"Smart markets": harnessing the potential of new technologies for endemic and emerging infectious disease surveillance in traditional food markets.

Emerging and endemic zoonotic diseases continue to threaten human and animal health, our social fabric, and the global economy. Zoonoses frequently emerge from congregate interfaces where multiple animal species and humans coexist, including farms and markets. Traditional food markets are widespread across the globe and create an interface where domestic and wild animals interact among themselves and with humans, increasing the risk of pathogen spillover. Despite decades of evidence linking markets to disease outbreaks across the world, there remains a striking lack of pathogen surveillance programs that can relay timely, cost-effective, and actionable information to decision-makers to protect human and animal health. However, the strategic incorporation of environmental surveillance systems in markets coupled with novel pathogen detection strategies can create an early warning system capable of alerting us to the risk of outbreaks before they happen. Here, we explore the concept of "smart" markets that utilize continuous surveillance systems to monitor the emergence of zoonotic pathogens with spillover potential.IMPORTANCEFast detection and rapid intervention are crucial to mitigate risks of pathogen emergence, spillover and spread-every second counts. However, comprehensive, active, longitudinal surveillance systems at high-risk interfaces that provide real-time data for action remain lacking. This paper proposes "smart market" systems harnessing cutting-edge tools and a range of sampling techniques, including wastewater and air collection, multiplex assays, and metagenomic sequencing. Coupled with robust response pathways, these systems could better enable Early Warning and bolster prevention efforts.

Emergence of Group B Streptococcus Disease in Pigs and Porcupines, Italy.

We describe group B Streptococcus linked to disease in farmed pigs and wild porcupines in Italy. Occurrence in pigs was attributed to transmission from nonpasteurized bovine milk whey. Antimicrobial-resistance profiles in isolates from porcupines suggest no common source of infection. Our findings expand the known host range for group B Streptococcus disease.

Updates for Reptile Pediatric Medicine.

The health of hatchling, juvenile, and young adult reptiles continues to be plagued by historic nutritional deficiencies, old and emerging infectious diseases, and more recent phenotype-selective congenital abnormalities that impact welfare. Knowledge of mating seasonality, average egg counts, gestation times, and age and/or size for sexual maturity is necessary to help guide best practices for care of pediatric reptiles. Calcium, vitamin D3, and ultraviolet B (UVB) lighting recommendations vary in effectiveness amongst different species and can change with age. Phenotype-selective color patterns for spider ball pythons and scalation pattern for bearded dragons have resulted in vestibular disease, and increased evaporative water loss, respectively. Salmonellosis remains the most reported zoonotic disease for captive reptiles in the United States, despite improvements in client education and improvements in captive reptile husbandry.

Metagenomics for Pathogen Detection During a Mass Mortality Event in Songbirds.

Mass mortality events in wildlife can be indications of an emerging infectious disease. During the spring and summer of 2021, hundreds of dead passerines were reported across the eastern US. Birds exhibited a range of clinical signs including swollen conjunctiva, ocular discharge, ataxia, and nystagmus. As part of the diagnostic investigation, high-throughput metagenomic next-generation sequencing was performed across three molecular laboratories on samples from affected birds. Many potentially pathogenic microbes were detected, with bacteria forming the largest proportion; however, no singular agent was consistently identified, with many of the detected microbes also found in unaffected (control) birds and thus considered to be subclinical infections. Congruent results across laboratories have helped drive further investigation into alternative causes, including environmental contaminants and nutritional deficiencies. This work highlights the utility of metagenomic approaches in investigations of emerging diseases and provides a framework for future wildlife mortality events.

Reemerging/Notifiable Diseases to Watch.

Reemerging and notifiable diseases of cattle and bison continue to pose potential risks to their health and lives and affecting production and the livelihoods of producers. It is essential to understand the clinical presentation of these diseases to watch for possible incursions and infections and to immediately report your suspicions to your State and Federal Animal Health Officials. Three of these reemerging and notifiable diseases of cattle and bison, malignant catarrhal fever, bluetongue virus, and New World screwworm, are presented in this article for increased awareness to consider as a differential if examinations present suggestive clinical signs.

Alpine salamanders at risk? The current status of an emerging fungal pathogen.

