Maternal overnutrition leads to cognitive and neurochemical abnormalities in C57BL/6 mice.

Objectives: Epidemiological studies have linked maternal obesity with metabolic as well as psychiatric disorders in the progeny. However, very little is known how maternal overnutrition may affect the cognitive abilities of the offspring. Methods: Here, we tested the hypothesis whether maternal high-fat diet (HFD) exposure in mice may induce long-term cognitive impairments and neurochemical dysfunctions in the offspring during different age trajectories. Results: We found that maternal HFD led to cognitive disabilities in adult offspring compared to controls. It was mostly evident in a reference memory and in an associative learning paradigm. More severe and pervasive impairments were evident in the aged adult group across multiple cognitive domains. In addition, adult and aged adult HFD offspring showed potentiation of prepulse inhibition. The cognitive impairments observed at adulthood were associated with attenuations of amino acid levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus regions. Discussion: Our results suggest that HFD offspring are at an increased risk to develop cognitive deficits, affecting learning and memory processes in adulthood. Furthermore, maternal HFD exposure may facilitate or even drive pathological brain aging mainly in the hippocampal and prefrontal cortex structures that may explain the cognitive deficits observed in the offspring.

[Is the individual motivational interviewing effective in overweight and obesity treatment? A systematic review]. / ¿Es efectiva la entrevista motivacional individual en la malnutrición por exceso? Una revisión sistemática de la literatura.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of individual motivational interviewing (MI) in the ambulatory treatment of the overweight and obese. DESIGN: The protocol of this systematic review is registered in PROSPERO N° CDR42017058814. DATABASES: EBSCO-CINAHL, Pubmed, Scielo, PsycoINFO from 2010 to 2017. STUDY SELECTION: We included studies with overweight and obese adult participants, randomized trial and case control studies, with MI being applied individually and face to face, with primary or secondary results in changes in body composition (weight or BMI), published in English or Spanish, with available text and in peer-reviewed journals. DATA EXTRACTION: We obtained anthropometric, behavioral, psychosocial, and other variables as effects of MI. In addition, we collected descriptive variables of the interventions. RESULTS: Eleven articles were included in this revision. There is a great variability between the studies in terms of population, kind of intervention, and time of follow-up. In most of them, some effect was observed in reducing bodyweight, reaching a maximum of 7kg in the group that received the MI. There are positive variations in psychosocial and metabolic variables in the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Individual MI interventions have a modest effect on the variation of bodyweight, and could have a positive impact on behavioral, psychosocial, and other variables. More studies are needed to elucidate the best form of MI application with regard to effectiveness on different variables. The primary healthcare system is in an advantageous position for generating fruitful research on this motivational strategy.

Early postnatal overnutrition increases adipose tissue accrual in response to a sucrose-enriched diet.

Both overnutrition and an incorrect nutrient balance have contributed to the rise in obesity. Moreover, it is now clear that poor nutrition during early life augments the possibility of excess weight gain in later years. Our aim was to determine how neonatal overnutrition affects later responses to a sucrose-enriched diet and whether this varies depending upon when the diet is introduced in postnatal life. Male Wistar rats raised in litters of four or 12 pups were given a 33% sucrose solution instead of water from weaning (day 21) or postnatal day (PND) 65. All rats received normal chow ad libitum until they were euthanized on PND 80. Body weight (BW) and food and liquid intake were monitored throughout the study. Fat mass, adipocyte morphology, serum biochemical and hormonal parameters, and hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNA levels were measured at study termination. Neonatal overnutrition increased food intake, BW, and leptin levels, induced adipocyte hypertrophy, and decreased total ghrelin levels. The sucrose-enriched diet increased total energy intake, adipose accrual, and leptin, adiponectin, and acylated ghrelin levels but decreased BW. Most of these responses were accentuated in neonatally overnourished rats, which also had increased insulin and triglyceride levels. However, long-term sucrose intake induced adipocyte hypertrophy in rats from normal-sized litters but not in neonatally overfed rats. The results reported here indicate that neonatal overnutrition increases the detrimental response to a diet rich in sucrose later in life. Moreover, the timing and duration of the exposure to a sucrose-enriched diet alter the adverse metabolic outcomes.

Hypothalamic steroid receptor coactivator-2 regulates adaptations to fasting and overnutrition.

