Ultrasonographic images and correspondence with real color sectioned images of the upper limb.

PURPOSE: For basic training in ultrasonography (US), medical students and residents must learn cross-sectional anatomy. However, the present educational material is not sufficient to learn the sectional anatomy for US. This study aimed to provide a criterion for reading ambiguous structures on US images of upper limb through the sectioned images of Visible Korean. METHODS: US images of the right arm of a volunteer were scanned (28 planes). For comparison with US images, the sectioned images of the right upper limb (24 bits color, 0.5 mm intervals, 0.06 mm × 0.06 mm sized pixel) were used. After the volume model was constructed from the sectioned images using MRIcroGL, new sectioned images of 28 planes corresponding to the US images of 28 planes were created by adjusting the slope of the volume model. In all images, the anatomical terms of 59 structures from the shoulder to the fingers were annotated. RESULTS: In the atlas, which consists of 28 sets of US images and sectioned images of various slope planes, 59 structures of the shoulder, arm, elbow, wrist, palm, and fingers were observed in detail. CONCLUSION: We were able to interpret the ambiguous structures on the US images using the sectioned images with high resolution and actual color. Therefore, to learn the cross-sectional anatomy for US, the sectioned images from the Visible Korean project were deemed to be the suitable data because they contained all human gross anatomical information.

Cone beam computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the region of the fetlock in the horse (Equus caballus).

This study aimed to delineate the detailed anatomy of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in healthy horses using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The fetlock region of 15 cadaveric forelimbs and 14 cadaveric hindlimbs from nine adult horses without orthopaedic disease underwent CBCT scanning. Additionally, arthrography CBCT scans were conducted following intra-articular injection of a radiopaque contrast medium containing blue epoxy resin dye. Subsequently, limbs were frozen and sectioned to visualize anatomical structures in sectional planes corresponding to selected CBCT images. CBCT proved suitable for detailed visualization of the bony components of the fetlock region. Furthermore, the common digital extensor tendon, superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, suspensory ligament, and straight and oblique sesamoidean ligaments were identifiable on CBCT images. However, certain ligaments, such as the collateral sesamoidean ligaments and intersesamoidean ligaments, were not clearly identified. The hyaline cartilage of the MCP and MTP joint facets was assessable on the post-contrast sequence. In cases where a radiographic or ultrasound examination cannot provide a definitive diagnosis and determine the extent of disease, CBCT can provide additional valuable data on the equine MCP and MTP joint. The images obtained in this study can serve as a reference for CBCT examination of the equine MCP and MTP joint.

Abdominal ultrasound in amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) (Natterer, 1883) / Ultrassonografia abdominal em peixe boi amazônico (Trichechus inunguis (Natterer, 1883)

Morphophysiological species researches are fundamental, and diagnostic imaging is an excellent technique, already used in wild animals, with great application, not invasive and provide real-time information of each body. Amazonian manatees are on the list of endangered animals classified in the vulnerable category and knowledge of the normal pattern of ultrasound anatomy of organs and tissues is important for the maintenance and well-being of captive specimens contributing to reintroduction actions. The objective of the study was to standardize the examination technique and describe the ultrasound findings of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder and the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal region in Trichechus inunguis, in order to contribute with the anatomical and sonographic knowledge and assist in the diagnosis and prognosis diseases. The study used 18 animals to describe the normal sonographic anatomy in the abdominal cavity of the Amazonian manatee. During abdominal scan, it was possible to visualize the features of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder obtained satisfactory results in this study. Therefore, other structures were not primarily identified by the reduced time, lots of fat and gases in intestines of animals.