Amphibians globally suffer from emerging infectious diseases like chytridiomycosis caused by the continuously spreading chytrid fungi. One is Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) and its disease ‒ the 'salamander plague' ‒ which is lethal to several caudate taxa. Recently introduced into Western Europe, long distance dispersal of Bsal, likely through human mediation, has been reported. Herein we study if Alpine salamanders (Salamandra atra and S. lanzai) are yet affected by the salamander plague in the wild. Members of the genus Salamandra are highly susceptible to Bsal leading to the lethal disease. Moreover, ecological modelling has shown that the Alps and Dinarides, where Alpine salamanders occur, are generally suitable for Bsal. We analysed skin swabs of 818 individuals of Alpine salamanders and syntopic amphibians at 40 sites between 2017 to 2022. Further, we compiled those with published data from 319 individuals from 13 sites concluding that Bsal infections were not detected. Our results suggest that the salamander plague so far is absent from the geographic ranges of Alpine salamanders. That means that there is still a chance to timely implement surveillance strategies. Among others, we recommend prevention measures, citizen science approaches, and ex situ conservation breeding of endemic salamandrid lineages.

Exploring viral diversity and metagenomics in livestock: insights into disease emergence and spillover risks in cattle.

Cattle have a significant impact on human societies in terms of both economics and health. Viral infections pose a relevant problem as they directly or indirectly disrupt the balance within cattle populations. This has negative consequences at the economic level for producers and territories, and also jeopardizes human health through the transmission of zoonotic diseases that can escalate into outbreaks or pandemics. To establish prevention strategies and control measures at various levels (animal, farm, region, or global), it is crucial to identify the viral agents present in animals. Various techniques, including virus isolation, serological tests, and molecular techniques like PCR, are typically employed for this purpose. However, these techniques have two major drawbacks: they are ineffective for non-culturable viruses, and they only detect a small fraction of the viruses present. In contrast, metagenomics offers a promising approach by providing a comprehensive and unbiased analysis for detecting all viruses in a given sample. It has the potential to identify rare or novel infectious agents promptly and establish a baseline of healthy animals. Nevertheless, the routine application of viral metagenomics for epidemiological surveillance and diagnostics faces challenges related to socioeconomic variables, such as resource availability and space dedicated to metagenomics, as well as the lack of standardized protocols and resulting heterogeneity in presenting results. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge and prospects for using viral metagenomics to detect and identify viruses in cattle raised for livestock, while discussing the epidemiological and clinical implications.

Hyalomma marginatum - an emerging tickborne disease vector for the UK?

The tick Hyalomma marginatum is expanding its geographical range, reinforcing the need for surveillance and control to prevent the emergence of tickborne equine disease. Daniel Armstrong, policy adviser for exotic animal diseases at Defra, explains more.

Anaplasma capra: a new emerging tick-borne zoonotic pathogen.

The genus Anaplasma includes A. marginale, A. centrale, A. bovis, A. ovis, A. platys, and A. phagocytophilum transmitted by ticks, some of which are zoonotic and cause anaplasmosis in humans and animals. In 2012, a new species was discovered in goats in China. In 2015, the same agent was detected in humans in China, and it was provisionally named Anaplasma capra, referring to 2012. The studies conducted to date have revealed the existence of A. capra in humans, domestic animals, wild animals, and ticks from three different continents (Asia, Europe, and Africa). Phylogenetic analyses based on gltA and groEL sequences show that A. capra clearly includes two different genotypes (A. capra genotype-1 and A. capra genotype-2). Although A. capra human isolates are in the genotype-2 group, goat, sheep, and cattle isolates are in both groups, making it difficult to establish a host genotype-relationship. According to current data, it can be thought that human isolates are genotype-2 and while only genotype-1 is found in Europe, both genotypes are found in Asia. Anaplasma capra causes clinical disease in humans, but the situation is not yet sufficient to understand the zoonotic importance and pathogenicity in animals. In the present review, the history, hosts (vertebrates and ticks), molecular prevalence, pathogenic properties, and genetic diversity of A. capra were evaluated from a broad perspective.

West Nile Virus Emergence in Germany 2019: Looking for Hidden Human West Nile Virus Infections.

