Ocimum basilicum but not Ocimum gratissimum present cytotoxic effects on human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, inducing apoptosis and triggering mTOR/Akt/p70S6K pathway.

Breast cancer is the major cause of death by cancer in women worldwide and in spite of the many drugs for its treatment, there is still the need for novel therapies for its control. Ocimum species have been used by traditional medicine to control several diseases, including cancer. We have previously characterized the antidiabetic properties of the unfractionated aqueous leaf extracts of Ocimum basilicum (OB) and Ocimum gratissimum (OG), modulating glucose metabolism in diabetic mice. Since glucose metabolism is primordial for cancer cells survival, we hypothesized that these extracts are effective against cancer cells. The unfractionated aqueous leaf extracts of OB and OG were chemically characterized and tested for their cytotoxic, cytostatic and anti-proliferative properties against the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Both extracts presented cytostatic effects with an 80% decrease in MCF-7 cell growth at 1 mg/mL. However, only OB promoted cytotoxic effects, interfering with the cell viability even after interruption of the treatment. Moreover, OB but not OG affected the cell proliferation and metabolism, evaluated in terms of lactate production and intracellular ATP content. After 24 h of treatment, OB treated cells presented an apoptotic profile, while OG treated cells were more necrotic. The treatment with both extracts also activated AMPK, but OB was much more efficient than OG in promoting this. The activation of mTOR signaling, another survival pathway was promoted by OB, whereas OG failed to activate it. In the end, we conclude that OB extract is efficient against the human breast cancer cell line.

The science behind sacredness of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.).

Medicinal properties of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) are known for thousand years to various civilizations of the world. This medicinal herb is considered as a sacred plant by the Hindus in the Indian subcontinent. Scientific explorations of traditional belief of medicinal properties of Tulsi have got momentum mostly after the middle of the 20th century. In the present review, efforts have been made to sum up different aspects of scientific studies on this medicinal plant. Scientific evidences are available on various medicinal aspects i.e. antimicrobial, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, radioprotective, immunomodulatory, neuro-protective, cardio-protective, mosquito repellent etc. to name a few. Most of these evidences are based on in-vitro, experimental and a few human studies.

Larvicidal and antifeedant activity of some plant-derived compounds to Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Limantriidae).

Ethanol solutions of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum and its main component, linalool (both isomer forms), all in three concentrations, as well as botanical standard Bioneem (0.5%), were tested for their toxicity and antifeedant activity against the second instar gypsy moth larvae in the laboratory bioassay. The essential oil of O. basilicum was subjected to gas chromatography analysis, and totally 37 compounds were detected, of which linalool was predominantly present. All tested solutions showed low to moderate larvicidal effect in both residual toxicity test and in chronic larval mortality bioassay. Chronic mortality tests showed that obtained mortality was a consequence of starving rather than ingestion of treated leaves. However, antifeedant index achieved by application of tested solutions in feeding choice assay was remarkable. Foliar application of all tested compounds deterred feeding by L2 in the same percent as Bioneem. Antifeedant index was relatively high at all tested treatments (85-94%); moreover, the larval desensitization to repelling volatiles has not occurred after five days of observation. Low toxic and high antifeedant properties make these plant-derived compounds suitable for incorporation in integrated pest management programs, especially in urban environments.

Reversible anti-fertility effect of benzene extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves on sperm parameters and fructose content in rats.

Treatment of albino rats with a benzene extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves (250 mg/kg body weight) for 48 d decreased total sperm count, sperm motility, and forward velocity. The percentage of abnormal sperm increased in caudal epididymal fluid, and the fructose content decreased in the caudal plasma of the epididymis and the seminal vesicles. The results suggest that such effects are due to androgen deprivation, caused by the anti-androgenic property of O. sanctum leaves. The effect was reversible because all parameters returned to normal 2 wk after the withdrawal of treatment.