Pesquisas morfofisiológicas em espécies selvagens são fundamentais, e o diagnóstico por imagem é uma excelente técnica, já usada e com grande aplicação, não invasiva e que fornece informações em tempo real de cada órgão. Peixes-boi-amazônico encontram-se na lista de animais ameaçados de extinção classificados na categoria vulnerável e o conhecimento do padrão normal da anatomia ultrassonográfica de órgãos e tecidos é importante para a manutenção e bem-estar de espécimes em cativeiro contribuindo para ações de reintrodução. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar a técnica de exame e descrever os achados ultrassonográficos do fígado, vesícula biliar, estômago, vesícula urinária e o tecido subcutâneo da região abdominal em Trichechus inunguis, de modo a contribuir com o conhecimento anátomo-sonográfico e auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças. O estudo utilizou 18 animais para descrever a anatomia ultrassonográfica normal na cavidade abdominal de peixe-boi amazônico. Durante a varredura abdominal foi possível visualizar as características dos órgãos obtendo resultados satisfatórios neste estudo, concluindo ser uma técnica eficiente para avaliação de determinados órgãos abdominais em peixe-boi amazônico. Entretanto, outras estruturas não foram identificadas principalmente pelo tempo reduzido, muita gordura e gases nos intestinos dos animais.

Impresiones 3D de cortes transversales de un cuerpo humano: un recurso didáctico para el estudio de la anatomía seccional / 3D prints of cross sections of a human body: a teaching resource for the study of sectional anatomy

Los cursos de anatomía constituyen un componente esencial del currículo de medicina, aportando las bases morfológicas para el examen clínico, la interpretación de imágenes médicas y la práctica segura de intervenciones quirúrgicas y procedimientos. Recientemente, la tecnología de impresión 3D ha permitido generar réplicas de disecciones de segmentos corporales a escala real que se utilizan como recursos docentes para el estudio de la anatomía humana, generando así modelos docentes de alta verosimilitud que sirven como alternativa al uso de preparaciones cadavéricas para la docencia anatómica. En este trabajo presentamos los resultados obtenidos al utilizar nuestro kit KAN3D que incluye réplicas físicas de secciones transversales del tronco y de las extremidades y una plataforma que aloja los modelos digitales debidamente rotulados, producto financiado con el proyecto FONDEF IT16I10073. La aplicación de estos productos en docencia señalan que las réplicas de secciones transversales de segmentos corporales presentan una alta verosimilitud en términos de forma, color, topografía y texturas, características que las validan como un excelente recurso docente para la docencia y el aprendizaje de la anatomía seccional humana. El kit KAN3D pone a disposición de los estudiantes de las carreras de la salud recursos de alta verosimilitud, disponibles a libre demanda, que les permita reproducir la experiencia de la actividad práctica de Morfología en el momento y lugar en que ellos se encuentren dispuestos, superando así las limitaciones de acceso a los pabellones de Anatomía y a material cadavérico de calidad.

Anatomy courses constitute an essential component of the medical curriculum, providing the morphological basis for the clinical examination, the interpretation of medical images and the safe practice of surgical interventions and procedures. Recently, 3D printing technology has allowed to generate replicas of dissections of body segments on a real scale that are used as teaching resources for the study of human anatomy, thus generating high-likelihood teaching models that serve as an alternative to the use of cadaveric preparations for Anatomical teaching. In this paper we present the results obtained by using our KAN3D kit that includes physical replicas of cross sections of the trunk and extremities and a platform that houses properly labeled digital models, a product financed with the FONDEF IT16I10073 project. The application of these products in teaching indicate that replicas of cross sections of body segments have a high likelihood in terms of shape, color, topography and textures, characteristics that validate them as an excellent teaching resource for teaching and learning the human sectional anatomy. The KAN3D kit makes available to students of health careers a high-likelihood resources, accesible on demand, that allows them to reproduce the experience of the practical activity of Morphology at the time and place where they are willing, exceeding thus the limitations of access to the Anatomy pavilions and quality cadaveric material.