Background: Autochthonous human West Nile virus (WNV) infections were notified in the infectious disease surveillance system in Germany in 2018 for the first time and every year since then. Since clinically apparent infections are infrequent, we conducted two studies to investigate subclinical infections of this emerging disease in Germany in 2019 to detect infections not visible to surveillance based on symptomatic infections: limited-scope blood donor testing and a serosurvey among employees at two Berlin zoos with a history of demonstrated WNV infections in animals. Methods: For the zoo study, employees of the two zoos in Berlin were invited to participate in the study in late 2019. Blood samples were drawn and tested for the presence of antibodies (immunoglobulin M [IgM] and immunoglobulin G [IgG]) against WNV, and two other flaviviruses present in Germany: Usutu virus and Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). For the study in blood donors, four blood establishments with collection sites in regions with documented WNV-infected animals in 2018 and 2019 participated in the study. All donations in these regions were tested for WNV genome from July to November 2019. Results: In the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, none of the 70 tested zoo employees were WNV IgM-positive, 8 were WNV IgG-positive, additional 2 participants had equivocal results. All 10 were negative in the virus neutralization test (VNT) for WNV, but positive in the VNT for TBEV. None of the 4273 samples from blood donors tested in areas with WNV-infected animals was positive for WNV-RNA. Conclusion: Our results indicate that WNV circulation in Germany, though clearly documented in animals in 2019, apparently affected very few humans. Still areas with WNV-positive animals remain risk areas for human infection as well.

The virus is out of the barn: the emergence of HPAI as a pathogen of avian and mammalian wildlife around the globe.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has persisted as a One Health threat whose current circulation and impact are addressed in the companion Currents in One Health by Puryear and Runstadler, JAVMA, May 2024. Highly pathogenic avian influenza emerged as a by-product of agricultural practices and adapted to endemic circulation in wild bird species. Over more than 20 years, continued evolution in a complex ecology involving multiple hosts has produced a lineage that expanded globally over the last 2 years. Understanding the continued evolution and movement of HPAI relies on understanding how the virus is infecting different hosts in different contexts. This includes understanding the environmental factors and the natural ecology of viral transmission that impact host exposure and ultimately evolutionary trajectories. Particularly with the rapid host expansion, increased spillover to mammalian hosts, and novel clinical phenotypes in infected hosts, despite progress in understanding the impact of specific mutations to HPAI viruses that are associated with spillover potential, the threat to public health is poorly understood. Active research is focusing on new approaches to understanding the relationship of viral genotype to phenotype and the implementation of research and surveillance pipelines to make sense of the enormous potential for diverse HPAI viruses to emerge from wild reservoirs amid global circulation.

Re-Emergence of Rift Valley Fever Virus Lineage H in Senegal in 2022: In Vitro Characterization and Impact on Its Global Emergence in West Africa.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a re-emerging vector-borne zoonosis with a high public health and veterinary impact. In West Africa, many lineages were previously detected, but since 2020, lineage H from South Africa has been the main cause of the outbreaks. In this study, clinical samples collected through national surveillance were screened for RVF virus (RVFV) acute infection by RT-PCR and IgM ELISA tests. Sequencing, genome mapping and in vitro phenotypic characterization in mammal cells were performed on RT-PCR positive samples in comparison with other epidemic lineages (G and C). Four RVFV human cases were detected in Senegal and the sequence analyses revealed that the strains belonged to lineage H. The in vitro kinetics and genome mapping showed different replication efficiency profiles for the tested RVFV lineages and non-conservative mutations, which were more common to lineage G or specific to lineage H. Our findings showed the re-emergence of lineage H in Senegal in 2022, its high viral replication efficiency in vitro and support the findings that genetic diversity affects viral replication. This study gives new insights into the biological properties of lineage H and calls for deeper studies to better assess its potential to cause a future threat in Senegal.

Reemergence of a Big Brown Bat Lyssavirus rabies Variant in Striped Skunks in Flagstaff, Arizona, USA, 2021-2023.

