Determinants of continued breastfeeding in children aged 12–23 months in three regions of Haiti / Determinantes de la continuación de la lactancia materna en la población infantil de entre 12 y 23 meses en tres regiones de Haití / Determinantes do aleitamento materno continuado em crianças de 12 a 23 meses de idade em três regiões do Haiti

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives To identify the prevalence and determinants of continued breastfeeding in Haitian children aged 12–23 months. Methods Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted yearly during the summers of 2017 to 2019 as part of a 4-year (2016–2020) multisectoral maternal and infant health initiative in the regions of Les Cayes, Jérémie, and Anse d’Hainault in Haiti. A total of 455 children 12–23 months of age and their mothers participated in the study. A child was considered to be continuing breastfeeding if the mother reported giving breast milk in the 24-hour dietary recall. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated, and associations were assessed between continued breastfeeding and explanatory factors related to sociodemographic character- istics, household food security, maternal nutrition, and breastfeeding knowledge and practices. Results The prevalence of continued breastfeeding was 45.8%. Continued breastfeeding was significantly more prevalent among younger children, children who did not have a younger sibling, children whose mother was not pregnant, those living in the Jérémie region, children who had been exclusively breastfed for less than 1 month, and children whose mother knew the World Health Organization’s recommendation for continued breastfeeding up to 2 years or beyond. Conclusions The study results highlight the need for geographically equitable access to tailored and adequate health services and education that support breastfeeding in a way that is compatible with the local context.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia y los determinantes asociados a la continuación de la lactancia materna en la población infantil haitiana de entre 12 y 23 meses. Métodos. Durante los veranos del 2017 al 2019 se llevaron a cabo tres encuestas transversales anuales como parte de una iniciativa multisectorial de salud materna e infantil de 4 años (2016 a 2020) en las regiones de Les Cayes, Jérémie y Anse d’Hainault de Haití. En el estudio participaron 455 menores de edades comprendidas entre 12 y 23 meses y sus madres. Se consideró que un menor continuaba con la lactancia materna si, en la evaluación de la alimentación basada en el recuerdo de 24 horas, la madre declaraba la toma de leche materna. Se calcularon los cocientes de prevalencia ajustados y sin ajustar y se evaluó la asociación entre la continuación de la lactancia materna y posibles factores explicativos relacionados con las características sociodemográficas, la seguridad alimentaria de la familia, la nutrición materna y los conocimientos y prácticas en materia lactancia materna. Resultados. La prevalencia de la continuación de la lactancia materna fue del 45,8%. Esta prevalencia fue significativamente mayor cuando se trataba de lactantes de menor edad, cuando no había hermanos menores, cuando la madre no estaba embarazada, en los residentes en la región de Jérémie, cuando había habido una alimentación exclusiva con leche materna durante menos de un mes y cuando la madre conocía la recomendación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud de continuar con la lactancia materna hasta los dos años o más. Conclusiones. Los resultados del estudio ponen de relieve la necesidad de disponer de un acceso geográfico equitativo a unos servicios de salud y una educación que respalden la lactancia materna de una manera compatible con el contexto local.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos Identificar a prevalência e os determinantes do aleitamento materno continuado em crianças haitianas de 12 a 23 meses de idade. Métodos Três pesquisas transversais foram realizadas anualmente nos verões de 2017 a 2019 como parte de uma iniciativa multissetorial de saúde materno-infantil de quatro anos (2016–2020) nas regiões de Les Cayes, Jérémie e Anse d’Hainault no Haiti. Um total de 455 crianças de 12 a 23 meses de idade e suas mães participaram do estudo. Considerou-se que a criança continuava sendo amamentada se a mãe relatasse ter dado leite materno no recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Foram estimadas as taxas de prevalência não ajustadas e ajustadas e foram avaliadas as associações entre o aleitamento materno continuado e os fatores explicativos relacionados às características sociodemográficas, à segurança alimentar da família, à nutrição materna e aos conhecimentos e práticas de aleitamento materno. Resultados A prevalência de aleitamento materno continuado foi de 45,8%. O aleitamento materno continuado foi significativamente mais prevalente entre crianças mais novas, crianças que não tinham irmão mais novo, crianças cuja mãe não estava grávida, residentes da região de Jérémie, crianças que haviam sido exclusivamente amamentadas por menos de um mês e crianças cuja mãe conhecia a recomendação da Organização Mundial da Saúde de manter o aleitamento materno por 2 anos ou mais. Conclusões Os resultados do estudo destacam a necessidade de acesso geograficamente equitativo a educação e serviços de saúde adaptados e adequados para apoiar o aleitamento materno de forma compatível com o contexto local.