Variations in the Cross-Sectional Shape of the Apical Thirds of the Root Canals in Maxillary and Mandibular Teeth

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of cross-sectional variations in the apical thirds of the root canals in maxillary and mandibular teeth. Material and Methods: Eighty tooth samples (maxillary second premolar, maxillary first molar, and mandibular first molar) were scanned using micro-computed tomography. The apical third area of each root canal was sectioned and the maximum and minimum diameters were calculated from the mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters. The shapes were categorized as a round, oval, long oval, and flat based on the ratios obtained. Results: The most common shape of the apical third of the root canals in the maxillary second premolars was oval (66.7%), followed by long oval (24.6%), flat (7%), and round (1.7%). The corresponding values in the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molars were oval (68.2%), long oval (22.7%), flat (9.1%), 94.1% of the distobuccal roots were oval, while the remaining were long oval (5.9%). All the palatal root canals were oval. In the mesiobuccal root of the mandibular first molars, 47.4% were long oval in shape, followed by 36.8% oval and 15.8% flat canals. All the mesiolingual root canals were oval, whereas, in the distal root, 68.4% were oval, 21.1% long oval, and 10.5% were flat. Conclusion: The oval shape was most commonly observed in the majority of the root canals. Knowledge about the apical anatomy of the root can help the operator improve the root canal treatment's success.

2D browsing software and 3D PDF of canine ear based on real color sectioned images / Software de navegación 2D y PDF en 3D del oído canino basado en imágenes seccionadas en color real

Dog ear is very important because of disease vulnerability. Therefore, gross anatomy and sectional anatomy on CT and MRI of the dog ear should be mastered by veterinarian. The purpose of this research was to present the digital atlases which high quality sectioned images and 3D models of detailed structures of dog ear could be displayed freely. In the sectioned images of a female beagle, ear structures were reconstructed by surface modeling to make 3D models. The sectioned images and 3D models were put into the browsing software and PDF file, respectively. Using the browsing software and the PDF file, gross and radiological anatomy of dog ear could be learned easily and accurately. The auditory tube of a dog was placed anterior to the tympanic cavity unlike human. The tensor tympani muscle of a dog was connected to the dorsal wall of the tympanic cavity with the malleus. No remarkable difference in the auditory ossicles, semicircular ducts, facial nerve, and endolymphatic duct was observed between dogs and humans. The software and the PDF file will be provided to other researchers freely to help contribute to veterinary research and education.

La oreja del perro es importante debido a la vulnerabilidad de enfermedad. Por lo tanto, el veterinario debe conocer plenamente la anatomía macroscópica y la anatomía seccional en la TC y la RM del oído del perro. El objetivo de esta investigación fue presentar los atlas digitales que podían mostrar imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad y modelos 3D de estructuras detalladas de orejas de perro. En las imágenes seccionadas de una hembra Beagle, las estructuras de las orejas se reconstruyeron mediante modelado de superficie con el objetivo de crear modelos 3D. Las imágenes seccionadas y los modelos 3D se colocaron en un software de navegación y un archivo PDF. El uso de software de navegación y el archivo PDF permiten un aprendizaje fácil y preciso de la anatomía macroscópica y radiológica de la oreja de perro. El músculo tensor del tímpano de un perro estaba conectado a la pared dorsal de la cavidad timpánica con el martillo. No se observaron diferencias notables en los huesecillos auditivos, los conductos semicirculares, el nervio facial y el conducto endolinfático entre perros y humanos. El software y el archivo PDF estarán disponibles libremente para los investigadores para ayudar en la investigación y educación veterinaria.

Late administration of caffeine affects cardiac maturation in chick embryos: a combined two and threedimensional morphogenetic and gene analyses

Cardiac malformations are very prevalent and can be caused both by defective genes and envi-ronmental teratogens. Among the latter, caffeine causes malformations when exposed during early cardiac development, whereas its later effects are still unclear. We exposed three-day incubated (D3) chick embryos to 2 mg caffeine and analyzed them at D5, D7 and D9. The embryos were serially sec-tioned and analyzed two-dimensionally. Alternatively, the sections of D9 embryos were reconstructed three-dimensionally using Amira® software and analyzed volumetrically. The expres-sion of genes involved in endothelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) was studied by real-time PCR. Interestingly, caffeine treatment at D3 em-bryos did not induce cardiac malformations, but did delay growth, in particular that of the ventricles and ventricular trabeculae. Furthermore, it affected EMT in the endocardial cushion and atrioventricu-lar valves. Gene-expression analysis revealed that caffeine had a progressively deleterious effect on the expressions of GATA4, MMP2, SNAIL1, TWIST1, and VIMENTIN. The effect of late caf-feine administration on the chicken embryos would provide suggestive evident towards a possible heart developmental defect in humans, particularly heavy caffeine consumers during pregnancy

