LE. In particular, the presence of hyperreflective collagen fibers appears to be a characteristic easily recognizable feature that may facilitate differential diagnosis with other forms of cicatricial alopecia. Further studies are mandatory to differentiate other forms of scarring alopecia.
Subject(s)
Alopecia , Cicatrix , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Humans , Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods , Alopecia/pathology , Alopecia/diagnostic imaging , Female , Cicatrix/diagnostic imaging , Cicatrix/pathology , Adult , Middle Aged , Male , Diagnosis, Differential , Microscopy, Confocal/methods , Young Adult , Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid/pathology , Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid/diagnostic imaging , Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid/complications , Prospective Studies , Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous/pathology , Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous/diagnostic imaging , AgedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The position of the pulsed dye laser (PDL) in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases is still unclear. Evidence-based recommendations are lacking. OBJECTIVES: We sought to systematically review all available literature concerning PDL treatment for inflammatory skin diseases and to propose a recommendation. METHODS: We searched for publications dated between January 1992 and August 2011 in the database PubMed. All studies reporting on PDL treatment for an inflammatory skin disease were obtained and a level of evidence was determined. RESULTS: Literature search revealed 52 articles that could be included in this study. The inflammatory skin diseases treated with PDL consisted of: psoriasis, acne vulgaris, lupus erythematodes, granuloma faciale, sarcoidosis, eczematous lesions, papulopustular rosacea, lichen sclerosis, granuloma annulare, Jessner lymphocytic infiltration of the skin, and reticular erythematous mucinosis. The efficacy of PDL laser treatment for these inflammatory skin diseases was described and evaluated. LIMITATIONS: Most conclusions formulated are not based on randomized controlled trials. CONCLUSIONS: PDL treatment can be recommended as an effective and safe treatment for localized plaque psoriasis and acne vulgaris (recommendation grade B). For all other described inflammatory skin diseases, PDL seems to be promising, although the level of recommendation did not exceed level C.