Background: Throughout the Americas, Lyssavirus rabies (RV) perpetuates as multiple variants among bat and mesocarnivore species. Interspecific RV spillover occurs on occasion, but clusters and viral host shifts are rare. The spillover and host shift of a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) RV variant Ef-W1 into mesocarnivores was reported previously on several occasions during 2001-2009 in Flagstaff, Arizona, USA, and controlled through rabies vaccination of target wildlife. During autumn 2021, a new cluster of Ef-W1 RV cases infecting striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) was detected from United States Department of Agriculture enhanced rabies surveillance in Flagstaff. The number of Ef-W1 RV spillover cases within a short timeframe suggested the potential for transmission between skunks and an emerging host shift. Materials and Methods: Whole and partial RV genomic sequencing was performed to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of the 2021-2023 Ef-W1 cases infecting striped skunks with earlier outbreaks. Additionally, real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR (rtRT-PCR) was used to opportunistically compare viral RNA loads in brain and salivary gland tissues of naturally infected skunks. Results: Genomic RV sequencing revealed that the origin of the 2021-2023 epizootic of Ef-W1 RV was distinct from the multiple outbreaks detected from 2001-2009. Naturally infected skunks with the Ef-W1 RV showed greater viral RNA loads in the brain, but equivalent viral RNA loads in the mandibular salivary glands, compared to an opportunistic sample of skunks naturally infected with a South-Central skunk RV from northern Colorado, USA. Conclusion: Considering a high risk for onward transmission and spread of the Ef-W1 RV in Flagstaff, public outreach, enhanced rabies surveillance, and control efforts, focused on education, sample characterization, and vaccination, have been ongoing since 2021 to mitigate and prevent the spread and establishment of Ef-W1 RV in mesocarnivores.

Global epidemiology of Equine Influenza viruses: "A possible emerging zoonotic threat in future" an extensive systematic review with evidence / Epidemiologia global dos vírus da Gripe Equina: "Uma possível ameaça zoonótica emergente no futuro" uma extensa revisão sistemática com evidências

There are different opinions around the World regarding the zoonotic capability of H3N8 equine influenza viruses. In this report, we have tried to summarize the findings of different research and review articles from Chinese, English, and Mongolian Scientific Literature reporting the evidence for equine influenza virus infections in human beings. Different search engines i.e. CNKI, PubMed, ProQuest, Chongqing Database, Mongol Med, and Web of Knowledge yielded 926 articles, of which 32 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Analyzing the epidemiological and Phylogenetic data from these articles, we found a considerable experimental and observational evidence of H3N8 equine influenza viruses infecting human being in different parts of the World in the past. Recently published articles from Pakistan and China have highlighted the emerging threat and capability of equine influenza viruses for an epidemic in human beings in future. In this review article we have summarized the salient scientific reports published on the epidemiology of equine influenza viruses and their zoonotic aspect. Additionally, several recent developments in the start of 21st century, including the transmission and establishment of equine influenza viruses in different animal species i.e. camels and dogs, and presumed encephalopathy associated to influenza viruses in horses, have documented the unpredictable nature of equine influenza viruses. In sum up, several reports has highlighted the unpredictable nature of H3N8 EIVs highlighting the need of continuous surveillance for H3N8 in equines and humans in contact with them for novel and threatening mutations.

Existem diferentes opiniões em todo o mundo a respeito da capacidade zoonótica dos vírus da influenza equina H3N8. Neste relatório, tentamos resumir os resultados de diferentes pesquisas e artigos de revisão da literatura científica chinesa, inglesa e mongol relatando as evidências de infecções pelo vírus da influenza equina em seres humanos. Diferentes mecanismos de busca, como CNKI, PubMed, ProQuest, Chongqing Database, Mongol Med e Web of Knowledge geraram 926 artigos, dos quais 32 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão para esta revisão. Analisando os dados epidemiológicos e filogenéticos desses artigos, encontramos uma considerável evidência experimental e observacional de vírus da influenza equina H3N8 infectando seres humanos em diferentes partes do mundo no passado. Artigos publicados recentemente no Paquistão e na China destacaram a ameaça emergente e a capacidade dos vírus da influenza equina para uma epidemia em seres humanos no futuro. Neste artigo de revisão, resumimos os relatórios científicos relevantes publicados sobre a epidemiologia dos vírus da influenza equina e seu aspecto zoonótico. Além disso, vários desenvolvimentos recentes no início do século 21, incluindo a transmissão e estabelecimento de vírus da influenza equina em diferentes espécies animais, ou seja, camelos e cães, e presumida encefalopatia associada aos vírus da influenza em cavalos, documentaram a natureza imprevisível dos vírus da influenza equina. Em suma, vários relatórios destacaram a natureza imprevisível de H3N8 EIVs destacando a necessidade de vigilância contínua para H3N8 em equinos e humanos em contato com eles para novas mutações ameaçadoras.