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Asociación de la reincidencia de accidentes con materiales biológicos con el perfil de los trabajadores de la salud / Association of the recurrence of accidents with biological materials with the profile of health workers

Objetivo principal: analizar la relación entre la reincidencia de accidentes con materiales biológicos y el perfil de los trabajadores de las instituciones de salud. Metodología: descriptivo-analítico, transversal, cuantitativo, realizado en el Servicio de Asistencia Especializada, con 73 trabajadores de Instituciones de salud que sufrieron accidentes con material biológica. Se utilizó un cuestionario con características relacionadas al trabajo ya los accidentes, que fueron analizados por medio de estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados principales: las variables edad, tiempo de actuación, carga horaria semanal y unidad de trabajo, se asociaron a la reincidencia de accidentes (p <0,05). Los trabajadores accidentados más de una vez presentaron una edad superior a 41 años, más tiempo de experiencia y carga horaria inferior a 40 horas semanales. La prevalencia de accidentes aumentó 11% (RP: 1,11) mes/trabajo, siendo la reexposición 66% menor (RP: 0,24) para carga horaria entre 40-59hs. Conclusión principal: los resultados sugieren que la reincidencia de los accidentes puede estar relacionada con el mayor tiempo de experiencia profesional y la carga horaria inferior a 40 horas semanales

Objective: to verify the association between recurrence of accidents with biological materials and the profile of the workers of Health Institutions. Methods: Methods: descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional, quantitative, performed in the Specialized Assistance Service, with 73 workers from health institutions that suffered an accident with material biological. A questionnaire with characteristics related to work and accidents was used, which were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: the variables age, time of action, weekly workload and work unit were associated to recurrence of accidents (p <0.05). More than once workers were injured more than 41 years old, with more experience and less than 40 hours a week. The prevalence of accidents increased by 11% (RP: 1.11) month/work, with reexposure being 66% lower (PR: 0.24) for the workload between 40-59hs. Conclusions: the results suggest that the recurrence of accidents may be related to the greater time of professional experience and the workload less than 40 hours per week

Diagnóstico prenatal ultrasonográfico de hemivértebra / Prenatal Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Hemivertebrae

Introducción: La hemivértebra es un raro defecto congénito de la columna vertebral fetal en la que solo se desarrolla el cuerpo vertebral de un lado, lo cual provoca su deformidad. Objetivo: Presentar un caso con diagnóstico ecográfico tridimensional prenatal de hemivértebra, como único defecto. Método: Se realizó evaluación ecográfica prenatal y examen anátomo patológico y radiológico posmortem al feto con escoliosis congénita provocado por hemivértebra. Se revisó la literatura sobre este defecto congénito, su diagnóstico prenatal y otros aspectos genéticos que deben tenerse en cuenta para el asesoramiento a la familia. Presentación de caso: Gestante de 28 años remitida a la consulta provincial de Genética Médica en la ciudad de Camagüey, Cuba, el 25 de septiembre del 2018, por sospecha ultrasonográfica de hemivértebra fetal con 20 semanas de gestación. Se confirma diagnóstico a esta instancia, mediante ultrasonografía tridimensional. Con el consentimiento familiar informado se realiza interrupción de la gestación y se comprueba el diagnóstico prenatal realizado por estudios radiológicos y anátomo patológico de la región dorso lumbar. Conclusiones: Se concluye como un defecto congénito múltiple, aislado, de posible etiología multifactorial. Se destacó el valor de la ecografía tridimensional, vista sagital coronal, como método no invasivo más empleado para el diagnóstico prenatal(AU)