Evaluación tóxica y genotóxica del extracto fluido de Ocimum gratissimum L / Toxic and genotoxic evaluation of the fluid extract from Ocimum gratissimum L

Se evaluó la toxicidad aguda y la actividad genotóxica del extracto fluido de hojas de Ocimum gratissimum L a través de 2 sistemas de ensayo a corto plazo, uno in vitro con la cepa D-30 de Aspergillus nidulans y otro in vivo, el ensayo de micronúcleos en médula ósea de ratón. La toxicidad aguda del extracto quedó demostrada por la mortalidad observada que alcanzó el 50 por ciento de los animales en la dosis 3g/kg, que fue dosis dependiente. Se encontró una respuesta genotóxica poco acentuada del extracto fluido al 30 por ciento de O gratissimum. Los resultados permitieron concluir que este extracto mostró efectos tóxicos agudos y signos histológicos de hepatotoxicidad y nefrotoxicidad y no resultó genotóxico sobre la cepa D-30 de Aspergillus nidulans en el ensayo de segregación mitótica y tampoco en el ensayo de micronúcleos en médula ósea de ratón(AU)

Toxicidad aguda oral y subcrónica en ratas de un extracto acuoso liofilizado de Ocimum tenuiflorum L / Acute and subchronic oral toxicity in rats of a lyophilized aqueous extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum L

El potencial tóxico de un extracto acuoso liofilizado fue evaluado mediante el ensayo de toxicidad aguda oral y subcrónica a 90 días en ratas Wistar de ambos sexos. Los métodos empleados fueron los descritos por las normas OECD. En el ensayo agudo se administró por vía oral la dosis de 2000 mg/kg y en el ensayo subcrónico 250, 500 y 1000 mg/kg/día durante 13 semanas. Se evaluaron los signos tóxicos y peso corporal en ambos ensayos. En el estudio subcrónico además se evaluó el consumo de alimentos, indicadores hematológicos (hemoglobina, hematocrito, recuento diferencial de leucocitos, recuento total de leucocitos y recuento total de eritrocitos) y bioquímica clínica (glucosa, alanino amino transferasa, aspartato amino transferasa, colesterol, urea, bilirrubina y creatinina). También se realizó necropsia y examen histopatológico de órganos y tejidos (corazón, riñón, hígado, bazo, cerebro, pulmón, estómago, intestino, timo, glándulas suprarrenales, tiroides, paratiroides, páncreas, glándulas salivales, ganglio cervical, testículos, vesículas seminales, próstata y ovarios) y se determinó el peso relativo de órganos (corazón, riñón, hígado, bazo, cerebro, pulmón, timo, glándulas suprarrenales, próstata, testículos y ovarios). No se apreciaron signos tóxicos ni mortalidad como consecuencia de la administración del liofilizado de Ocimum tenuiflorum L. en ninguno de los ensayos. Los parámetros analizados de peso corporal, consumo de alimentos, hematología, bioquímica, peso relativo de órganos y análisis histopatológico de órganos y tejidos no evidenciaron toxicidad significativa atribuible a la sustancia de prueba

The toxic potential of a lyophilized aqueous extract was evaluated by oral acute and 90 days subchronic toxicity in Wistar rats of both sexes. The methods used were those described by OECD guidelines. In an oral acute toxicity test, a dose of 2000 mg/kg and for subchronic toxicity test, doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks were administered. The toxic signs and corporal weight were evaluated for both assays. In addition, in subchronic toxicity test, the food consumption, haematology (haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocyte count, total and differential leucocyte count) and clinical biochemistry determination (glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol, urea nitrogen, total bilirubin and creatinine) were evaluated. Gross necropsy and histopathological examination of organs and tissues (heart, kidney, liver, spleen, brain, lung, stomach, intestine, thymus, adrenals, thyroid/parathyroid, pancreas, salivary glands, cervical ganglion, testicles, seminal vesicles, prostate and ovaries) were carried out and relative weight of each organ was determined (heart, kidney, liver, spleen, brain, lung, thymus, adrenals, prostate, testicles and ovaries). Oral acute and subchronic toxicity tests showed no significant toxic effects attributable to the test substance, with absence of toxic symptoms or mortality and normal weight increment, food consumption, haematology, biochemistry, organs relative weight and histopathological examination of organs and tissues