Fauna flebotomínica e soroprevalência para leishmaniose visceral canina em área urbana na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil / [Phlebotomine fauna and seroprevalence for canine visceral leishmaniasis in urban area from Central-West region of Brazil]

A leishmaniose visceral americana (LVA) é uma zoonose de transmissão vetorial na qual o cão tem papel importante na epidemiologia da doença. No Brasil, a elevada prevalência da infecção em cães está diretamente correlacionada com o aumento no risco de ocorrência de casos de LVA. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a fauna flebotomínica e verificar a soroprevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) na localidade Pedra 90, no município de Cuiabá. Para o levantamento entomológico, armadilhas CDC foram utilizadas de agosto de 2014 a julho de 2015. Na avaliação sorológica dos cães, o teste imunocromatográfico DPP LVC foi utilizado para a triagem das amostras, enquanto o ensaio imunoenzimático (EIE) para o diagnóstico da LVC (Bio-Manguinhos) foi empregado como teste confirmatório. O trabalho vem acrescentar à fauna flebotomínica do município de Cuiabá as espécies Lu. andersoni, Lu. braziliensis, Lu. bourrouli e Lu. scaffi, não registradas em publicações anteriores. Além disso, entre as espécies de flebotomíneos com importância médica, Lu. cruzi, Lu. flaviscutellata e Lu. whitmani foram capturadas. No inquérito canino, a prevalência de LVC observada na localidade Pedra 90 foi de 1,14%, indicando que a região pode ser considerada como área de transmissão.(AU)

American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is a vector-borne zoonosis in which the dog has an important role in the epidemiology of the disease. In Brazil, a high prevalence of canine infection is directly correlated with an increased risk of occurrence of AVL. The aim of this study was to investigate the phlebotomine fauna and seroprevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Pedra 90 region of Cuiabá municipality. For the entomological survey, CDC traps were used from August 2014 to July 2015. In the serological evaluation of dogs, the immunochromatographic test DPP LVC was employed for screening the samples while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Bio-Manguinhos) was used as a confirmatory assay. The previously unreported phlebotomine species Lu. andersoni, Lu. braziliensis, Lu. bourrouli, and Lu. scaffi were added to the phlebotomine fauna of Cuiabá. In addition, the medically important phlebotomine species Lu. cruzi, Lu. flaviscutellata, and Lu. whitmani were identified. The canine survey revealed the prevalence of 1.14% for canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Pedra 90 region, the region being considered a transmission area.(AU)

Mycoses are emerging in reptiles / Emergen las micosis en reptiles

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¿Existen condiciones que favorecen la reaparición del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana en la Alta Guajira colombiana? / Do some conditions contribute to the reemergence of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the Colombian Alta Guajira?

Introducción. En los últimos 18 años, no se han vuelto a registrar epizootias de encefalitis equina venezolana en áreas con antecedentes históricos de epidemia (1925-1995) en la península de La Guajira. Objetivo. Establecer si en la Alta Guajira colombiana se mantienen las condiciones que favorecen la reaparición de las cepas epizoóticas del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó en las localidades afectadas por la epidemia de 1995, y se evaluaron los siguientes aspectos: 1) abundancia y variación estacional de las poblaciones de los mosquitos vectores; 2) disponibilidad de mamíferos sensibles amplificadores del virus, y 3) conocimiento de los habitantes sobre la enfermedad y sus vectores. Resultados. La mayoría de las especies de mosquitos, incluidas las de los vectores, se encontraron durante la estación lluviosa. Aedes taeniorhynchus y Psorophora confinnis presentaron relación con la precipitación y la temperatura. Deinocerites atlanticus estuvo siempre presente, independientemente de las condiciones climáticas. No se encontraron anticuerpos de tipo IgG en los sueros de humanos menores de 17 años, tampoco en los de los animales caprinos y bovinos analizados. En la encuesta sobre conocimientos, se detectó que la tercera parte de los encuestados recordaba la última epidemia y tenía conocimientos básicos sobre la enfermedad. Solamente 20 % de las familias poseía équidos y el 8 % estaba informado sobre la necesidad de vacunarlos. Conclusiones. Se mantienen algunas condiciones epidemiológicas que eventualmente podrían favorecer la reaparición del virus, pero el número de equinos en riesgo es escaso, lo cual constituye el cambio más notable y lo que, aparentemente, ha impedido la reaparición del virus.

