ABSTRACT
Cytotoxic and antiviral activity of aqueous leaves extracts of three plants: Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and Morus alba against Foot and Mouth disease virus (FMDV) were determined using MTT assay (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). Eight different concentrations of each plant were evaluated. Cytotoxic and antiviral activity of each extract was evaluated as cell survival percentage and results were expressed as Means ± S.D. From the tested plant extracts, Azadirachta indica & Moringa oleifera exhibited cytotoxicity at 200 & 100 µ/ml respectively. In case of antiviral assay, Moringa oleifera showed potent antiviral activity (p<0.05) while Azadirachta indica showed significant antiviral activity in the range of 12.5-50 µ/ml & 50-100 µ/ml respectively. In contrast no anti-FMDV activity in the present study was observed with Morus alba, although all the tested concentrations were found to be safe.
Subject(s)
Agriculture , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Azadirachta/chemistry , Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/drug effects , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/drug therapy , Moringa oleifera/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Veterinary Drugs/pharmacology , Animals , Antiviral Agents/isolation & purification , Antiviral Agents/toxicity , Azadirachta/toxicity , Cell Line , Cricetinae , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Farms , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/diagnosis , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/virology , Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/pathogenicity , Moringa oleifera/toxicity , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Plant Leaves/toxicity , Veterinary Drugs/isolation & purification , Veterinary Drugs/toxicityABSTRACT
The piscicidal potential of water-extract mesocarp of Azadirachta indica (L) was studied in static bioassay experiment with continuous aeration to determine its acute toxicity The mortality rate and opercular ventilation under laboratory conditions over 96 hr exposure were monitored. The 96 hrLC50 was 81.28 mgl(-1) while the threshold value was 21.13 mgl(-1). The fish exhibited respiratory distress (such as gasping air), loss of appetite, loss of balance and erratic swimming prior to mortality.
Subject(s)
Azadirachta/toxicity , Catfishes , Fruit/toxicity , Animals , Azadirachta/chemistry , Catfishes/physiology , Fruit/chemistry , Lethal Dose 50 , Plant Extracts/toxicityABSTRACT
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157) shed in cattle manure can survive for extended periods of time and intervention strategies to control this pathogen at the source are critical as produce crops are often grown in proximity to animal raising operations. This study evaluated whether neem (Azadirachta indica), known for its antimicrobial and insecticidal properties, can be used to amend manure to control EcO157. The influence of neem materials (leaf, bark, and oil) on the survival of an apple juice outbreak strain of EcO157 in dairy manure was monitored. Neem leaf and bark supplements eliminated the pathogen in less than 10 d with a D-value (days for 90% elimination) of 1.3 d. In contrast, nearly 4 log CFU EcO157/g remained after 10 d in neem-free manure control. The ethyl acetate extractable fraction of neem leaves was inhibitory to the growth of EcO157 in LB broth. Azadirachtin, a neem product with insect antifeedant properties, failed to inhibit EcO157. Application of inexpensive neem supplements to control pathogens in manure and possibly in produce fields may be an option for controlling the transfer of foodborne pathogens from farm to fork.
Subject(s)
Azadirachta/toxicity , Escherichia coli O157/drug effects , Escherichia coli O157/growth & development , Manure/microbiology , Animals , Cattle , Crops, Agricultural , Disease Outbreaks , Plant LeavesABSTRACT
The cytogenetic toxicity of the leaf extract of neem was evaluated in murine germ cells. The extract was found to induce structural and numerical changes in the spermatocyte chromosomes as well as synaptic disturbances in them at their first metaphase. A significant increase in the frequency of sperms with abnormal head morphology and the decrease in mean sperm count were also observed. This spermatotoxic effect of the neem extract corroborates its germ cell mutagenicity. The possible role of azadirachtin, the most active principle present in the neem extract, in producing the observed genotoxic effect is discussed.
Subject(s)
Azadirachta/toxicity , Carcinogens/toxicity , Mutagens/toxicity , Animals , Cell Division/drug effects , Chromosomes/drug effects , Chromosomes/ultrastructure , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Meiosis/drug effects , Mice , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Sperm Count , Sperm Head/drug effects , Sperm Head/ultrastructure , Spermatogonia/drug effectsABSTRACT
Neem (Azadirachta indica), popularly known as traditional medicine is a native plant in India. Neem oil is a vegetable oil derived from seeds or fruits of the neem tree through pressing or solvent extraction, and largely used in popular medicine to have antifungal, antibacterial, antimalarial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, as well as immunemodulatory properties in different animal species. In the present study, acute and 28-day subacute toxicity tests were carried out. In the acute toxicity test, the LD50 values of neem oil were found to be 31.95g/kg. The subacute treatment with neem oil failed to change body weight gain, food and water consumption. Serum biochemistry analysis showed no significant differences in any of the parameters examined under the dose of 1600mg/kg/day. Histopathological exams showed that the target organs of neem oil were testicle, liver and kidneys up to the dose of 1600mg/kg/day.