Introduction: The hemivertebrae is a rare congenital defect of the fetal spine in which only the vertebral body develops on one side, resulting in deformity. Objective: To present a case with three-dimensional prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of hemivertebrae, as the only defect. Method: Prenatal ultrasound evaluation, postmortem anatomopathological and radiological examination were performed in a fetus with congenital scoliosis caused by hemivertebrae. The literature on this congenital defect, the prenatal diagnosis and other genetic aspects that should be taken into account for family counseling was reviewed. Case report: A 28-year-old pregnant woman referred to the provincial office of Medical Genetics in Camagüey, Cuba, on September 25, 2018, due to ultrasonographic suspicion of fetal hemivertebrae. She was 20 weeks of gestation. Diagnosis is confirmed by three-dimensional ultrasonography. After the informed family consent, the pregnancy was interrupted. The prenatal diagnosis was verified by radiological and pathological studies of the lumbar back region. Conclusions: It is concluded as a multiple congenital defect, isolated, of possible multifactorial etiology. The value of three-dimensional ultrasound, coronal sagittal view, was highlighted as the most commonly used, non-invasive method for prenatal diagnosis(AU)

A case of cervical rib andneurovascular compression inRoman period

The possibility to study axial anomalies directly on a skeletal individual is not very frequent. One well preserved skeletal individual from an Italian site dating to the late antique period (5th -4th centuries CE) was studied. This individual shows some interesting skeletal changes in the vertebrae and ribs. A supernumerary rib was found. It is a cervical rib connected to the 1st thoracic rib, presumably with a fibrous bundle. The presence of cervical ribs can produce neurovascular compression of the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels. Because of this, it is often a cause of thoracic out-let syndrome (TOS). In our case the presence of a cervical rib articulated with the first thoracic rib through a probable fibrous band could have re-stricted the space where the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels pass through, creating a state of neurovascular compression, similar

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Variaciones anatómicas de la silla turca en radiografías laterales de cráneo. Hospital "Faustino Pérez", 2017-2018 / Anatomic variants of sella turcica in lateral crania radiographies. Hospital "Faustino Pérez¨, 2017-2018

RESUMEN Introducción: diversos autores reflejan que la morfología de la silla turca constituye un factor predisponente para algunas enfermedades. Por ejemplo, se considera que existe correlación entre la morfología de esta estructura anatómica y varias patologías; como el síndrome de la silla turca vacía, síndrome de Williams, paladar hendido, entre otras. Objetivo: describir las variaciones anatómicas de la silla turca que se observan en las radiografías laterales de cráneo del Hospital Universitario "Faustino Pérez" de la ciudad de Matanzas, en el período de enero del 2017 a enero del 2018. Materiales y métodos: el universo fue 140 radiografías laterales de cráneo, de estas 85 pertenecieron al sexo femenino y 55 al masculino. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, sexo y variaciones anatómicas de la silla turca. Se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos. Resultados: se observó un predominio de la variación anatómica de la silla turca en forma de U, en ambos sexos. Seguido de la forma de J, predominando la variación en forma de U en el grupo etario de 41 a 50 años y la forma de J en los pacientes mayores de 60 años. Conclusiones: es imprescindible el conocimiento de la anatomía normal de la silla turca y de sus variaciones anatómicas, tanto para las especialidades quirúrgicas como para las no quirúrgicas. Un análisis exhaustivo de la morfología de esta estructura es necesario para establecer parámetros que excluyan determinadas patologías.

ABSTRACT Introduction: several authors declare that sella turcica morphology is a predisposing factor to several diseases. For example, it is considered that there is a correlation between the morphology of this anatomical structure and several pathologies like empty sella turcica syndrome, Williams syndrome, cleft palate and others. Objective: to describe the anatomical variants of sella turcica observed in side cranial radiographies of the University Hospital ¨Faustino Perez¨ of Matanzas, in the period January 2017-January 2018. Materials and methods: the universe was 140 side cranial radiography: 85 belonged to female patients and 55 to male patients. The studied variables were age, sex and sella turcica anatomical variables. Theoretic and empirical methods were used. Results: it was observed a predominance of the U-shaped sella turcica anatomical variant in both sexes, followed by the J-shaped one. The U-shaped form predominated in the 41-50-years-old age-group and the J-shaped form in patients elder than 60 years. Conclusions: it is essential to know sella turcica normal anatomy and its anatomical variables, both for the surgical specialties and for the non-surgical ones. It is necessary the exhaustive analysis of this structure to establish parameters excluding several pathologies.