Dificuldades com amamentação e sua relação com a prática alimentar na alta hospitalar / Breastfeeding difficulties and their relationship with eating habits at hospital discharge / Dificultades con la lactancia y su relación con la práctica alimentaria en el alta hospitalaria

Objetivo: descrever as frequências das dificuldades com aleitamento materno durante a internação em alojamento conjunto e sua relação com a prática alimentar na alta hospitalar. Método: estudo transversal conduzido a partir de dados de uma coorte, realizada entre março de 2017 e abril de 2018, mediante entrevistas face a face e coleta de dados de prontuários hospitalares de um hospital de referência nacional para alto risco fetal e infantil. Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva por meio de frequências absolutas, relativas e teste qui-quadrado em todas as análises. Resultados: de 686 mães e seus recém-nascidos, 50,6% das mulheres apresentaram dificuldades com aleitamento materno, com destaque para: pega, sucção, tipo de mamilo, trauma mamilar. Dentre os recém-nascidos que receberam aleitamento materno exclusivo na alta hospitalar, 51,3% não apresentaram dificuldades com amamentação durante a internação. Conclusão: apesar da dificuldade apresentada em metade da amostra estudada, ressalta-se a necessidade do suporte precoce ao aleitamento materno exclusivo ainda no ambiente hospitalar(AU)

Objective: to describe the frequencies of breastfeeding difficulties during hospitalization in rooming-in and their relationship with eating habits at hospital discharge. Method: cross-sectional study conducted from data from a cohort, carried out between March 2017 and April 2018, through face-to-face interviews and data collection from hospital records of a national reference hospital for high fetal and infant risk. Descriptive statistics were used through absolute and relative frequencies and the chi-square test in all analyses. Results: of 686 mothers and their newborns, 50.6% of the women had difficulties with breastfeeding, with emphasis on: attachment, suction, type of nipple, nipple trauma. Among newborns who were exclusively breastfed at hospital discharge, 51.3% had no breastfeeding difficulties during hospitalization. Conclusion: despite the difficulty presented by half of the studied sample, the need for early support for exclusive breastfeeding is highlighted, even in the hospital environment(AU)

Objetivo: describir las frecuencias de dificultades para amamantar durante la hospitalización en alojamiento conjunto y su relación con los hábitos alimentarios al alta hospitalaria. Método: estudio transversal realizado a partir de datos de una cohorte, realizada entre marzo de 2017 y abril de 2018, a través de entrevistas cara a cara y recolección de datos de registros hospitalarios de un hospital de referencia nacional de alto riesgo fetal e infantil. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva a través de frecuencias absolutas y relativas y la prueba de chi-cuadrado en todos los análisis. Resultados: de 686 madres y sus recién nacidos, el 50,6% de las mujeres presentaron dificultades para amamantar, con énfasis en: agarre, succión, tipo de pezón, traumatismo en el pezón. Entre los recién nacidos que recibieron lactancia materna exclusiva al alta hospitalaria, el 51,3% no tuvo dificultades para amamantar durante la hospitalización. Conclusión: a pesar de la dificultad presentada por la mitad de la muestra estudiada, se destaca la necesidad de apoyo temprano para la lactancia materna exclusiva, incluso en el ámbito hospitalario(AU)

The use of linear programming to determine whether breastfed infants can achieve a nutritionally adequate complementary feeding diet: a case study of 6­11-month-old infants from KwaMashu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to ascertain whether the nutrient requirements of 6­11-month-old infants can be met with a food-based approach, and to identify the nutrients of which it is difficult to achieve adequate intakes.Design, setting and subjects: A cross-sectional survey and interviews with mothers and caregivers from the KwaMashu Community Health Centre were conducted. One hundred and thirty-four interviews were completed. This information provided the food consumption input for the model using Optifood software. Results: The results revealed that with the current food pattern of infants from the study group in KwaMashu, iron, zinc and calcium are nutrients whose requirements are likely not to be met in the diet. The percentage RNI (recommended nutrient intake) for iron was 25.2%, zinc 51.3% and calcium 77%. Nutrient intakes for these nutrients of concern improved in the 'No pattern' diet but iron and zinc intakes remained below the RNI. According to the best diets modelled by Optifood, it appears that infants in KwaMashu would be able to achieve the recommended intakes of energy, protein, and 8 of the 11micronutrients, as long as breastfeeding on demand continues during the complementary feeding phase. Conclusions: This study calls into question the continued food-based focus to ensure nutrient adequacy in infants. In conjunction with efforts to improve household food security and continued support and promotion of breastfeeding for the first 2 years of life, targeted micronutrient supplementation may be needed to ensure the optimal growth and development of infants in South Africa.

Correlates of exclusive breast feeding among nursing mothers attending child health clinic at a general hospital in Rivers State Nigeria

Background: Early initiation of breast feeding and feeding exclusively for six months have great implication for the survival, well-being and growth of new borne. Factors such as maternal age, occupation, religion, spouse age, spouse occupation, parity, antenatal care (ANC) attendance, mode of delivery (MOD) and birth order are significantly associated with exclusive breast feeding (EBF) Methodology: The study is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among nursing mothers attending child health clinic in General Hospital Bonny, in Bonny Island, Rivers State, Nigeria. All eligible nursing mother who presented at the clinic were enlisted for the study. Enlistment of eligible participants was done on every child welfare clinic day. Data was collected using a pretested, interviewer administered, structured questionnaire which was adapted and prepared in English Language. Categorical data was analyzed using multinomial logistic regression model with statistical significance set at 0.05. Result: Results from this study identified significant association between EBF and some maternal variables such as age, occupation and religion. Spouse age and occupation were significantly associated with EBF. ANC attendance, gestational age, MOD, parity and birth order were also significant variables associated with EBF. Conclusion: Maternal variables such as age, occupation, religion, parity, MOD, ANC attendance including spouse age and occupation significantly influence EBF of new borne.