The neuroendocrine system coordinates metabolic and behavioral adaptations to fasting, including reducing energy expenditure, promoting counterregulation, and suppressing satiation and anxiety to engage refeeding. Here, we show that steroid receptor coactivator-2 (SRC-2) in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons is a key regulator of all these responses to fasting. POMC-specific deletion of SRC-2 enhances the basal excitability of POMC neurons; mutant mice fail to efficiently suppress energy expenditure during food deprivation. SRC-2 deficiency blunts electric responses of POMC neurons to glucose fluctuations, causing impaired counterregulation. When food becomes available, these mutant mice show insufficient refeeding associated with enhanced satiation and discoordination of anxiety and food-seeking behavior. SRC-2 coactivates Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) to suppress POMC gene expression. POMC-specific deletion of SRC-2 protects mice from weight gain induced by an obesogenic diet feeding and/or FoxO1 overexpression. Collectively, we identify SRC-2 as a key molecule that coordinates multifaceted adaptive responses to food shortage.

[Questionnaire for measuring risk eating behaviors for excess malnutrition in adolescents]. / Cuestionario para medir conductas alimentarias de riesgo de malnutrición por exceso en adolescentes.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: there are behavioral factors that predispose to the development of excess malnutrition, and which can be key to the promotion of healthy habits. The purpose of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire to identify risky eating behaviors in adolescents. Objective: to evaluate the psychometric properties of a questionnaire to measure risky eating behaviors related to excess malnutrition in adolescents in the province of Concepción, Chile. Materials and methods: quantitative psychometric research with correlational scope; non-experimental, cross-sectional design. The population was composed by adolescents aged 10 to 15 years in the province of Concepción, from different socio-economic levels. A total of 303 students, chosen by non-probabilistic sampling, responded to the Questionnaire on Alimentary Malnutrition Risk Behaviors, CARME. A subsample of 115 students also answered a body image questionnaire, and 80 were assessed anthropometrically. Exploratory factor analyses and correlation evaluations were performed. Results: four factors were identified for the CARME: response to food, feeding without control, consumption of highly caloric foods, and emotional feeding, with reliability between α = 0.64 and α = 0.87. Scores showed differences by sex, and relationships with perceived body image (p < 0.05), but not with nutritional status. Conclusions: the evidence supports the construct validity, reliability and criteria validity of CARME. The questionnaire would be appropriate to measure dietary risk behaviors for overweight and obesity in adolescents. However, no associations were found between nutritional status and questionnaire dimensions.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: existen conductas que predisponen al desarrollo de malnutrición por exceso cuya detección es clave para la promoción de hábitos saludables. Esto hace necesario contar con instrumentos con evidencia de validez y confiabilidad que permitan diagnosticar e investigar este fenómeno oportunamente. Objetivo: construir y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de un cuestionario que evalúa las conductas alimentarias de riesgo de malnutrición por exceso en adolescentes chilenos. Material y métodos: se realizó una investigación cuantitativa, psicométrica, analítico-relacional por encuesta. La población estuvo compuesta por adolescentes de 11 a 18 años de la provincia de Concepción, Chile. De esta, 303 estudiantes, elegidos por muestreo no probabilístico por cuotas, respondieron el Cuestionario de Conductas Alimentarias de Riesgo de Malnutrición por Exceso (CARME). Una submuestra respondió además a un cuestionario de imagen corporal y fue evaluada antropométricamente. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio del CARME, se analizó su confiabilidad y se evaluó su relación con otras variables para evaluar su validez de criterio. Resultados: los ítems del CARME se organizaron en cuatro factores: respuesta frente a alimentos, alimentación sin control, consumo de alimentos altamente calóricos y alimentación emocional. Sus confiabilidades fueron de cuestionables (α = 0,64) a muy buenas (α = 0,87). Al evaluar su asociación con otras variables se encontraron relaciones con la percepción de la imagen corporal (p < 0,05), pero no con el estado nutricional. Conclusiones: la evidencia apoya la validez de constructo, la confiabilidad y la validez de criterio del CARME. El cuestionario sería adecuado para medir conductas alimentarias de riesgo de sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes.

Comparación entre personas con malnutrición por exceso, con y sin trastorno por atracón.