Variaciones anatómicas de la silla turca en radiografías laterales de cráneo. Hospital "Faustino Pérez", 2017-2018 / Anatomic variants of sella turcica in lateral crania radiographies. Hospital “Faustino Pérez¨, 2017-2018

RESUMEN Introducción: diversos autores reflejan que la morfología de la silla turca constituye un factor predisponente para algunas enfermedades. Por ejemplo, se considera que existe correlación entre la morfología de esta estructura anatómica y varias patologías; como el síndrome de la silla turca vacía, síndrome de Williams, paladar hendido, entre otras. Objetivo: describir las variaciones anatómicas de la silla turca que se observan en las radiografías laterales de cráneo del Hospital Universitario "Faustino Pérez" de la ciudad de Matanzas, en el período de enero del 2017 a enero del 2018. Materiales y métodos: el universo fue 140 radiografías laterales de cráneo, de estas 85 pertenecieron al sexo femenino y 55 al masculino. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, sexo y variaciones anatómicas de la silla turca. Se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos. Resultados: se observó un predominio de la variación anatómica de la silla turca en forma de U, en ambos sexos. Seguido de la forma de J, predominando la variación en forma de U en el grupo etario de 41 a 50 años y la forma de J en los pacientes mayores de 60 años. Conclusiones: es imprescindible el conocimiento de la anatomía normal de la silla turca y de sus variaciones anatómicas, tanto para las especialidades quirúrgicas como para las no quirúrgicas. Un análisis exhaustivo de la morfología de esta estructura es necesario para establecer parámetros que excluyan determinadas patologías (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: several authors declare that sella turcica morphology is a predisposing factor to several diseases. For example, it is considered that there is a correlation between the morphology of this anatomical structure and several pathologies like empty sella turcica syndrome, Williams syndrome, cleft palate and others. Objective: to describe the anatomical variants of sella turcica observed in side cranial radiographies of the University Hospital ¨Faustino Perez¨ of Matanzas, in the period January 2017-January 2018. Materials and methods: the universe was 140 side cranial radiography: 85 belonged to female patients and 55 to male patients. The studied variables were age, sex and sella turcica anatomical variables. Theoretic and empirical methods were used. Results: it was observed a predominance of the U-shaped sella turcica anatomical variant in both sexes, followed by the J-shaped one. The U-shaped form predominated in the 41-50-years-old age-group and the J-shaped form in patients elder than 60 years. Conclusions: it is essential to know sella turcica normal anatomy and its anatomical variables, both for the surgical specialties and for the non-surgical ones. It is necessary the exhaustive analysis of this structure to establish parameters excluding several pathologies (AU).

The rich heritage of anatomical texts during Renaissance and thereafter: a lead up to Henry Gray's masterpiece / 대한해부학회지

Advanced Sectioned Images of a Cadaver Head with Voxel Size of 0.04 mm

BACKGROUND: The sectioned images of a cadaver head made from the Visible Korean project have been used for research and educational purposes. However, the image resolution is insufficient to observe detailed structures suitable for experts. In this study, advanced sectioned images with higher resolution were produced for the identification of more detailed structures. METHODS: The head of a donated female cadaver was scanned for 3 Tesla magnetic resonance images and diffusion tensor images (DTIs). After the head was frozen, the head was sectioned serially at 0.04-mm intervals and photographed repeatedly using a digital camera. RESULTS: On the resulting 4,000 sectioned images (intervals and pixel size, 0.04 mm³; color depth, 48 bits color; a file size, 288 Mbytes), minute brain structures, which can be observed not on previous sectioned images but on microscopic slides, were observed. The voxel size of this study (0.04 mm³) was very minute compared to our previous study (0.1 mm³; resolution, 4,368 × 2,912) and Visible Human Project of the USA (0.33 mm³; resolution, 2,048 × 2,048). Furthermore, the sectioned images were combined with tractography of the DTIs to elucidate the white matter with high resolution and the actual color of the tissue. CONCLUSION: The sectioned images will be used for diverse research, including the applications for the cross sectional anatomy and three-dimensional models for virtual experiments.