Introduction: In the last 18 years, epizootics of Venezuelan equine encephalitis have not occurred in places with historic epidemic register (1925-1995) in the Guajira Peninsula, Colombia. Objective: To assess if the Guajira Peninsula, Colombia, still maintains the epidemiological conditions for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reemergence. Materials and methods: Research was carried out in places affected by the 1995 epidemic. We evaluated: 1) abundance and seasonal variation of vector mosquito populations; 2) availability of mammals that are potential amplifiers of the virus, and 3) knowledge among the community about the disease and its vectors. Results: Most of the 16 mosquito species were found during the rainy season. Aedes taeniorhynchus and Psorophora confinnis showed direct relation with rainfall and temperature. In contrast, the dominant species, Deinocerites atlanticus , was always present in the collections, regardless of climatic conditions. No IgG antibodies were found in humans younger than 17 years old, goats or bovine sera. One third of those interviewed remembered the last epidemic and had basic understanding of the disease. Only 20% of the families were owners of equines, and 8% was informed of the importance of equine vaccination. Conclusions: Some epidemiological conditions that eventually could help epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reemergence are maintained. However, an abrupt decrease in the number of susceptible equines was found in the area. Apparently, this new condition has not allowed the virus reemergence and is the biggest observed change.

Emerging animal viruses: real threats or simple bystanders? / Vírus emergentes de animais: verdadeiras ameaças ou meros espectadores?

The list of animal viruses has been frequently added of new members raising permanent concerns to virologists and veterinarians. The pathogenic potential and association with disease have been clearly demonstrated for some, but not for all of these emerging viruses. This review describes recent discoveries of animal viruses and their potential relevance for veterinary practice. Dogs were considered refractory to influenza viruses until 2004, when an influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was transmitted from horses and produced severe respiratory disease in racing greyhounds in Florida/USA. The novel virus, named canine influenza virus (CIV), is considered now a separate virus lineage and has spread among urban canine population in the USA. A new pestivirus (Flaviviridae), tentatively called HoBi-like pestivirus, was identified in 2004 in commercial fetal bovine serum from Brazil. Hobi-like viruses are genetically and antigenically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and induce similar clinical manifestations. These novel viruses seem to be widespread in Brazilian herds and have also been detected in Southeast Asia and Europe. In 2011, a novel mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus, named Schmallenberg virus (SBV), was associated with fever, drop in milk production, abortion and newborn malformation in cattle and sheep in Germany. Subsequently, the virus disseminated over several European countries and currently represents a real treat for animal health. [...] Finally, the long time and intensive search for animal relatives of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) has led to the identification of novel hepaciviruses in dogs (canine hepacivirus [CHV]), horses (non-primate hepaciviruses [NPHV] or Theiler's disease associated virus [TDAV]) and rodents. For these, a clear and definitive association with disease is still lacking and only time and investigation will tell whether they are real disease agents or simple spectators.

O número de vírus animais cresce continuamente, causando preocupação permanente a virologistas e veterinários. O potencial patogênico e associação com doença tem sido claramente demonstrado para alguns - mas não para todos - vírus emergentes. Esse artigo apresenta uma breve revisão das recentes descobertas de vírus animais e a sua potencial relevância para saúde animal. Cães eram considerados refratários aos vírus da influenza até 2004, quando um vírus influenza A subtipo H3N8 foi transmitido de equinos e causou doença respiratória severa em cães galgos na Flórida/EUA. O novo vírus, denominado vírus da influenza canina (CIV), agora considerado uma linhagem distinta do vírus da influenza equina, disseminou-se na população canina urbana dos EUA. Um novo Pestivirus (Flaviviridae) - provisoriamente denominado pestivírus Hobi-like - foi identificado em 2004 em soro fetal bovino importado do Brasil. Os vírus Hobi-like são genética e antigenicamente relacionados com o vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) e induzem manifestações clínicas semelhantes. A sua origem e distribuição são desconhecidas, mas estão aparentemente disseminados no rebanho brasileiro e já foram identificados no sudeste asiático e na Europa. Em 2011, um novo buniavírus transmitido por mosquitos, denominado vírus Schmallemberg (SBV), foi associado com febre, redução da produção de leite, abortos e malformações fetais em bovinos e ovinos da Alemanha. [...] Finalmente, a longa e intensiva busca por vírus animais relacionados ao vírus da hepatite C humana (HCV) tem levado a identificação de "novos" pestivírus em cães (canine hepacivirus [CHV]), equinos (hepacivirus de não-primatas [NPHV] ou vírus associado à doença de Theiler [TDAV]) e em roedores. Para estes, uma associação clara e definitiva com doença ainda não foi demonstrada e apenas tempo e investigação irão dizer se são patógenos reais ou apenas espectadores.