Subject(s)
Azadirachta/toxicity , Glycerides/toxicity , Terpenes/toxicity , Animals , Azadirachta/chemistry , Body Weight/drug effects , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Eating/drug effects , Female , Glycerides/pharmacokinetics , India , Kidney/drug effects , Lethal Dose 50 , Liver/drug effects , Male , Mice , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Seeds/chemistry , Terpenes/pharmacokinetics , Testis/drug effects , Tissue Distribution , Toxicity Tests, Acute , Toxicity Tests, SubacuteABSTRACT
For centuries, plants and plant-based products have been used as a valuable and safe natural source of medicines for treating various ailments. The therapeutic potential of most of these plants could be ascribed to their anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antispasmodic, analgesic and various other pharmacological properties. However, several commonly used plants have been reported to adversely affect male reproductive functions in wildlife and humans. The effects observed with most of the plant and plant-based products have been attributed to the antispermatogenic and/or antisteroidogenic properties of one or more active ingredients. This review discusses the detrimental effects of some of the commonly used plants on various target cells in the testis. A deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms of action of these natural compounds could pave the way for developing therapeutic strategies against their toxicity.
Subject(s)
Phytotherapy , Plant Preparations/pharmacology , Testis/drug effects , Animals , Azadirachta/toxicity , Contraceptive Agents/pharmacology , Gossypol/toxicity , Humans , Leydig Cells/drug effects , Male , Phytotherapy/adverse effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Preparations/adverse effects , Plants , Sertoli Cells/drug effects , Sperm Motility/drug effects , Spermatogenesis/drug effects , Vinblastine/toxicity , Vincristine/toxicityABSTRACT
The removal of dyes present in industrial effluent has received great attention in the past few years. This is partly due to increasing environmental awareness and the implementation of ever stricter environmental rules. However, some treatments for color removal from these effluents do not guarantee the absence of other secondary toxic substances, often originating from the treatment process itself. The aim of this study is to evaluate the toxicity level of the adsorbent Neem, used in adsorption processes for color removal, as well as that of the dye solution before and after the adsorption process. The toxicity tests were carried out according to the Environment Agency FATMA regulation no. 017/02. They consisted of exposing representative microorganisms from the environment, for a certain time interval, to several concentrations of one or more substances, under different environmental conditions, and then evaluating the toxic effects. The results show that the Neem leaf extract had a harmful affect on the test organism used. Thus, it is recommended that the leaf extract is removed prior to effluent treatment, since the results of this study indicate that this will reduce the toxicity of the effluent and also improve the efficiency of the adsorption process.
Subject(s)
Anthraquinones/isolation & purification , Azadirachta , Plant Leaves , Adsorption , Animals , Azadirachta/toxicity , Daphnia , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Plant Leaves/toxicity , Toxicity Tests/methods , Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation & purification , Water Purification/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Extract of neem leaves is commonly consumed as an antimalarial therapy. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the effect of methanolic extract of neem leaves on the histology of the ovary and also on serum levels of FSH and LH in female Wistar rats. METHODS: A total of eighteen (18) rats weighing 110g-150g were used. They were randomly divided into three groups (A, B, and C) of six rats each. Group A: served as control and received distilled water equivalent in volume to the test extract. Group B: was treated with 200mg/kg of the methanolic extract of neem leaves. Group C: received 400mg/kg of the methanolic extract of neem leaves. Administration was by gavage and lasted for a period of 14 days. RESULTS: Histological sections of the experimental groups revealed no histopathological features. No statistically significant difference was observed in the serum levels of FSH in the treated groups. However, serum levels of LH were significantly reduced when compared with the control. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that extract of neem leaves may affect fertility adversely by reducing serum levels of LH and subsequently, the release of ova during ovulation.
