A review of the monkeypox virus and a recent outbreak of skin rash disease in Nigeria.

Since the eradication of smallpox approximately 39 years ago, monkeypox virus remains the most pathogenic poxvirus, being mainly restricted to Central and West Africa. Before 1970, there were no reports of human monkeypox in Nigeria, while between 1971 and 1978 there were three cases, with none having been reported thereafter. However, in September 2017, a case of contagious skin rash disease, typical of monkeypox, was observed in an 11-year-old boy from the southern part of the country and confirmed to be associated with the monkeypox virus. This large outbreak consisted of 262 suspected, 115 confirmed cases, and 7 mortalities across 26 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. The aim of this manuscript is to provide an updated, comprehensive, and timely review of monkeypox, an important emerging infection in Nigeria. Monkeypox is now a major threat to global health security, requiring an urgent multidisciplinary approach involving veterinarians, physicians, virologists, and public health experts to fast-track the development of diagnostic assays, vaccines, antivirals, and other control strategies.

Diagnostic and therapeutic advances in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: a focus on hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is an exceedingly rare disorder categorized under acute myeloid leukemia by the World Health Organization. Phenotypically, malignant cells coexpress CD4(+) and CD56(+) without coexpressing common lymphoid or myeloid lineage markers. BPDCN frequently expresses CD123, TCL1, BDCA-2, and CD2AP. Restriction of CD2AP expression to plasmacytoid dendritic cells makes it a useful tool to help confirm diagnosis. Clonal complex chromosome aberrations are described in two-thirds of cases. Eighty percent of BPDCN cases present with nonspecific dermatological manifestations, prompting inclusion in the differential diagnosis of atypical skin rashes refractory to standard treatment. Prognosis is poor, with a median survival of less than 18 months. No prospective randomized data exist to define the most optimal frontline chemotherapy. Current practice considers acute myeloid leukemia-like or acute lymphoblastic leukemia-like regimens acceptable for induction treatment. Unfortunately, responses are short-lived, with second remissions difficult to achieve, underscoring the need to consider hematopoietic cell transplantation early in the disease course. Allografting, especially if offered in first remission, can result in long-term remissions. Preclinical data suggest a potential role for immunomodulatory agents in BPCDN. However, further research efforts are needed to better understand BPDCN biology and to establish evidence-based treatment algorithms that might ultimately improve overall prognosis of this disease.

Skin rash as useful marker of erlotinib efficacy in NSCLC and its impact on clinical practice.

Erlotinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in treatment of advanced NSCLC. Patients harboring EGFR or KRAS mutations represent minority of all patients in caucasian population and there is no available predictor for a predominant group of patients harboring the wild-type EGFR and wild-type KRAS genes. Skin rash is the most frequent manifestation of cutaneous toxicity of erlotinib. Rash is associated with a good therapeutic response. We aimed at the evaluation of rash as a predictor of therapeutic effect of erlotinib in patients harboring the wild-type EGFR and KRAS wild-type genes and to assess its possible usage in a clinical practice.Totally 184 patients with advanced stage NSCLC (IIIB, IV) harboring the wild-type EGFR and wild-type KRAS genes were analysed. Comparison of ORR, PFS and OS according to the occurrence of rash was performed. In order to assess the impact of rash in clinical practice it was conducted landmark analysis of the group of patients whose rash was observed during first month of treatment (n=124). Patients in whom progression was observed during the first month of treatment were excluded from the landmark analysis. The comparison of ORR was performed using Fisher's exact test, visualization of survival was performed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the differences in survival were tested using the log-rank test. Median PFS in patients who were observed with rash during the treatment was 3.0 vs. 1.2 months in patients with no rash (p<0.001), median of OS in patients who were observed with rash during the treatment was 13.9 vs. 5.8 months in patients with no rash (p<0.001). ORR in patients who were observed with rash during the treatment was 17.4% vs. 3.3% in patients with no rash (p=0.001). Median of PFS after 1 month of treatment in patients who were observed with rash during the first month was 2.9 vs. 1.1 months in patients with no rash (p=0.027). Median of OS after 1 month of treatment in patients who were observed with rash during the first month was 13.8 vs. 9.9 months in patients with no rash (p=0.082). Rash is strongly associated with better survival and ORR in patients harboring wild-type EGFR and wild-type KRAS genes. Occurrence of rash during the first month of treatment is a useful predictor of better effect of erlotinib after one month of treatment. Patients who were not observed with rash during the first month of treatment are in high risk of progression. Optimization of the treatment of these patients can contribute restaging after two months of treatment, assessment of plasma levels of erlotinib and eventually attempt to dose escalation.