The Differences in Paranasal Sinus Pneumatization after Adolescence in Korean / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The embryological development of paranasal sinuses has been revealed by previous articles although few studies have reported on the differences of paranasal sinus pneumatization according to age after adolescence. We evaluated changes in paranasal sinus pneumatization in the ages ranging from 10s to over 60s. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A retrospective review was carried out for patients who underwent osteomeatal unit three-dimensional computed tomography from January 2008 to March 2017. Two hundred and forty patients were selected and matched for age, sex, and existence of sinusitis. The biggest cross-sectional area (CSA) of each sinus was selected from each patient, which was then corrected to the size of the face. CSA and corrected CSA (cCSA) values were used together for analysis. RESULTS: CSAs of frontal, maxillary, sphenoid sinuses gradually increased in the ages ranging in the 30s, and then significantly decreased from those in the 40s onwards. In particular, these tendencies were statistically significant in all types of sinuses between the 30s and 40s, (p0.05). CSAs in patients with chronic sinusitis were not different from those in patients without chronic sinusitis in every sinus and all age groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study shows that older people have smaller sinuses, and sex difference and existence of sinusitis have no effect on the pneumatization of the sinuses.

New Viewpoint of Surface Anatomy Using the Curved Sectional Planes of a Male Cadaver

BACKGROUND: The curved sectional planes of the human body can provide a new approach of surface anatomy that the classical horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes cannot do. The purpose of this study was to verify whether the curved sectional planes contribute to the morphological comprehension of anatomical structures. METHODS: By stacking the sectioned images of a male cadaver, a volume model of the right half body was produced (voxel size 1 mm). The sectioned images with the segmentation data were also used to build another volume model. The volume models were peeled and rotated to be screen captured. The captured images were loaded on user-friendly browsing software that had been made in the laboratory. RESULTS: The browsing software was downloadable from the authors' homepage (anatomy.co.kr). On the software, the volume model was peeled at 1 mm thicknesses and rotated at 30 degrees. Since the volume models were made from the cadaveric images, actual colors of the structures were displayed in high resolution. Thanks to the segmentation data, the structures on the volume model could be automatically annotated. Using the software, the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the internal jugular vein in the neck region, the cubital fossa in the upper limb region, and the femoral triangle in the lower limb region were observed to be described. CONCLUSION: For the students learning various medical procedures, the software presents the needed graphic information of the human body. The curved sectional planes are expected to be a tool for disciplinary convergence of the sectional anatomy and surface anatomy.

Real-Color Volume Models Made from Real-Color Sectioned Images of Visible Korean

BACKGROUND: Volume models made from magnetic resonance images on computed tomographs can produce horizontal, coronal, sagittal, and oblique planes that are used widely in clinics, although detailed structures cannot be identified. Existing real color volume models are mostly commercial and their production methods have not been released. The aim of this study was to distribute free of charge, real-color volume models produced from sectioned images with the production method. METHODS: The original voxel size of sectioned images was increased appropriately so that the volume model could be handled by typical personal computers. By using Dicom Browser and MRIcroGL, the sectioned images were processed to become the volume models. RESULTS: On the MRIcroGL, the resultant volume model with the voxel size of 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm3 could be displayed and freely rotated. By adjusting variables of the software, desired oblique planes could be produced instantly. With overlay function, a model of segmented structure can be overlapped to the entire volume models. The sectioned images with high quality and the segmentation data of Visible Korean enabled the identification of detailed anatomical structures on the planes. CONCLUSION: The volume models can be used by medical students and doctors for learning sectional anatomy. Other researchers can utilize the method of this study to produce volume models from their own sectioned images.