Febre amarela silvestre: reemergencia de transmissao no estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil, 2009 / Fiebre amarilla silvestre: re emergencia de transmision en el estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil, 2009 / Yellow fever: reemerging in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2009

OBJETIVO Descrever a investigação do surto de febre amarela silvestre e as principais medidas de controle realizadas no estado de São Paulo. MÉTODOS Estudo descritivo do surto de febre amarela silvestre na região sudoeste do estado, entre fevereiro e abril de 2009. Foram avaliados casos suspeitos e confirmados em humanos e primatas não humanos. A investigação entomológica, em ambiente silvestre, envolveu captura em solo e copa de árvore para identificação das espécies e detecção de infecção natural. Foram realizadas ações de controle de Aedes aegypti em áreas urbanas. A vacinação foi direcionada para residentes dos municípios com confirmação de circulação viral e nos municípios contíguos, conforme recomendação nacional. RESULTADOS Foram confirmados 28 casos humanos (letalidade 39,3%) em áreas rurais de Sarutaiá, Piraju, Tejupá, Avaré e Buri. Foram notificadas 56 mortes de primatas não humanos, 91,4% do gênero Alouatta sp . A epizootia foi confirmada laboratorialmente em dois primatas não humanos, sendo um em Buri e outro em Itapetininga. Foram coletados 1.782 mosquitos, entre eles Haemagogus leucocelaenus , Hg. janthinomys/capricornii , Sabethes chloropterus , Sa. purpureus e Sa. undosus . O vírus da febre amarela foi isolado de um lote de Hg. leucocelaenus procedente de Buri. A vacinação foi realizada em 49 municípios, com 1.018.705 doses aplicadas e o registro de nove eventos adversos graves pós-vacinação. CONCLUSÕES Os casos humanos ocorreram entre fevereiro e abril de 2009 em áreas sem registro de circulação do vírus da febre amarela há mais de 60 anos. A região encontrava-se fora da área com recomendação de vacinação, com alto percentual da p...

OBJETIVO Describir la investigación de brote de fiebre amarilla silvestre y las principales medidas de control realizadas en el estado de Sao Paulo. MÉTODOS Estudio descriptivo del brote de fiebre amarilla silvestre en la región suroeste del Estado, entre febrero y abril de 2009. Se evaluaron casos sospechosos y confirmados en humanos y primates no humanos. La investigación entomológica, en ambiente silvestre, involucró capturo en suelo y copa de árboles para identificación de las especies y detección de infección natural. Se realizaron acciones de control de Aedes aegypti en áreas urbanas. La vacunación fue direccionada a residentes de los municipios con confirmación de circulación viral y en los municipios contiguos, siguiendo recomendación nacional. RESULTADOS Se confirmaron 28 casos en humanos (letalidad 39,3%) en áreas rurales de Sarutaiá, Pirajú, Tejupá, Avaré y Buri. Se notificaron 56 muertes de primates no humanos, 91,4% del género Allouatta sp. La epizootia fue confirmada laboratorialmente en dos primates no humanos siendo uno de Buri y el otro de Itapetininga. Se colectaron 1.782 mosquitos, entre ellos Haemagogus leucocelaenus, Hg. janthinomys/capricornii, y Sabethes chloropterus, Sa. purpureus y Sa. undosus. El virus de la fiebre amarilla fue aislado de un lote de Hg. leucocelaenus procedente de Buri. La vacunación fue realizada en 49 municipios, con 1.018.705 dosis aplicadas y el registro de nueve eventos adversos graves post-vacunación. CONCLUSIONES Los casos humanos ocurrieron entre febrero a abril de 2009 en áreas sin registro de circulación del virus de la fiebre amarilla por más de 60 años. La región se encontraba fuera del área de recomendación de vacunación, con alto porcentaje de población susceptible. La adopción oportuna de medidas de control permitió ...