[Prognostic relevance of body mass index and rash for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer under therapy with erlotinib]. / Prognoserelevanz von Body-Mass-Index und Rash für Patienten mit metastasiertem nichtkleinzelligem Lungenkarzinom unter Therapie mit Erlotinib.

Tyrosine kinase inhibition (TKI) such as erlotinib is a well established treatment option in the palliative care of patients with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Histology and sex have been associated with different prognostic outcome measures in patients treated with erlotinib. Furthermore, the degree of rash, developed during treatment might be a relevant marker in respect to tumor response. To dissect these clinical relevant features we analysed a cohort of 275 patients treated with erlotinib in different lines of chemotherapy in our hospital. Nutrition status plays an important role in the prognosis of patients in a palliative chemotherapeutic setting, we therefore included body mass index measurements (BMI) in our analysis. We found that BMI and smoking status influence different survival patterns. Male patients have a poorer survival based on low BMI, rash development and smoking status. We therefore conclude that both nutritional and smoking status should be taken into account in the surveillance of patients with NSCLC in a palliative therapeutic setting under TKI treatment.

Association between pertuzumab-associated diarrhoea and rash and survival outcomes in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer: Exploratory analysis from the CLEOPATRA trial.

BACKGROUND: Skin rash and diarrhoea are known side-effects of pertuzumab. Studies with other anti-HER2 agents suggested that adverse events correlate with patient outcomes. In this exploratory cohort of patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer included in the CLEOPATRA trial we evaluated the value of rash and diarrhoea as prognostic markers and as predictors of pertuzumab benefit. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of the multicenter, prospective, randomised CLEOPATRA trial. We defined two analytic cohorts: cohort 1 (C1) included patients from treatment initiation, and cohort 2 (C2) included patients after discontinuation of docetaxel. A landmark analysis was introduced to deal with immortal-time bias. Study endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used. RESULTS: Of the 808 patients and after application of the landmark analysis, C1 and C2 included 777 and 518 patients, respectively. In C1, rash occurred in 271 patients (34.9%) and diarrhoea in 470 (60.5%). Rash was prognostic for PFS and OS (C1: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.66 [95% CI = 0.48-0.91], p = 0.010]; C2: aHR 0.52 [95% CI = 0.30-0.89], p = 0.018) in both cohorts, while diarrhoea was only prognostic for PFS in cohort 2 (aHR = 0.65 [95% CI = 0.46-0.91], p = 0.011). Rash and diarrhoea were not predictive of pertuzumab benefit (in terms of PFS/OS) in the two cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: In patients treated with pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel, rash is prognostic whenever it occurs during treatment, while diarrhoea only has prognostic value when occurring after docetaxel discontinuation. However, neither rash nor diarrhoea predict pertuzumab benefit.

Phase II study of ipilimumab and nivolumab in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.

Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is a common complication from solid tumor malignancies with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. We present a single arm Phase II study of 18 patients with LMD receiving combined ipilimumab and nivolumab until progression or unacceptable toxicity (NCT02939300). The primary end point is overall survival at 3 months (OS3). Secondary end points include toxicity, cumulative time-to-progression at 3 months, and progression-free survival. A Simon two-stage design is used to compare a null hypothesis OS3 of 18% against an alternative of 44%. Median follow up based on patients still alive is 8.0 months (range: 0.5 to 15.9 months). The study has met its primary endpoint as 8 of 18 (OS3 0.44; 90% CI: 0.24 to 0.66) patients are alive at three months. One third of patients have experienced one (or more) grade-3 or higher adverse events. Two patients have discontinued protocol treatment due to unacceptable toxicity (hepatitis and colitis, respectively). The most frequent adverse events include fatigue (N = 7), nausea (N = 6), fever (N = 6), anorexia (N = 6) and rash (N = 6). Combined ipilimumab and nivolumab has an acceptable safety profile and demonstrates promising activity in LMD patients. Larger, multicenter clinical trials are needed to validate these results.

Do patients die from rashes from epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors? A systematic review to help counsel patients about holding therapy.

Rash from epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors is common and negatively impacts the quality of life of cancer patients. Published guidelines recommend holding cancer therapy if the rash is severe. Does this recommendation hinge solely on improving patients' quality of life, or does it also hinge on the prevention of a potentially fatal, cutaneous adverse event? In other words, do patients die from rashes from epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors? To our knowledge, the latter question has never before been asked and answered in an evidence-based fashion. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the published, prospectively conducted clinical trial literature on epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. The primary aim was to determine whether rash-related death has ever been reported in such trials. Among 117 such trials, which included 8,998 cancer patients, the rate of rash development was >50%, as expected. However, there were no reported deaths from a rash. Although we cannot conclude that a rash-related death from this class of agents can never occur, this systematic review provides evidence-based guidance on how best to counsel cancer patients who develop a rash from an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor. It suggests that quality of life issues should remain at the forefront as cancer patients and health care providers make decisions about holding cancer therapy.

Paired Phase II Studies of Erlotinib/Bevacizumab for Advanced Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma or Never Smokers With Advanced Non-Small-cell Lung Cancer: SWOG S0635 and S0636 Trials.

BACKGROUND: Before mutation testing of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene was recognized as highly associated with the activity of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), clinically defined patient populations with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) and never smokers were identified as likely to benefit from EGFR TKIs. From preclinical and clinical data suggesting potentially improved efficacy with a combination of an EGFR TKI and the antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab, the Southwestern Oncology Group (SWOG) initiated paired phase II trials to evaluate the combination of erlotinib/bevacizumab in patients with advanced BAC (SWOG S0635) or never smokers with advanced lung adenocarcinoma (SWOG S0636). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eligible patients with BAC or adenocarcinoma with BAC features (SWOG S0635) or never smokers with advanced lung adenocarcinoma (SWOG S0636) received erlotinib 150 mg/day with bevacizumab 15 mg/kg until progression or prohibitive toxicity. Never smokers with BAC were preferentially enrolled to SWOG S0636. The primary endpoint for both trials was overall survival. RESULTS: A total of 84 patients were enrolled in the SWOG S0635 trial and 85 in the SWOG S0636 trial. The objective response rate was 22% (3% complete response) in the SWOG S0635 trial and 50% (38% confirmed; 3% complete response) in the SWOG S0636 trial. The median progression-free survival was 5 and 7.4 months in the S0635 and S0636 trials, respectively. The median overall survival was 21 and 29.8 months, respectively. Toxicity consisted mainly of rash and diarrhea in both trials. CONCLUSION: Although the field has moved toward molecular, rather than clinical, selection of patients as optimal candidates for EGFR TKI therapy, these results support the hypothesis that a subset of patients in whom erlotinib is particularly active could receive an incremental benefit from the addition of bevacizumab.

Rash and multiorgan dysfunction following lamotrigine: could genetic be involved?