Rise of the Visible Monkey: Sectioned Images of Rhesus Monkey

BACKGROUND: Gross anatomy and sectional anatomy of a monkey should be known by students and researchers of veterinary medicine and medical research. However, materials to learn the anatomy of a monkey are scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to produce a Visible Monkey data set containing cross sectional images, computed tomographs (CTs), and magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of a monkey whole body. METHODS: Before and after sacrifice, a female rhesus monkey was used for 3 Tesla MRI and CT scanning. The monkey was frozen and sectioned at 0.05 mm intervals for the head region and at 0.5 mm intervals for the rest of the body using a cryomacrotome. Each sectioned surface was photographed using a digital camera to obtain horizontal sectioned images. Segmentation of sectioned images was performed to elaborate three-dimensional (3D) models of the skin and brain. RESULTS: A total of 1,612 horizontal sectioned images of the head and 1,355 images of the remaining region were obtained. The small pixel size (0.024 mm × 0.024 mm) and real color (48 bits color) of these images enabled observations of minute structures. CONCLUSION: Due to small intervals of these images, continuous structures could be traced completely. Moreover, 3D models of the skin and brain could be used for virtual dissections. Sectioned images of this study will enhance the understanding of monkey anatomy and foster further studies. These images will be provided to any requesting researcher free of charge.

Modelado vectorial tridimensional del corazón y los vasos coronarios a partir de cortes anatómicos del proyecto Korean Visible Human / Visible Human Project: a new computarized virtual dissection table as a learning tool for students and anatomy teachers

La disección virtual es una herramienta educativa sumamente valiosa en anatomía. Es particularmente útil cuando hay escasez de cadáveres o en los casos en que la disección no sea posible por motivos religiosos o éticos. En este trabajo los autores presentan una reconstrucción 3D de un corazón masculino a partir de la información del proyecto Korean Visible Human, realizado en el marco de asociaciones de la cátedra de anatomía digital de la UNESCO creada recientemente en la Universidad Descartes. La segmentación manual de 1640 cortes anatómicos se logró a través del software Winsurf, produciendo un modelo vectorial 3D interactivo del corazón y la anatomía que lo rodea. Se reconstruyeron ochenta y cuatro estructuras, incluyendo el corazón y sus vasos (27 estructuras), tráquea, esófago, pulmones, cayado aórtico, vena cava inferior, riñones, sistema esquelético conformado por 58 estructuras, entre ellas: esternón, cartílagos costales, vértebras torácicas y discos intervertebrales, sacro, coxales y piel. El modelo vectorial 3D obtenido se exportó en formato PDF 3D produciendo una verdadera herramienta de disección virtual a través de la interfaz de Acrobat: las estructuras anatómicas pueden individualizarse y manipularse interactivamente como 84 objetos 3D separados. Además, se pueden agregar "etiquetas" con el nombre de cada elemento anatómico. Esta nueva mesa de disección virtual computarizada es una herramienta simple y poderosa tanto para alumnos como para docentes de anatomía. Además, resulta ser la base para futuras herramientas de simulación que contribuirán al entrenamiento de cirujanos

The virtual dissection is a remarkable learning tool in anatomy. It is particularly useful in the case of lack of cadavers or if anatomical dissection is impossible due to ethical or religious reasons. The authors present here a 3D reconstruction of the female's heart from the Visible Korean human data, made in the frame of the projects of the UNESCO chair of digital anatomy created recently at the Descartes University.The manual segmentation of 1640 anatomical slices was achieved with the Winsurf ® software producing an interactive 3D vectorial model of the heart and surrounding anatomy. Eighty four anatomical structures were reconstructed, including the heart and its vessels (27 structures), trachea, oesophagus, lungs, aortic arch, superior vena cava, azygos system, inferior vena cava, right and left kidneys, skeletal system (58) structures including: sternum, xiphoid process, clavicles, ribs, costal cartilage, thoracic vertebrae, intervertebrales discs, sacrum, hip bones, and femurs) and skin. The obtained 3D vectorial model was exported in 3D PDF format, producing a true virtual dissection tool through the Acrobat's interface: the anatomical structures can be individually and interactively manipulated as 84 separated 3D objects. 3D labels can be added with the name of each anatomical element. This new computerized virtual dissection table is a simple and powerful learning tool for students and anatomy teachers. It is also the basis of future simulation tools for surgeon's training