ABSTRACT
Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are known risk factors and drivers of breast and ovarian cancers. So far, few studies have been focused on understanding the differences in transcriptome and functional landscapes associated with the disease (breast vs. ovarian cancers), gene (BRCA1 vs. BRCA2), and mutation type (germline vs. somatic). In this study, we were aimed at systemic evaluation of the association of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline and somatic mutations with gene expression, disease clinical features, outcome, and treatment. We performed BRCA1/2 mutation centered RNA-seq data analysis of breast and ovarian cancers from the TCGA repository using transcriptome and phenotype "portrayal" with multi-layer self-organizing maps and functional annotation. The results revealed considerable differences in BRCA1- and BRCA2-dependent transcriptome landscapes in the studied cancers. Furthermore, our data indicated that somatic and germline mutations for both genes are characterized by deregulation of different biological functions and differential associations with phenotype characteristics and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-inhibitor gene signatures. Overall, this study demonstrates considerable variation in transcriptomic landscapes of breast and ovarian cancers associated with the affected gene (BRCA1 vs. BRCA2), as well as the mutation type (somatic vs. germline). These results warrant further investigations with larger groups of mutation carriers aimed at refining the understanding of molecular mechanisms of breast and ovarian cancers.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , BRCA1 Protein/genetics , BRCA2 Protein/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Mutation , Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics , Transcriptome , Adult , BRCA1 Protein/metabolism , BRCA2 Protein/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Breast Neoplasms/mortality , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Computational Biology/methods , Female , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Humans , Middle Aged , Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy , Ovarian Neoplasms/mortality , Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology , Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1/genetics , Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1/metabolism , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/genetics , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism , Survival Analysis , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Our knowledge in vascular anomalies has grown tremendously in the past decade with the identification of key molecular pathways and genetic mutations that drive the development of vascular tumors and vascular malformations. This has led us to better understand the pathogenesis of vascular lesions, refine their diagnosis and update their classification while also exploring the opportunity for a targeted molecular treatment. This paper aims to provide an overview of venous malformations (VM) in childhood. Specific entities include common VMs, cutaneo-mucosal VM, blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome or Bean syndrome, glomuvenous malformation, cerebral cavernous malformation, familial intraosseous vascular malformation and verrucous venous malformation. The clinicopathological features and the molecular basis of each entity are reviewed.