Introducción: si bien el Trastorno por Atracón es un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria que  no se da exclusivamente en personas obesas, es más común en este grupo que en sujetos con normopeso, sin embargo no todas las personas con malnutrición por exceso presentan Trastorno por Atracón. Objetivo: identificar el conocimiento actual respecto a las diferencias y semejanzas existentes entre personas con malnutrición por exceso con y sin Trastorno por Atracón.Método: para lograr el objetivo anterior, se realizó una revisión de artículos científicos en torno al tema.Resultados: primero se analizó la comorbilidad psicopatológica en obesidad y después se detectaron similitudes y diferencias entre los grupos de interés, tanto en sintomatología general, como así también en sintomatología de la conducta alimentaria. Además, se identificaron algunos aspectos controversiales, en que existe evidencia contradictoria respecto a la comparación intergrupal.Conclusión: de esta revisión se concluye que en el estudio de la obesidad se hace necesario conocer en mayor profundidad las características del subgrupo de pacientes que además presenta Trastorno por Atracón,  ya que estas personas poseen características distintivas cuyo conocimiento permitirá ofrecer tratamientos integrales más adecuados a las necesidades de los pacientes, lo que posibilitará, en consecuencia, diseñar intervenciones más eficaces.

Metabolic learning and memory formation by the brain influence systemic metabolic homeostasis.

Metabolic homeostasis is regulated by the brain, but whether this regulation involves learning and memory of metabolic information remains unexplored. Here we use a calorie-based, taste-independent learning/memory paradigm to show that Drosophila form metabolic memories that help in balancing food choice with caloric intake; however, this metabolic learning or memory is lost under chronic high-calorie feeding. We show that loss of individual learning/memory-regulating genes causes a metabolic learning defect, leading to elevated trehalose and lipid levels. Importantly, this function of metabolic learning requires not only the mushroom body but also the hypothalamus-like pars intercerebralis, while NF-κB activation in the pars intercerebralis mimics chronic overnutrition in that it causes metabolic learning impairment and disorders. Finally, we evaluate this concept of metabolic learning/memory in mice, suggesting that the hypothalamus is involved in a form of nutritional learning and memory, which is critical for determining resistance or susceptibility to obesity. In conclusion, our data indicate that the brain, and potentially the hypothalamus, direct metabolic learning and the formation of memories, which contribute to the control of systemic metabolic homeostasis.

Representaciones sociales y percepciones de la malnutricion por exceso en trabajadores chilenos del retail / Social representations and perceptions on malnutrition by exceess on retail Chilean workers

Resumen: El 74,2% de los adultos chilenos tiene malnutrición por exceso (MNE), constituyendo un problema de salud pública; por ello se presenta un estudio exploratorio, corte transversal, usando encues ta semiestructurada y escala de Stunkard; y descriptivo e interpre tativo, levantando categorías de percepción sobre imagen corporal y cultura alimentaria, mediante grupos focales y entrevistas. Su objetivo, comprender percepciones y representaciones sociales res pecto de la malnutrición por exceso de trabajadores del retail, Temuco. Muestra intencionada, consideró 80 trabajadores de dos empresas, de un universo de 380, cumpliendo criterios de inclusión; análisis de datos mediante coeficiente de Spearman y atlas Ti. Resultados: 83,3% y 92,3% de mujeres y hombres con obesidad se autopercibió correctamente (P < 0,05), "todas estamos pasaditas"; trabajadores con sobrepeso normalizan su estado. Imagen deseada de enflaquecida en mujeres (47,1%) y hombres (60,9%), sin diferen cias significativas en ambos. El vestuario ayuda a la negación de la MNE. Falta de tiempo, cansancio, comodidad influyen en la alimen tación. El 54,1% de trabajadores no cumplió con una porción de lácteos, frutas, verduras diaria. El 81,1% se alimenta en el trabajo, desean un casino con alimentación equilibrada. Apremian enfoques para manejo de la autopercepción a equipos de salud. En el ámbito laboral fomentar hábitos saludables a trabajadores.