OBJECTIVE To describe the investigation of a sylvatic yellow fever outbreak in the state of Sao Paulo and the main control measures undertaken. METHODS This is a descriptive study of a sylvatic yellow fever outbreak in the Southwestern region of the state from February to April 2009. Suspected and confirmed cases in humans and in non-human primates were evaluated. Entomological investigation in sylvatic environment involved capture at ground level and in the tree canopy to identify species and detect natural infections. Control measures were performed in urban areas to control Aedes aegypti . Vaccination was directed at residents living in areas with confirmed viral circulation and also at nearby cities according to national recommendation. RESULTS Twenty-eight human cases were confirmed (39.3% case fatality rate) in rural areas of Sarutaiá, Piraju, Tejupá, Avaré and Buri. The deaths of 56 non-human primates were also reported, 91.4% were Allouatta sp. Epizootics was confirmed in two non-human primates in the cities of Itapetininga and Buri. A total of 1,782 mosquitoes were collected, including Haemagogus leucocelaenus , Hg. janthinomys/capricornii , and Sabethes chloropterus, Sa. purpureus and Sa. undosus . Yellow fever virus was isolated from a group of Hg. Leucocelaenus from Buri. Vaccination was carried out in 49 cities, with a total of 1,018,705 doses. Nine serious post-vaccination adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS The cases occurred between February and April 2009 in areas with no recorded yellow fever virus circulation in over 60 years. The outbreak region occurred outside the original recommended vaccination area with a high percentage of susceptible population. The fast adoption of control measures interrupted the human transmission within a month and the confirmation of viral circulation in humans, monkeys and mosquitoes. The results allowed the identification of new areas of viral circulation but ...

Resistance of Salmonella to conventional antimicrobials for theirtreatment / Resistencia de la Salmonela a los antimicrobianos convencionales para sutratamiento / Resistência da Salmonela aos antimicrobianos convencionais para seu tratamento

Resistance is the mechanism by which the bacteria can lower the action of the agents antimicrobials of form naturalor acquired; within the most frequent causes is the indiscriminate use of these agents in patients humans and cattleproduction. Since 1990, have been identified news strains of bacteria that cause emerging zoonotic diseases. Inside of these zoonosis, the salmonellosis is considered the disease more diffused at word level, the wide distribution innature between wildlife, domestics animals and the environment has generated a quick propagation of their more than 2500 serotypes in humans. However, the great preoccupation for infection with this enteropathogen is due to the increasingly in treatment failures with conventional antimicrobials, caused by the high bacterial resistance to thesedrugs. The present article is a review of the problems that it has developed resistance to Salmonella in humans andanimals; further contains strategies for prevention and control of this phenomenon, which although is far from over, allow strengthen the public health.

La resistencia es el mecanismo mediante el cual la bacteria puede disminuir la acción de los agentes antimicrobianos de forma natural o adquirida; dentro de las causas más frecuentes está la utilización indiscriminada de estos agentesen pacientes humanos y producciones pecuarias. Desde 1990 se han identificado nuevas cepas resistentes de bacterias que han originado enfermedades zoonóticas emergentes. Dentro de estas zoonosis, la salmonelosis es consideradala enfermedad más difundida a nivel mundial, la amplia distribución en la naturaleza entre animales silvestres,domésticos y el medio ambiente, produce una rápida propagación de sus más de 2500 serotipos en el hombre.Sin embargo, la gran preocupación por la infección con este entero patógeno se debe a los cada vez más elevadosfracasos en los tratamientos con antimicrobianos convencionales, ocasionados por la alta resistencia bacteriana a estos fármacos. El presente artículo es una revisión sobre la problemática que ha generado la resistencia de Salmonellaen el hombre y los animales, contiene además estrategias de prevención y control de este fenómeno, que si bien está lejos de terminar permiten el fortalecimiento de la salud pública.

A resistência é o mecanismo pelo qual a bactéria pode diminuir a ação dos agentes antimicrobianos de formanatural ou adquirida; dentro das causas mais frequentes está a utilização indiscriminada destes agentes em pacientes humanos e produções pecuárias. Desde 1990 tem identificado novas cepas resistentes de bactérias que originaram doenças zoonóticas emergentes. Dentro destas a zoonose, a salmonelose é considerada a doença mais difundida anível mundial, a ampla distribuição na natureza entre animais silvestres, domésticos e o meio ambiente, produz uma rápida propagação de seus mais de 2500 sorotipos no homem. Contudo, a grande preocupação pela infecção com este inteiro patógeno é devido aos cada vez mais elevados fracassos nos tratamentos com antimicrobianos convencionais,ocasionados pela alta resistência bacteriana a estes fármacos. O presente artigo é uma revisão sobre a problemáticaque gerou a resistência de Salmonella no homem e os animais, contem também estratégias de prevenção e controledeste fenômeno, que está distante de terminar e permitem o fortalecimento da saúde pública.