Subject(s)
Azadirachta/toxicity , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Ovary/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Animals , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Hormones/blood , Methanol , Ovary/pathology , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Introducción: el árbol de Nim, cuyo nombre científico es Azadirachta indica, es una planta medicinal empleada por sus propiedades antisépticas, antivirales, antipiréticas, antimicrobianas, antiinflamatorias, entre otras. No se reportan estudios de toxicidad aguda oral, solo aparecen reportados de toxicidad a largo plazo. Objetivos: evaluar la toxicidad aguda oral por el método de las clases de la decocción de hojas y tallos de la planta Azadirachta indica, por vía oral en ratas Sprague Dawley. Métodos: se realizó un ensayo de toxicidad aguda oral por el método de las clases. La administración se hizo por vía oral, a una dosis única de 2 000 mg/kg de peso corporal de una decocción de la planta Azadirachta indica. Se efectuaron los estudios correspondientes de anatomía patológica, que evidenciaran toxicidad de la sustancia ensayada.Resultados: la sustancia en estudio no produjo signos clínicos que demostraran toxicidad, ni alteraciones en el peso corporal en el biomodelo animal empleado, ni muerte de ningún animal; macroscópicamente no se comprobaron alteraciones de valor diagnóstico. Conclusiones: el estudio demostró que la sustancia evaluada por vía oral, a dosis única, se enmarca como sin clasificar, en el modelo animal y nivel de dosis utilizado bajo las condiciones experimentales empleadas
Introduction: Neem tree, whose scientific name is Azadirachta indica, is a medicinal plant used by its antiseptic, antiviral, antipyretic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. No acute toxicity studies are reported on this plant, just long-term toxicity studies. Objectives: to evaluate the acute oral toxicity by the class method using decoction of Azadirachta indica leaves and stems orally administered to Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: an acute oral toxicity test based on the class method was conducted. The Azadirachta indica plant decoction was administered in one dose of 2 000 mg/kg of body weight. Pathological anatomy studies were performed to analyze the toxicity in the tested substance. Results: the evaluated substance did not show any clinical signs of toxicity or animal deaths; no alterations in the body weight of the experimental models were found. There were no alterations of diagnostic value according to the macroscopic analysis. Conclusions: the tested decoction, orally administered at one dose, is regarded as unclassified for the animal model and the dosage used under the observed experimental conditions
Subject(s)
Azadirachta/toxicityABSTRACT
Introducción: el árbol de Nim, cuyo nombre científico es Azadirachta indica, es una planta medicinal empleada por sus propiedades antisépticas, antivirales, antipiréticas, antimicrobianas, antiinflamatorias, entre otras. No se reportan estudios de toxicidad aguda oral, solo aparecen reportados de toxicidad a largo plazo. Objetivos: evaluar la toxicidad aguda oral por el método de las clases de la decocción de hojas y tallos de la planta Azadirachta indica, por vía oral en ratas Sprague Dawley. Métodos: se realizó un ensayo de toxicidad aguda oral por el método de las clases. La administración se hizo por vía oral, a una dosis única de 2 000 mg/kg de peso corporal de una decocción de la planta Azadirachta indica. Se efectuaron los estudios correspondientes de anatomía patológica, que evidenciaran toxicidad de la sustancia ensayada.Resultados: la sustancia en estudio no produjo signos clínicos que demostraran toxicidad, ni alteraciones en el peso corporal en el biomodelo animal empleado, ni muerte de ningún animal; macroscópicamente no se comprobaron alteraciones de valor diagnóstico. Conclusiones: el estudio demostró que la sustancia evaluada por vía oral, a dosis única, se enmarca como sin clasificar, en el modelo animal y nivel de dosis utilizado bajo las condiciones experimentales empleadas(AU)
Introduction: Neem tree, whose scientific name is Azadirachta indica, is a medicinal plant used by its antiseptic, antiviral, antipyretic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. No acute toxicity studies are reported on this plant, just long-term toxicity studies. Objectives: to evaluate the acute oral toxicity by the class method using decoction of Azadirachta indica leaves and stems orally administered to Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: an acute oral toxicity test based on the class method was conducted. The Azadirachta indica plant decoction was administered in one dose of 2 000 mg/kg of body weight. Pathological anatomy studies were performed to analyze the toxicity in the tested substance. Results: the evaluated substance did not show any clinical signs of toxicity or animal deaths; no alterations in the body weight of the experimental models were found. There were no alterations of diagnostic value according to the macroscopic analysis. Conclusions: the tested decoction, orally administered at one dose, is regarded as unclassified for the animal model and the dosage used under the observed experimental conditions(AU)
Subject(s)
Azadirachta/toxicityABSTRACT
The effects of bacterial toxins (Bacillus thuringiensis) and botanical insecticides (Azadirachta indica and Vitex negundo) on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (the rice leaffolder) were evaluated. Bacterial toxins and botanical insecticides affected the LDH activity individually and in combination. When they were combined, the effect was more severe at low concentration. There was a decrease in enzyme activity over controls at all concentrations tested. The combined effect of the three biopesticides resulted in a considerable decrease in enzyme activity, indicating strong enzyme inhibition. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Toxins/toxicity , Insecticides/toxicity , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Lepidoptera/drug effects , Lepidoptera/enzymology , Oryza/parasitology , Animals , Azadirachta/toxicity , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Vitex/toxicityABSTRACT
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) has universally been accepted as a wonder tree because of its diverse utility. Multidirectional therapeutic uses of neem have been known in India since the Vedic times. Besides its therapeutic efficacies, neem has already established its potential as a source of naturally occurring insecticide, pesticide and agrochemicals. Safe and economically cheaper uses of different parts of neem in the treatment of various diseases and in agriculture are discussed in this article. It further deals with the active chemical constituents of various neem formulations. Commercially available neem products are also mentioned along with their respective applications. Furthermore, evaluation of safety aspects of different parts of neem and neem compounds along with commercial formulations are also taken into consideration. Systematic scientific knowledge on neem reported so far is thus very useful for the wider interests of the world community.