CASE (DESCRIPTION): We report the case of a 38-year-old woman treated with lamotrigine who experienced multi-organ dysfunction. The patient received the drug at the dose of 100 mg per day. One week later, the treatment was suspended because of an extensive body rash. Twenty-four hours later, the patient appeared drowsy and stuporous and was hospitalized. On the fifth day, the patient was admitted with a clinical picture of acute multi-organ failure in our Institute, where, she, despite the support of vital functions with vasoactive drugs, continuous hemofiltration and ventilation with oxygen, died. Serum lamotrigine concentration was measured 110 h after its last dose and the drug resulted to be still present at 1 mg/L. The patient was homozygous for the UGT1A4-70C and UGT2B7-161C alleles and heterozygous for the UGT2B7-372A>G polymorphism. Regarding ABCB1 the patient showed the 3435CC, 2677GT and 1236CT genotypes. CONCLUSION: Our results may suggest a role of the UGT2B7-372A>G polymorphism in this reaction.

Fever with rash in a child in India.

Fever with rash is common among children and are seen by both dermatologists and pediatricians. Most of them are benign viral exanthems without much clinical significance. This article gives an overview of the infectious and noninfectious causes of fever with rash in children and how to diagnose them, with special emphasis on the Indian scenario as well. It also differentiates them from fever with rash caused by drugs. This review emphasizes that although benign in many cases, it is necessary to identify the signs of serious illnesses to prevent mortality or sequelae.

Severe cutaneous adverse reactions to antiepileptic drugs in Asians.

OBJECTIVE: Ethnicity has been shown to be a contributing risk factor regarding antiepileptic drug (AED)-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs). To increase the clinical and epidemiologic information in Asians, we investigated the characteristics, outcome, and tolerability toward alternative drugs for AED-induced SCARs. METHODS: A total of 154 patients with AED-induced SCARs, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrosis (TEN), and drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), were analyzed for demographic characteristics, causative AEDs, latent period, organ involvement, complications, and mortality. Tolerability toward alternative AEDs was followed for patients after AED-SCARs episodes. RESULTS: Carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenytoin (PHT) were the most common causative AEDs for SJS/TEN (67.8%) and DRESS (43.6%), respectively. No SCARs case was caused by nonaromatic AEDs, e.g., valproic acid (VPA) and topiramate (TPM). The liver was the most frequently involved internal organ in AED-DRESS, whereas ocular complications were more commonly seen in AED-SJS/TEN. The mortality of AED-SJS/TEN and -DRESS was 6.1% and 7.7%, respectively. By following alternative AED usage of patients after AED-SCARs episodes, we noted that most patients were tolerant of nonaromatic AEDs. One case of oxcarbazepine-SJS had cross-hypersensitivity to lamotrigine (LTG) and further developed into DRESS. CONCLUSION: CBZ, PHT, and LTG were the major causative AEDs for SCARs. The mortality of PHT-SCARs was higher than CBZ-SCARs due to complicated comorbidity in patients. Nonaromatic AEDs were safe alternatives for patients with aromatic AED-induced SCARs.

Exantema fijo medicamentoso / Fixed drug eruption

El exantema fijo medicamentoso (EFM) es un patrón de reacción cutaneomucosa, caracterizado por la aparición de una o varias máculas eritematoso-violáceas circunscritas, que evolucionan a lesiones hiperpigmentadas. En casi el 100% de los casos descritos el EFM está desencadenado por fármacos, y un gran número de medicamentos se han relacionado con su etiología. Típicamente, las lesiones reaparecen en la misma localización al administrar el fármaco responsable. Presentamos el caso de un niño con un cuadro de EFM provocado por la administración de ibuprofeno oral (AU)

Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a cutaneous-mucous reaction pattern characterised by the appearance of one or several circumscribed violaceous-erythematous maculae, which progressin to hyperpigmented lesions. Nearly 100% of described cases of FDE are triggered by a drug, and a great many medicines have been linked to it’s a etiology. Typically, when the drug responsible for the FDE is administered, the lesions reappear in the same location. We present a child with the symptoms of FDE caused by oral ibuprofen (AU)