Abstract: 74.2% of Chilean adults have malnutrition by excess (MNE), consti tuting a public health problem; therefore an exploratory study is presented, cross section, using a semi structured survey and Stunkard scale; and descriptive and interpretative, developing cate gories of perception on body image and alimentary culture, through focus groups and interviews. Its objective is to understand percep tions and social representations regarding to malnutrition by excess of retail workers, Temuco, Chile. Intended sample, considered 80 workers of two companies of a universe of 380, fulfilling inclusion criteria; data analisys using Spearman coefficient and Atlas Ti. Results: 83.3% and 92.3% of women and men with obesity cor rectly self-perceived (P<0.05), "we are all a little overweigh"; over weight workers normalized their status. Desire slim image in women (47.1%) and men (60.9%) without significant differences between each other. The costumes help of denial of the MNE. Lack of time, fatigue and comfort influence alimentation. 54.1% of workers did not complete a daily portion of dairy product, fruits and vegetables. 81.1% of workers eat at work, want a casino with balanced diet. They advocate approaches for managing self-perception to public health system. In the workplace, encourage healthy habits for workers.

The paradox of overnutrition in aging and cognition.

Populations of many countries are becoming increasingly overweight and obese, driven largely by excessive calorie intake and reduced physical activity; greater body mass is accompanied by epidemic levels of comorbid metabolic diseases. At the same time, individuals are living longer. The combination of aging and the increased prevalence of metabolic disease is associated with increases in aging-related comorbid diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular dementia, and sarcopenia. Here, correlative and causal links between diseases of overnutrition and diseases of aging and cognition are explored.

Methylphenidate prevents high-fat diet (HFD)-induced learning/memory impairment in juvenile mice.

The prevalence of childhood obesity has risen dramatically and coincident with this upsurge is a growth in adverse childhood psychological conditions including impulsivity, depression, anxiety and attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Due to confounds that exist when determining causality of childhood behavioral perturbations, controversy remains as to whether overnutrition and/or childhood obesity is important. Therefore, we examined juvenile mice to determine if biobehaviors were impacted by a short-term feeding (1-3wks) of a high-fat diet (HFD). After 1wk of a HFD feeding, mouse burrowing and spontaneous wheel running were increased while mouse exploration of the open quadrants of a zero maze, perfect alternations in a Y-maze and recognition of a novel object were impaired. Examination of mouse cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus for dopamine and its metabolites demonstrated increased homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations in the hippocampus and cortex that were associated with decreased cortical BDNF gene expression. In contrast, pro-inflammatory cytokine gene transcripts and serum IL-1α, IL-1ß, TNF-α and IL-6 were unaffected by the short-term HFD feeding. Administration to mice of the psychostimulant methylphenidate prevented HFD-dependent impairment of learning/memory. HFD learning/memory impairment was not inhibited by the anti-depressants desipramine or reboxetine nor was it blocked in IDO or IL-1R1 knockout mice. In sum, a HFD rapidly impacts dopamine metabolism in the brain appearing to trigger anxiety-like behaviors and learning/memory impairments prior to the onset of weight gain and/or pre-diabetes. Thus, overnutrition due to fats may be central to childhood psychological perturbations such as anxiety and ADHD.

Occupational burnout, eating behavior, and weight among working women.

BACKGROUND: Eating behavior affects weight and thus the development of obesity. Studies on the effect of occupational burnout (exhaustive fatigue, cynicism, and lost occupational self-respect caused by chronic work stress) on eating behavior are lacking. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate associations between occupational burnout, eating behavior, and weight among working women. DESIGN: A total of 230 working women participated in a randomized controlled intervention trial (Nuadu) that aimed at changing the health behaviors of those with health risks. We assessed eating behavior using the Three-Factor Eating Behavior Questionnaire 18 and burnout using the Bergen Burnout Indicator 15 at both baseline and 12 mo. Body weight and percentage body fat were also measured at baseline and at 12 mo. The intervention and control groups were combined and divided by burnout and weight-change variables. RESULTS: Women experiencing burnout at baseline had significantly higher scores in emotional eating (EE; P = 0.002) and uncontrolled eating (UE; P = 0.001) than did those without burnout. A significant difference was found between the change in UE from baseline to 12 mo in those with and without burnout (P = 0.05). UE decreased significantly among those without burnout at baseline (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Those experiencing burnout may be more vulnerable to EE and UE and have a hindered ability to make changes in their eating behavior. We recommend that burnout should be treated first and that burnout and eating behavior should be evaluated in obesity treatment.